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Reis Schneider GA, Bogoni G, Castanheira NF, Lucas Júnior RM, Vidal JE. AIDS-related gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus end-organ disease: A retrospective cohort study at a tertiary center in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 2024; 35:365-373. [PMID: 38158813 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231222962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current information about AIDS-related gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus end-organ disease (CMV-EOD) is scarce. The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence and main features of gastrointestinal CMV-EOD in patients with advanced HIV disease. METHODS Retrospective cohort study carried-out at a tertiary-care center in São Paulo, Brazil, from January to December 2019. We included hospitalized people living with HIV with gastrointestinal CMV-EOD, CD4 + count ≤100 cells/µL, and ≥ one quantitative detection of CMV DNA in plasma. RESULTS Ten (3.8%) of 261 cases had gastrointestinal CMV-EOD. Nine (90%) cases were men, age median (IQR) was 44 (38-54) years, and CD4 + cell count median (IQR) was 6 (7-39) cells/µL. The 10 cases had positive quantitative detection of CMV DNA in plasma with median (IQR) of 572 (103-2 981) IU/mL. The main presenting condition was esophagitis (n = 7, 2.7% cases). Eight (80%) cases received anti-CMV treatment, and one case died due to nosocomial pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of gastrointestinal CMV-EOD was 3.8%, similar to described in pre-combined antiretroviral therapy studies. Among cases with gastrointestinal CMV-EOD, all had positive quantitative detection of CMV-DNA in plasma but the values varied; esophagitis was the most common presentation, and all but one were discharged from the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliane Bogoni
- Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Ernesto Vidal
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 49) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Manna S, Das K, Santra S, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Halder S. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa- and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:1826. [PMID: 37766233 PMCID: PMC10536032 DOI: 10.3390/v15091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral properties of different oxa- and aza-heterocycles are identified and properly correlated with their structural features and discussed in this review article. The primary objective is to explore the activity of such ring systems as antiviral agents, as well as their synthetic routes and biological significance. Eventually, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the heterocyclic compounds, along with their salient characteristics are exhibited to build a suitable platform for medicinal chemists and biotechnologists. The synergistic conclusions are extremely important for the introduction of a newer tool for the future drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Emily V. Nosova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
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Lucas Júnior RM, Bogoni G, Reis Schneider GA, Castanheira de Souza NF, Carvalho MK, Vidal JE. AIDS-related cytomegalovirus encephalitis in the late ART era: A retrospective cohort study at a referral center in Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:229-235. [PMID: 36068969 DOI: 10.1177/09564624221124697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIDS-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis has declined in the combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) era in high-income countries. However, there is scarce information on CMV encephalitis in low- and middle-income countries. The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence of AIDS-related CMV encephalitis and describe its main features. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study carried out at a referral center in São Paulo, Brazil. We included adult people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), hospitalized in 2019, with a CD4 cell count ≤100/mm3 and quantitation CMV DNA results in plasma. Cases with compatible neurological manifestations and detection of CMV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid samples were defined as CMV encephalitis. RESULTS Among 761 PLWHA hospitalized, 248 (32.5%) cases were included in this study. Prevalence of CMV encephalitis was 2.4% (6/248) among all included cases and 7.7% (6/78) among individuals with neurological opportunistic diseases. The six patients with CMV encephalitis were males and had CD4 cell count <50/mm3. Five (83%) cases had CMV encephalitis as AIDS-defining disease and showed CMV DNA detection by PCR >50,000 UI/mL plasma. All six cases received anti-CMV therapy (ganciclovir, n = 4; ganciclovir plus foscarnet, n = 2) and five were discharged to home. CMV encephalitis was not uncommon among hospitalized PLWHA with neurological opportunistic diseases. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiological and immunological profile of individuals with CMV encephalitis was similar to that described in the pre-ART era, but in contrast, most cases were treated and discharged from the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliane Bogoni
- Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Kassab Carvalho
- Departamento de Infectologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ernesto Vidal
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 49) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bogoni G, Lucas Júnior RM, Reis Schneider GA, Castanheira de Souza NF, Carvalho MK, Marcusso RM, Vidal JE. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in hospitalized people living with HIV in the late antiretroviral therapy era in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:48-53. [PMID: 36259434 DOI: 10.1177/09564624221135294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scarce information on AIDS-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in middle-income countries. The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence of active CMV retinitis in severely immunosuppressed people living with HIV (PLWHIV) and to describe its main features. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was carried out at a tertiary center in São Paulo, Brazil. We included hospitalized adults PLWHIV with CD4 count ≤100 cells/μL, ≥ one quantitation of CMV DNA in plasma, and indirect ophthalmoscopy evaluation. RESULTS Thirty-eight (21.6%) of 176 participants had at least an ophthalmoscopy diagnosis and only 3 (1.7%) individuals presented active CMV retinitis. All these participants were male, and retinitis was asymptomatic in 2 cases. Two participants had extraocular end-organ CMV disease and detectable CMV DNA in plasma. CONCLUSIONS These results show a low prevalence of active CMV retinitis in the evaluated population. However, 2 of 3 participants had asymptomatic active CMV retinitis and a fifth of participants had at least one ophthalmoscopy diagnosis, suggesting the need for routine ophthalmologic evaluation in hospitalized severely immunosuppressed PLWHIV. The profile of participants with active CMV retinitis was similar to that described in the pre-ART era and quantitation of CMV DNA in plasma was variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliane Bogoni
