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Liu J, Shen J, Zong J, Fan Y, Cui J, Peng D, Jin Y. Lithium Chloride Promotes Endogenous Synthesis of CLA in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:513-526. [PMID: 37099221 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Although conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can promote human health, its content in milk is insufficient to have a significant impact. The majority of the CLA in milk is produced endogenously by the mammary gland. However, research on improving its content through nutrient-induced endogenous synthesis is relatively scarce. Previous research found that the key enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) for the synthesis of CLA, can be expressed more actively in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) when lithium chloride (LiCl) is present. This study investigated whether LiCl can encourage CLA synthesis in MAC-T cells. The results showed that LiCl effectively increased SCD and proteasome α5 subunit (PSMA5) protein expression in MAC-T cells as well as the content of CLA and its endogenous synthesis index. LiCl enhanced the expression of proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and its downstream enzymes acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and Perilipin 2 (PLIN2). The addition of LiCl significantly enhanced p-GSK-3β, β-catenin, p-β-catenin protein expression, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and downregulation factor genes for mRNA expression (P < 0.05). These findings highlight that LiCl can increase the expression of SCD and PSMA5 by activating the transcription of HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, and the SREBP1 signaling pathways to promote the conversion of trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) to the endogenous synthesis of CLA. This data suggests that the exogenous addition of nutrients can increase CLA content in milk through pertinent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jinglin Shen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jinxin Zong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yating Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Junhao Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Dongqiao Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yongcheng Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding in the Northeastern Frigid Area, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Wu W, Liu K, You Z, Zhang J. MiR-196b-3p and miR-450b-3p are key regulators of adipogenesis in porcine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocytes. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:360. [PMID: 37369998 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As components of white adipose tissue, porcine intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipocytes undergo similar differentiation and adipogenesis processes. However, the adipogenic capacity of IM adipocytes is weaker than that of SC adipocytes. Identifying key regulators underlying this difference between IM and SC adipocytes will benefit pig breeding. RESULTS In this study, we used BGISEQ-500 sequencing technology to analyze the expression of small RNAs in primary cultured IM and SC adipocytes on day 8 after adipogenic induction, and found 32-fold higher miR-196b-3p expression, as well as 8-fold lower miR-450b-3p expression in IM adipocytes than in SC adipocytes. Functional studies revealed that miR-196b-3p inhibits adipogenesis by targeting CD47 via the AMPK signaling pathway, and its effect was attenuated by the specific p-AMPKα activator AICAR. We also found that miR-450b-3p promotes adipogenesis by targeting SIRT1 via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and its effect was weakened by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling activator LiCl. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that miR-196b-3p and miR-450b-3p are novel key regulatory factors that play opposite roles in porcine adipogenesis, helping us decipher the regulatory differences between porcine IM and SC fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Keke Liu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing Zhejiang, 314000, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Zhongyu You
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing Zhejiang, 314000, China.