- Departamento de Infectologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Kassab Carvalho
- Departamento de Infectologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Marcusso
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ernesto Vidal
- Departamento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 49) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Caplan MR, Wilson EM, Schechter M, Cai CW, Venner A, Bishop R, Adelsberger J, Higgins J, Roby G, Wang J, Sheikh V, Sereti I. High prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations among Cytomegalovirus end-organ disease in the combination antiretroviral era. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100052. [PMID: 34557308 PMCID: PMC8446803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) end-organ disease (EOD) continues to pose a significant risk to patients with advanced HIV disease despite decreased incidence with combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and lower mortality with effective anti-CMV therapy. Subclinical CMV shedding may also contribute to ongoing inflammation and non-infectious comorbidities. METHODS We examined the occurrence of CMV EOD and CMV shedding in a cohort of patients participating in a prospective observational study of severely immunosuppressed (CD4 ≤100 cells/μl), ART-naïve, HIV-1 infected adult participants. RESULTS We studied 206 participants, of whom 193 (93.7%) were CMV IgG positive. Twenty-five participants (12.1%) developed confirmed CMV EOD. At baseline, 47 (22.8%) had CMV viremia detectable by PCR in the absence of clinical disease (CMV viremia). The remaining 134 (65%) had neither CMV EOD nor CMV viremia detected at baseline. Five participants with CMV EOD (2.4% of total cohort, 20% of CMV EOD) met AIDS Clinical Trials Group criteria for CMV immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Only one-third of CMV EOD patients had retinitis, while two-thirds presented with histologically confirmed gastrointestinal illness. CMV viremia was associated with higher percentages of activated CD8+ T cells even after HIV suppression. CONCLUSION The manifestations of CMV EOD in advanced HIV disease before and after initiation of ART may be more diverse than previously described, with high incidence of gastrointestinal illness. Recognition and treatment of unusual clinical presentations of CMV infection remains important in reducing morbidity and mortality from HIV co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Caplan
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Eleanor M.P. Wilson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Melissa Schechter
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine W. Cai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Allison Venner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rachel Bishop
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Adelsberger
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Jeanette Higgins
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Gregg Roby
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Virginia Sheikh
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Treating HIV-associated cytomegalovirus retinitis with oral valganciclovir and intra-ocular ganciclovir by primary HIV clinicians in southern Myanmar: a retrospective analysis of routinely collected data. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:842. [PMID: 33187478 PMCID: PMC7666479 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected people. Intraocular or intravenous ganciclovir was gold standard for treatment; however, oral valganciclovir replaced this in high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) frequently use intraocular injection of ganciclovir (IOG) alone because of cost. Methods Retrospective review of all HIV-positive patients with CMVR from February 2013 to April 2017 at a Médecins Sans Frontièrs HIV clinic in Myanmar. Treatment was classified as local (IOG) or systemic (valganciclovir, or valganciclovir and IOG). The primary outcome was change in visual acuity (VA) post-treatment. Mortality was a secondary outcome. Results Fifty-three patients were included. Baseline VA was available for 103 (97%) patient eyes. Active CMVR was present in 72 (68%) eyes. Post-treatment, seven (13%) patients had improvement in VA, 30 (57%) had no change, and three (6%) deteriorated. Among patients receiving systemic therapy, four (12.5%) died, compared with five (24%) receiving local therapy (p = 0.19). Conclusions Our results from the first introduction of valganciclovir for CMVR in LMIC show encouraging effectiveness and safety in patients with advanced HIV. We urge HIV programmes to include valganciclovir as an essential medicine, and to include CMVR screening and treatment in the package of advanced HIV care.
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Agrawal R, Gunasekeran DV, Xu Y, Leo YS, Ng OT, Wong CS, Testi I, Ding J, Banu I, Teoh SC. Clinical Features and CD4+ T Cells Count in AIDS Patients with CMV Retinitis: Correlation with Mortality. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 30:42-47. [PMID: 32644842 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1772312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the all-cause mortality in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients with CMV retinitis (CMVR) presented to a tertiary referral center in Singapore from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2015. RESULTS A total of 144 patients were studied (87 survived, 11 lost to follow up, 46 died). Patients with bilateral CMVR and six-month follow up CD4 + T cell count < 50 cells/mm3 have shorter time to mortality, compared to patients with CD4 + T cell count > 50 cells/mm3 (p < .001) and unilateral disease (p = .043). Baseline CD4 + T cell count, size and zone of initial primary retinitis lesions, recurrences of retinitis, and timing of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) are not significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSION Bilateral ocular involvement and lack of immune recovery in patients with AIDS and CMVR are associated with shorter survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dinesh V Gunasekeran
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ng Teng Fong Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Sin Leo
- National Centre for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oon T Ng
- National Centre for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chen Seong Wong
- National Centre for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ilaria Testi
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jianbin Ding
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Imrana Banu
- National Centre for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephen C Teoh
- Eagle Eye Center, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Heiden D, Tun N, Smithuis FN, Keenan JD, Oldenburg CE, Holland GN, Drew WL. Active cytomegalovirus retinitis after the start of antiretroviral therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 103:157-160. [PMID: 30196272 PMCID: PMC9982650 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients with AIDS-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), but not specific anti-CMV therapy, consistently showed active retinitis for several months. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of CMV retinitis may have severe consequences. Patients first entering care with advanced HIV infection and vulnerability to reactivation of latent CMV infection should be screened immediately for CMV retinitis by dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy and treated with specific anti-CMV therapy without delay, in addition to cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Heiden