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Zong J, Shen J, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhou C, Fan Y, Jin Y. Lithium Chloride Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via HIF-1α and β-Catenin Signaling Pathways. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:180-195. [PMID: 35080710 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is one of the trace elements with many physiological properties, such as being anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory. However, little is known about its effect on milk synthesis during lactation. Therefore, we selected different concentrations (5 mM, 10 mM, and 20 mM) of lithium chloride (LiCl) and assessed the effect of LiCl on bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells that underwent 4 days of differentiation induction. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of LiCl on the expression of genes related to milk fat and milk protein synthesis. Herein, LiCl (5-20 mM) significantly increased the expression of β-casein, promoted mRNA expression and phosphorylated protein expression of the signal transduction molecule and activator of transcription 5β (STAT5-β), and inhibited mRNA and protein expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2). In contrast, 5 and 10 mM LiCl significantly inhibited expression of SOCS3. LiCl at concentration of 5-20 mM enhanced phosphorylation level of mTOR protein; at 10 mM and 20 mM, LiCl significantly promoted expression and phosphorylation of downstream ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) protein. Considering milk fat synthesis, mRNA expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes was considerably increased in the presence of LiCl (5-20 mM). Additionally, increased protein expression levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) were observed at all LiCl concentrations tested. Subsequently, LiCl (5-20 mM) significantly promoted protein expression and phosphorylation of β-catenin, while 10 mM and 20 mM of LiCl significantly promoted protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Collectively, it has been shown that 10 mM LiCl can effectively activate HIF-1α, β-catenin, and β-catenin downstream signaling pathways. Conversely, at 10 mM, LiCl inhibited SOCS2 and SOCS3 protein expression through JAK2/STAT5, mTOR, and SREBP1 signaling pathways, improving synthesis of milk protein and fat. Therefore, LiCl can be used as a potential nutrient to regulate milk synthesis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zong
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Shen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhai Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Fan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongcheng Jin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Multilevel Regulation of Protein Kinase CδI Alternative Splicing by Lithium Chloride. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0033820. [PMID: 33288642 PMCID: PMC8088272 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is commonly used in treatment of mood disorders; however, its usage leads to weight gain, which promotes metabolic disorders. Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ), a serine/threonine kinase, is alternatively spliced to PKCδI and PKCδII in 3T3-L1 cells. We previously demonstrated that PKCδI is the predominantly expressed isoform in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Here, we demonstrate that LiCl treatment decreases PKCδI levels, increases formation of lipid droplets, and increases oxidative stress. Hence, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PKCδI alternative splicing by LiCl. We previously demonstrated that the splice factor SFRS10 is essential for PKCδI splicing. Our results demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) phosphorylates SFRS10, and SFRS10 is in a complex with long noncoding RNA NEAT1 to promote PKCδI splicing. Using PKCδ splicing minigene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays, our results demonstrate that upon LiCl treatment, NEAT1 levels are reduced, GSK3β activity is inhibited, and SFRS10 phosphorylation is decreased, which leads to decreased expression of PKCδI. Integration of the GSK3β signaling pathway with the ribonucleoprotein complex of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1 and SFRS10 enables fine-tuning of PKCδI expression during adipogenesis. Knowledge of the molecular pathways impacted by LiCl provides an understanding of the ascent of obesity as a comorbidity in disease management.
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Liu M, Qin J, Cong J, Yang Y. Chlorogenic Acids Inhibit Adipogenesis: Implications of Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:2215274. [PMID: 34845409 PMCID: PMC8627359 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2215274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous in vitro study, we found that chlorogenic acid (CGA) inhibited adipocyte differentiation and triglyceride (TG) accumulation, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Accumulative genetic evidence supports that canonical Wnt signaling is a key modulator on adipogenesis. Methods. In this study, 3T3-L1 cells were induced adipogenic differentiation and then treated with CGA. We investigate the effect of CGA in inhibiting adipogenesis and evaluate its role in modulating Wnt10b (wingless integration1 10b), β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) involved in the Wnt (wingless integration1)/β-catenin signaling pathway. Results. The result showed that after CGA treatment, lipid accumulation and TG level decreased significantly in 3T3-L1 cells, indicating that CGA could inhibit adipogenesis. In addition, CGA repressed the induction of adipocyte differentiation biomarkers as PPAR-γ, adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and the secretion of GSK-3β in a dose-dependent manner upregulated the expression of β-catenin and Wnt10b both in gene and protein levels. Moreover, CGA induced phosphorylation of GSK-3β and promoted the accumulation of free cytosolic β-catenin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusion. Overall, these findings gave us the implications that CGA inhibits adipogenesis via the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Qin
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jing Cong
- Academic Department, Giant Praise (HK) Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yubin Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Su HG, Wang Q, Zhou L, Peng XR, Xiong WY, Qiu MH. Highly oxygenated lanostane triterpenoids from Ganoderma applanatum as a class of agents for inhibiting lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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