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, Pacific Eye Associates, San Francisco, USA .,Center for Innovation in Eye Care, Seva Foundation, Berkeley, USA
| | - NiNi Tun
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Frank N Smithuis
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit and Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Jeremy David Keenan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Gary N Holland
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA,Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, USA
| | - W Lawrence Drew
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF and Mount Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, USA
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9
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Suri D, Jindal AK, Gupta A, Gupta A, Bajgai P, Singh R, Singh MP, Minz RW, Arora S, Singh S. Cytomegalovirus Disease in HIV-infected Children-A Single-Centre Clinical Experience over 23 Years. J Trop Pediatr 2018; 64:215-224. [PMID: 29873796 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) results in significant morbidity and mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. There is paucity of literature on paediatric CMV disease, especially from developing countries. METHODS A retrospective review of records of all HIV-infected children with evidence of CMV disease was done. RESULTS A total of 15 children were found to have CMV disease (retinitis in all, pneumonia in two and invasive gastrointestinal disease in one). Median CD4+ T cell count and percentage at diagnosis of CMV disease was 64.5 cells/µl and 3.6%, respectively. Intravenous ganciclovir was used in patients with active CMV disease. Of the 15 children, three died while two were lost to follow-up. Symptomatic patients had poor visual outcome and almost all children who were diagnosed on active screening attained normal vision. CONCLUSION Retinitis is the most common CMV disease in HIV-infected children. Early detection by active screening and initiation of systemic ganciclovir reduces the morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Suri
- Pediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ankur K Jindal
- Pediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Aman Gupta
- Pediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Pediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Priya Bajgai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ranjana W Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sunil Arora
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Pediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Rukuni R, McHugh G, Majonga E, Kranzer K, Mujuru H, Munyati S, Nathoo K, Gregson CL, Kuper H, Ferrand RA. Disability, social functioning and school inclusion among older children and adolescents living with HIV in Zimbabwe. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:149-155. [PMID: 29160948 PMCID: PMC5814868 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing numbers of children with HIV are surviving to adolescence and encountering multiple clinical and social consequences of long-standing HIV infection. We aimed to investigate the association between HIV and disability, social functioning and school inclusion among 6- to 16-year-olds in Zimbabwe. METHODS HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy from a public-sector HIV clinic and HIV-uninfected children attending primary care clinics in the same catchment area were recruited. Standardised questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic, social functioning and disability data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between HIV status and disability and functioning. RESULTS We recruited 202 HIV-infected and 285 HIV-uninfected children. There was no difference in age and gender between the two groups, but a higher proportion of HIV-infected children were orphaned. The prevalence of any disability was higher in HIV-infected than uninfected children (37.6% vs. 18.5%, P < 0.001). HIV-infected children were more likely to report anxiety (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.4; 95% CI 2.4, 8.1), low mood (aOR 4.2; 2.1, 8.4) and difficulty forming friendships (aOR 14.8; 1.9, 116.6) than uninfected children. Children with HIV also reported more missed school days, repeating a school year and social exclusion in class. These associations remained apparent when comparing children with HIV and disability to those with HIV but no disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Children with HIV commonly experience disabilities, and this is associated with social and educational exclusion. Rehabilitation and support services are needed to facilitate educational attainment and social participation in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruramayi Rukuni
- Biomedical Research and Training InstituteHarareZimbabwe
- Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Grace McHugh
- Biomedical Research and Training InstituteHarareZimbabwe
| | - Edith Majonga
- Biomedical Research and Training InstituteHarareZimbabwe
- Clinical Research DepartmentFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Clinical Research DepartmentFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Hilda Mujuru
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of ZimbabweHarareZimbabwe
| | - Shungu Munyati
- Biomedical Research and Training InstituteHarareZimbabwe
| | - Kusum Nathoo
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of ZimbabweHarareZimbabwe
| | - Celia L. Gregson
- The Musculoskeletal Research UnitSchool of Clinical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in DisabilityLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Rashida A. Ferrand
- Biomedical Research and Training InstituteHarareZimbabwe
- Clinical Research DepartmentFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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11
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Cytomegalovirus colitis in a patient undergoing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma with uracil-tegafur. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:826-829. [PMID: 27527253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When we examine a patient with symptoms of acute enteritis in the course of chemotherapy with oral fluoropyrimidines such as uracil-tegafur (often referred to as UFT), we usually suspect 5-fluorouracil-induced enterocolitis. In case of persistent clinical symptoms despite discontinuation of chemotherapy, cytomegalovirus colitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chemotherapy-induced enterocolitis. We herein report the case of a patient who underwent surgery for lung adenocarcinoma followed by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with uracil-tegafur and was diagnosed as having cytomegalovirus colitis during the therapy. In the course of chemotherapy, cytomegalovirus colitis occasionally occurs even though the patient does not experience severe myelosuppression; thus, it is necessary that we recognize its potential occurrence.
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12
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Blyth E, Withers B, Clancy L, Gottlieb D. CMV-specific immune reconstitution following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Virulence 2016; 7:967-980. [PMID: 27580355 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1221022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a major contributor to morbidity and mortality following allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) despite widespread use of viraemia monitoring and pre-emptive antiviral therapy. Uncontrolled viral replication occurs primarily in the first 100 d post transplant but this high risk period can extend to many months if immune recovery is delayed. The re-establishment of a functional population of cellular effectors is essential for control of virus replication and depends on recipient and donor serostatus, the stem cell source, degree of HLA matching and post-transplant factors such as CMV antigen exposure, presence of GVHD and ongoing use of immune suppression. A number of immune monitoring assays exist but have not yet become widely accessible for routine clinical use. Vaccination, adoptive transfer of CMV specific T cells and a number of graft engineering processes are being evaluated to enhance of CMV specific immune recovery post HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Blyth
- a Westmead Institute for Medical Research at the University of Sydney , Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,c Department of Haematology , Westmead , Sydney , Australia
| | - Barbara Withers
- a Westmead Institute for Medical Research at the University of Sydney , Westmead , Sydney , Australia
| | - Leighton Clancy
- a Westmead Institute for Medical Research at the University of Sydney , Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,d Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory , Westmead , Sydney , Australia
| | - David Gottlieb
- a Westmead Institute for Medical Research at the University of Sydney , Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,c Department of Haematology , Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,d Sydney Cellular Therapies Laboratory , Westmead , Sydney , Australia
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14
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Leenasirimakul P, Liu Y, Jirawison C, Khienprasit N, Kamphaengkham S, Ausayakhun S, Chen J, Yen M, Heiden D, Holland GN, Margolis TP, Keenan JD. Risk factors for CMV retinitis among individuals with HIV and low CD4 count in northern Thailand: importance of access to healthcare. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 100:1017-21. [PMID: 27297217 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine if poor access to healthcare is associated with increased cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis risk among patients with HIV with CD4 counts of <100 cells/μL screened in a resource-limited setting. METHODS This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Patients with known HIV and a CD4 count of <100 cells/μL attending an HIV clinic in Chiang Mai, Thailand, completed a standardised questionnaire and underwent dilated fundus examination. Participants without CMV retinitis were invited for repeated examinations every 3 months until their CD4 count exceeded 100 cells/μL. The relationship between various potential risk factors and CMV retinitis was assessed with logistic regression. RESULTS 103 study participants were enrolled. At enrolment, the mean age was 37.5 (95% CI 35.7 to 39.2) years, 61.2% (95% CI 51.6% to 70.7%) were male and the mean CD4 count was 29.5 (95% CI 25.9 to 33.1) cells/μL. 21 eyes from 16 (15.5%) participants were diagnosed with CMV retinitis. In multivariate analyses, CMV retinitis was significantly associated with lower CD4 count (OR 1.42 per 10-cell decrement, 95%CI 1.05 to 1.93), longer travel time to clinic (OR 3.85 for those with >30-min travel time, 95% CI 1.08 to 13.8) and lower income (OR 1.22 per US$50 less income, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.47). CONCLUSIONS CD4 count, low income and longer travel time to clinic were significant risk factors for CMV retinitis among patients with HIV in a resource-limited setting. These results suggest that reducing blindness from CMV retinitis should focus on increasing accessibility of screening examinations to poor and hard-to-reach patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingna Liu
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Choeng Jirawison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nakornping Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nitta Khienprasit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nakornping Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Somsanguan Ausayakhun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jenny Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Yen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David Heiden
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pacific Vision Foundation, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gary N Holland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Inflammatory Disease Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Todd P Margolis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeremy D Keenan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Agarwal A, Singh R, Sharma A, Gupta V, Dogra MR. Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the Pre-HAART Versus the HAART Era in the North Indian Population. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 25:396-404. [PMID: 26910292 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2015.1133837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare changes in the demographic profile and ocular manifestations in patients with HIV in the pre-HAART and HAART era in North India. METHODS In this single-center cross-sectional study, 100 HIV patients receiving HAART and 96 HIV patients in the pre-HAART era were enrolled. Prevalence of ocular manifestations of HIV was calculated for both cohorts. RESULTS The prevalence of ocular manifestations was not statistically different in the two eras (38%, SE: 4.85% in HAART era; 41.67%, SE: 5% in pre-HAART era) (p = 0.60). Mean CD4 counts were lower in the pre-HAART era compared with the HAART era (p < 0.001). In the HAART era, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and HIV retinopathy continued to remain the most common infectious and non-infectious cause of visual morbidity. CONCLUSIONS While the introduction of HAART has resulted in a major impact on the overall health of patients with HIV, the spectrum of ocular disease remains largely unchanged in developing countries such as India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Agarwal
- a Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Aman Sharma
- c Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Vishali Gupta
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
| | - Mangat R Dogra
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
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Heuvelings CC, Bélard S, Janssen S, Wallrauch C, Grobusch MP, Brunetti E, Giordani MT, Heller T. Chest ultrasonography in patients with HIV: a case series and review of the literature. Infection 2016; 44:1-10. [PMID: 25972115 PMCID: PMC4735240 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary disease is common in HIV-infected patients. Diagnostic means, however, are often scarce in areas where most HIV patients are living. Chest ultrasonography has recently evolved as a highly sensitive and specific imaging tool for diagnosing chest conditions such as pneumothorax, pneumonia and pulmonary edema in critically ill patients. This article addresses the issue of imaging and differentiating common pulmonary conditions in HIV-infected patients by chest ultrasonography. METHODS We report chest ultrasound features of five different common pulmonary diseases in HIV-infected patients (bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus pneumonia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) and review the respective literature. CONCLUSIONS We observed characteristic ultrasound patterns especially in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and pulmonary lymphoma. Further exploration of chest ultrasonography in HIV-infected patients appears promising and may translate into new diagnostic approaches for pulmonary conditions in patients living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Heuvelings
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCWMCH), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sabine Bélard
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Saskia Janssen
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Tom Heller
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pachnio A, Begum J, Fox A, Moss P. Acyclovir Therapy Reduces the CD4+ T Cell Response against the Immunodominant pp65 Protein from Cytomegalovirus in Immune Competent Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125287. [PMID: 25923913 PMCID: PMC4414608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infects the majority of the global population and leads to the development of a strong virus-specific immune response. The CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune response can comprise between 10 and 50% of the T cell pool within peripheral blood and there is concern that this may impair immunity to other pathogens. Elderly individuals with the highest magnitude of CMV-specific immune response have been demonstrated to be at increased risk of mortality and there is increasing interest in interventions that may serve to moderate this. Acyclovir is an anti-viral drug with activity against a range of herpes viruses and is used as long term treatment to suppress reactivation of herpes simplex virus. We studied the immune response to CMV in patients who were taking acyclovir to assess if therapy could be used to suppress the CMV-specific immune response. The T cell reactivity against the immunodominant late viral protein pp65 was reduced by 53% in people who were taking acyclovir. This effect was seen within one year of therapy and was observed primarily within the CD4+ response. Acyclovir treatment only modestly influenced the immune response to the IE-1 target protein. These data show that low dose acyclovir treatment has the potential to modulate components of the T cell response to CMV antigen proteins and indicate that anti-viral drugs should be further investigated as a means to reduce the magnitude of CMV-specific immune response and potentially improve overall immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Pachnio
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jusnara Begum
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ashini Fox
- Department of Genito Urinary Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Diagnostic utility of quantitative plasma cytomegalovirus DNA PCR for cytomegalovirus end-organ diseases in patients with HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68:140-6. [PMID: 25590268 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the diagnostic value of quantitative plasma cytomegalovirus (CMV)-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CMV end-organ diseases (CMV-EOD) in patients with HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Single-center cross-sectional study. METHODS The study subjects were HIV-1-infected patients with CD4 ≤200 per microliter, who had undergone ophthalmologic examination with plasma CMV-DNA PCR measured within 7 days. CMV retinitis and other CMV-EOD were diagnosed according to the ACTG criteria. PCR value was converted into the WHO international standard. RESULTS CMV retinitis and all CMV-EOD were diagnosed in 23 (5%) and 37 (8%) of the 461 study patients, respectively. CMV-DNA was undetectable (<185 IU/mL) in 2 patients with CMV retinitis and 1 with encephalitis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of CMV-DNA for CMV retinitis and all CMV-EOD were 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71 to 0.89] and 0.82 (0.75 to 0.89), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each cutoff value of CMV-DNA were as follows: for CMV retinitis, ≥10,086 IU/mL: 26.1%, 94.1%, 18.8%, 96%; ≥2946 IU/mL; 56.5%, 86.8%, 18.3%, 97.4%; ≥959 IU/mL; 60.9%, 78.1%, 12.7%, 97.4%; detectable CMV-DNA (≥185 IU/mL): 91.3%, 48.2%, 8.5%, 99.1%; for all CMV-EOD: ≥10,086 IU/mL: 32.4%, 95.3%, 37.5%, 94.2%; ≥2946 IU/mL; 54.1%, 88%, 28.2%, 95.6%; ≥959 IU/mL; 62.2%, 79.5%, 20.9%, 96%; detectable CMV-DNA; 91.9%, 49.5%, 13.7%, 98.6%. CONCLUSIONS Plasma CMV-DNA PCR has a high diagnostic value for both CMV retinitis and all CMV-EOD in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection. A cutoff value of CMV-DNA ≥10,086 IU/mL and ≥2946 IU/mL yields high specificity, whereas undetectable CMV-DNA load (<185 IU/mL) likely rules out CMV-EOD.
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Yen M, Ausayakhun S, Chen J, Ausayakhun S, Jirawison C, Heiden D, Holland GN, Margolis TP, Keenan JD. Telemedicine diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis by nonophthalmologists. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015; 132:1052-8. [PMID: 24945306 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis continues to be a leading cause of blindness in many developing countries. Telemedicine holds the potential to increase the number of people screened for CMV retinitis, but it is unclear whether nonophthalmologists could be responsible for interpreting fundus photographs captured in a telemedicine program. OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of nonophthalmologist photographic graders in diagnosing CMV retinitis from digital fundus photographs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Fifteen nonexpert graders each evaluated 182 mosaic retinal images taken from the eyes of patients with AIDS who were evaluated at the Ocular Infectious Diseases Clinic at Chiang Mai University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Graders diagnosed each image as CMV retinitis present, CMV retinitis absent, or unknown. The results from each grader were compared with those of an indirect ophthalmoscopic examination from an experienced on-site ophthalmologist as well as with the consensus grade given by a panel of CMV retinitis experts. RESULTS Relative to the on-site ophthalmologist, the sensitivity of remote CMV retinitis diagnosis by nonexpert graders ranged from 64.0% to 95.5% (mean, 84.1%; 95% CI, 78.6%-89.6%)), and the specificity ranged from 65.6% to 92.5% (mean, 82.3%; 95% CI, 76.6%-88.0%)). Agreement between nonexpert and expert graders was high: the mean sensitivity and specificity values of nonexpert diagnosis using expert consensus as the reference standard were 93.2% (95% CI, 90.6%-95.8%) and 88.4% (95% CI, 85.4%-91.1%), respectively. Mean intrarater reliability also was high (mean Cohen κ, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78-0.87). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The sensitivity and specificity of remote diagnosis of CMV retinitis by nonexpert graders was variable, although several nonexperts achieved a level of accuracy comparable to that of CMV retinitis experts. More intensive training and periodic evaluations would be required if nonexperts are to be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco2medical student, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Somsanguan Ausayakhun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jenny Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sakarin Ausayakhun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Choeng Jirawison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nakornping Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - David Heiden
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pacific Vision Foundation, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco
| | - Gary N Holland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Todd P Margolis
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco7Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jeremy D Keenan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco7Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
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Yen M, Chen J, Ausayakhun S, Kunavisarut P, Vichitvejpaisal P, Ausayakhun S, Jirawison C, Shantha J, Holland GN, Heiden D, Margolis TP, Keenan JD. Retinal detachment associated with AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis: risk factors in a resource-limited setting. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 159:185-92. [PMID: 25448999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine risk factors predictive of retinal detachment in patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in a setting with limited access to ophthalmic care. DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Sixty-four patients with CMV retinitis and retinal detachment were identified from the Ocular Infectious Diseases and Retina Clinics at Chiang Mai University. Three control patients with CMV retinitis but no retinal detachment were selected for each case, matched by calendar date. The medical records of each patient were reviewed, with patient-level and eye-level features recorded for the clinic visit used to match cases and controls, and also for the initial clinic visit at which CMV retinitis was diagnosed. Risk factors for retinal detachment were assessed separately for each of these time points using multivariate conditional logistic regression models that included 1 eye from each patient. RESULTS Patients with a retinal detachment were more likely than controls to have low visual acuity (odds ratio [OR], 1.24 per line of worse vision on the logMAR scale; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.33) and bilateral disease (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 0.92-4.90). Features present at the time of the initial diagnosis of CMV retinitis that predicted subsequent retinal detachment included bilateral disease (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.18-6.08) and lesion size (OR, 2.64 per 10% increase in lesion size; 95% CI, 1.41-4.94). CONCLUSION Bilateral CMV retinitis and larger lesion sizes, each of which is a marker of advanced disease, were associated with subsequent retinal detachment. Earlier detection and treatment may reduce the likelihood that patients with CMV retinitis develop a retinal detachment.
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Kempen JH, Sugar EA, Varma R, Dunn JP, Heinemann MH, Jabs DA, Lyon AT, Lewis RA. Risk of cataract among subjects with acquired immune deficiency syndrome free of ocular opportunistic infections. Ophthalmology 2014; 121:2317-24. [PMID: 25109932 PMCID: PMC4252252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the risk of cataract in the setting of AIDS. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Subjects with AIDS free of ocular opportunistic infections throughout catamnesis. METHODS From 1998 through 2008, subjects 13 years of age or older were enrolled. Demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics were documented at enrollment and semiannually. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cataract was defined as high-grade lens opacity observed by biomicroscopy judged to be the cause of a best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40. Eyes that underwent cataract surgery during follow-up were considered to have developed cataract before the first visit when pseudophakia or aphakia was observed. RESULTS Among 1606 participants (3212 eyes) at enrollment, 1.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3%-2.7%) were observed to have cataract or prior cataract surgery. Among the 2812 eyes initially free of cataract and followed longitudinally (median follow-up, 4.6 years), the incidence of cataract was 0.37%/eye-year (95% CI: 0.26%-0.53%). In addition to age, significant cataract risk factors included prior cataract in the contralateral eye (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 21.6; 95% CI: 10.4-44.8), anterior segment inflammation (aHR, 4.40; 95% CI: 1.64-11.9), prior retinal detachment (aHR, 4.94; 95% CI: 2.21-11.0), and vitreous inflammation (aHR, 7.12; 95% CI: 2.02-25.0), each studied as a time-updated characteristic. Detectable human immunodeficiency virus RNA in peripheral blood was associated with lower risk of cataract at enrollment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.32; 95% CI: 0.12-0.80) but not of incident cataract (aHR, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.90-2.76). After adjustment for other factors, neither the then-current absolute CD4+ T-cell count nor antiretroviral therapy status showed consistent association with cataract risk, nor did an additive diagnosis of other comorbidities. Compared with the available population-based studies that used similar definitions of cataract, the age-specific prevalence of cataract in our cohort was higher than in 1 of 2 such studies, and the age-specific incidence of cataract surgery was higher. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest cataract may occur earlier among patients with AIDS free of ocular opportunistic infections than in the general population. Cataract risk was associated most strongly with age and with other ocular morbidity in this population. With improved survival, the burden of cataract likely will increase for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus or AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Elizabeth A Sugar
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rohit Varma
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James P Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Murk-Hein Heinemann
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice T Lyon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Sethi MK, Bhandya SR, Shukla R, Kumar A, Maddur N, Mittapalli VJ, Rawat VS, Yerramalla RK. Protease-mediated preparation of valganciclovir intermediate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tun N, Smithuis FM, London N, Drew WL, Heiden D. Mortality in patients with AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis in Myanmar. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1650-1. [PMID: 25121775 PMCID: PMC4227575 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank M Smithuis
- Medical Action Myanmar Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon
| | | | - W Lawrence Drew
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - David Heiden
- SEVA Foundation, Berkeley Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco
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24
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Eid AJ, Razonable RR. Valganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Amsler L, Verweij M, DeFilippis VR. The tiers and dimensions of evasion of the type I interferon response by human cytomegalovirus. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4857-71. [PMID: 24013068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the β-herpesvirus family that invariably occupies hosts for life despite a consistent multi-pronged antiviral immune response that targets the infection. This persistence is enabled by the large viral genome that encodes factors conferring a wide assortment of sophisticated, often redundant phenotypes that disable or otherwise manipulate impactful immune effector processes. The type I interferon system represents a first line of host defense against infecting viruses. The physiological reactions induced by secreted interferon act to effectively block replication of a broad spectrum of virus types, including HCMV. As such, the virus must exhibit counteractive mechanisms to these responses that involve their inhibition, tolerance, or re-purposing. The goal of this review is to describe the impact of the type I interferon system on HCMV replication and to showcase the number and diversity of strategies employed by the virus that allow infection of hosts in the presence of interferon-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Amsler
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health and Science University 505 NW 185th Ave. Beaverton, OR, USA, 97006
| | - Marieke Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health and Science University 505 NW 185th Ave. Beaverton, OR, USA, 97006
| | - Victor R DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health and Science University 505 NW 185th Ave. Beaverton, OR, USA, 97006
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26
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Ford N, Shubber Z, Saranchuk P, Pathai S, Durier N, O'Brien DP, Mills EJ, Pascual F, Hoen E', Holland GN, Heiden D. Burden of HIV-related cytomegalovirus retinitis in resource-limited settings: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:1351-61. [PMID: 23899681 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a late-stage opportunistic infection in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. Lack of ophthalmological diagnostic skills, lack of convenient CMV treatment, and increasing access to antiretroviral therapy have all contributed to an assumption that CMV retinitis is no longer a concern in low- and middle-income settings. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies reporting prevalence of CMV retinitis in low- and middle-income countries. Eligible studies assessed the occurrence of CMV retinitis by funduscopic examination within a cohort of at least 10 HIV-positive adult patients. RESULTS We identified 65 studies from 24 countries, mainly in Asia (39 studies, 12 931 patients) and Africa (18 studies, 4325 patients). By region, the highest prevalence was observed in Asia with a pooled prevalence of 14.0% (11.8%-16.2%). Almost a third (31.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 27.6%-35.8%) had vision loss in 1 or both eyes. Few studies reported immune status, but where reported CD4 count at diagnosis of CMV retinitis was <50 cells/µL in 73.4% of cases. There was no clear pattern of prevalence over time, which was similar for the period 1993-2002 (11.8%; 95% CI, 8%-15.7%) and 2009-2013 (17.6%; 95% CI, 12.6%-22.7%). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of CMV retinitis in resource low- and middle-income countries, notably Asian countries, remains high, and routine retinal screening of late presenting HIV-positive patients should be considered. HIV programs must ensure capacity to manage the needs of patients who present late for care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ford
- Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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SHEIKH V, CAPLAN M, WILSON EM, PAPADI B, ROSENBERG AZ, HIGGINS J, DRISCOLL B, FILIE AC, SERETI I. Cytomegalovirus immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome manifesting as sialadenitis in an HIV-infected patient. AIDS 2013; 27:1833-5. [PMID: 23803796 PMCID: PMC7586345 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328362d8b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia SHEIKH
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Margaret CAPLAN
- Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21072 USA
| | - Eleanor M.P. WILSON
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bhavesh PAPADI
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Avi Z. ROSENBERG
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeannette HIGGINS
- Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, 21072 USA
| | - Brian DRISCOLL
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Communications Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Armando C. FILIE
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Irini SERETI
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Figueiredo L, Rothwell R, Bilhoto M, Varandas R, Fonseca S. Immune recovery uveitis masked as an endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient with active CMV retinitis. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2013; 2013:462968. [PMID: 23691386 PMCID: PMC3638558 DOI: 10.1155/2013/462968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis may occur in profoundly immunocompromised patients and be the initial AIDS-defining infection. The incidence and prevalence of CMV retinitis has declined substantially in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); nevertheless, it remains a leading cause of ocular morbility. We report the case of a 40-year-old man with blurred vision and pain in the right eye, three weeks after the initiation of effective HAART treatment. Ocular examination revealed a panuveitis causing an anterior chamber reaction with hypopyon and a dense vitreous haze. An endogenous endophthalmitis was suspected and treatment was ensued, without improvement. A vitreous tap was performed, and a positive polymerase chain reaction for CMV was found. A diagnosis of immune recovery uveitis (IRU) was made, and the patient responded to treatment with valganciclovir and dexamethasone. IRU is an intraocular inflammation that develops in patients with HAART-induced immune recovery and inactive CMV retinitis, although cases of active CMV retinitis have been described. Presentation with panuveitis and hypopion is rare and may be misleading regarding diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Figueiredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Renata Rothwell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Miguel Bilhoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Rosário Varandas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
| | - Sofia Fonseca
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Portugal
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Durier N, Ananworanich J, Apornpong T, Ubolyam S, Kerr SJ, Mahanontharit A, Ferradini L, Ruxrungtham K, Avihingsanon A. Cytomegalovirus viremia in Thai HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: prevalence and associated mortality. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:147-55. [PMID: 23511301 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence and risk factors of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in developing countries are understudied. METHODS We measured CMV DNA in stored plasma specimens of 293 Thai HIV patients starting ART at CD4 counts <200 cells/mm(3). We examined Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) of 24 months mortality and new AIDS-defining illness (ADI). RESULTS Of 293 patients, 159 (54.3%) were male. The median age was 33 years. The median baseline CD4 count was 82 cells/mm(3), and the median HIV-1 RNA was 4.9 log10 copies/mL. In total, 273 (93.2%) patients started potent combination ART, and 20 (6.8%) started dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) therapy. CMV DNA was detected in 77 of 293 patients (26.3%) at baseline, and 9 of 199 patients with available specimen (4.5%) after 6 months of ART. The median CMV DNA was 548 copies/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 129-3849) at baseline and 114 copies/mL (IQR, 75-1099) at 6 months. In univariate analysis, death was associated with baseline CDC stage C, hemoglobin <10 g/dL, lower CD4 count, and CMV viremia. In multivariate analysis, only CMV DNA >500 copies/mL was significantly associated with mortality (HR: 7.28; 95% CI, 1.32-40.29, P = .023). CD4 count was the only variable associated with new ADI (HR: 0.70 per 50 CD4 cells increase; 95% CI, .49-.997, P = .048). CONCLUSIONS In these Thai patients with advanced HIV disease, CMV viremia was frequent, and CMV DNA >500 copies/mL predicted increased mortality despite ART initiation. This calls for increased attention to screening of active CMV infection in advanced HIV patients in developing countries. Trials assessing preemptive anti-CMV therapy may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Durier
- TREAT Asia, amfAR/The Foundation for AIDS Research, Klongtoey, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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Brantsæter AB, Johannessen A, Holberg-Petersen M, Sandvik L, Naman E, Kivuyo SL, Rollag H, Bruun JN, Kvale D. Cytomegalovirus viremia in dried blood spots is associated with an increased risk of death in HIV-infected patients: a cohort study from rural Tanzania. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16:e879-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The CD4 lymphocyte count was identified as a key predictor of risk of AIDS defining diseases almost 20 years ago, early in the HIV epidemic. Several issues concerning its use to predict AIDS have arisen since. These include the difference between short and long-term prediction, the use of CD4 percentage compared with absolute counts, the impact of antiretroviral therapy on the predictive value of the CD4 count, the role relative to other markers such as viral load, the derivation of scores to predict AIDS diseases, the use of CD4 count as a surrogate endpoint, the role of the CD4 count nadir compared with the current value and the differential ability to predict different AIDS diseases. RECENT FINDINGS All the above issues have been clarified further and this process has continued through 2004 and 2005. These developments are briefly described in this review. SUMMARY The CD4 count remains the strongest short-term predictor of risk of AIDS so far identified in both treated and untreated patients and should continue to be a mainstay of monitoring for both untreated and treated patients.
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Kempen JH, Sugar EA, Lyon AT, Lewis RA, Jabs DA, Heinemann MH, Dunn JP. Risk of cataract in persons with cytomegalovirus retinitis and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:2343-50. [PMID: 22853972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cataract risk in eyes of patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and to identify risk factors. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis. METHODS Patients 13 years of age and older were enrolled between 1998 and 2008. Demographic and clinical characteristics, slit-lamp biomicroscopy findings, and dilated ophthalmoscopy results were documented at quarterly visits. Cataract status was determined at the initial visit (prevalence) and at follow-up visits (incidence). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES For cataract, a high grade of lens opacity by biomicroscopy to which best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 was attributed. Eyes that had undergone cataract surgery before enrollment or between visits also were counted as having cataract. RESULTS Seven hundred twenty-nine eyes of 489 patients diagnosed with CMV retinitis were evaluated. Higher prevalence was observed for patients with bilateral versus unilateral CMV retinitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76-4.26) and, among unilateral CMV retinitis cases, for eyes with retinitis versus without retinitis (15% vs. 1.4%; P<0.0001). The age-adjusted prevalence of cataract among CMV retinitis cases was higher than that in a population-based sample (P<0.0001). Cataract prevalence increased with age (aOR, 11.77; 95% CI, 2.28-60.65 for age ≥ 60 years vs. younger than 40 years) and longer duration of retinitis (aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.20-1.54 per year). Among eyes with CMV retinitis initially free of cataract, the cataract incidence was 8.1%/eye-year (95% CI, 6.7%-10.0%). Prior retinal detachment was associated with higher cataract risk (if repaired with silicone oil: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 10.37; 95% CI, 6.51-16.52; otherwise: aHR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.73-4.87). Large CMV retinitis lesions also were associated with higher risk of cataract (for involvement of 25-49% retinal area: aHR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.51-3.50; for ≥ 50% involvement: aHR, 3.63; 95% CI, 2.18-6.04), each with respect to ≤ 24% involvement, as were anterior segment inflammation (aHR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.59-3.25) and contralateral cataract (aHR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.74-3.66). CONCLUSIONS Cytomegalovirus retinitis is associated with a high absolute and relative risk of cataract. Among several risk factors, large retinal lesion size and use of silicone oil in retinal detachment repair are potentially modifiable, albeit not in all cases. Cataract is likely to be an increasingly important cause of visual morbidity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology, and the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Babu KS, Rao MR, Goverdhan G, Srinivas P, Reddy PP, Venkateswarlu G, Anand RV. Synthesis of Valganciclovir Hydrochloride Congeners. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.651249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tun N, London N, Kyaw MK, Smithuis F, Ford N, Margolis T, Drew WL, Lewallen S, Heiden D. CMV retinitis screening and treatment in a resource-poor setting: three-year experience from a primary care HIV/AIDS programme in Myanmar. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:41. [PMID: 21843351 PMCID: PMC3163508 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a neglected disease in resource-poor settings, in part because of the perceived complexity of care and because ophthalmologists are rarely accessible. In this paper, we describe a pilot programme of CMV retinitis management by non-ophthalmologists. The programme consists of systematic screening of all high-risk patients (CD4 <100 cells/mm3) by AIDS clinicians using indirect ophthalmoscopy, and treatment of all patients with active retinitis by intravitreal injection of ganciclovir. Prior to this programme, CMV retinitis was not routinely examined for, or treated, in Myanmar. Methods This is a retrospective descriptive study. Between November 2006 and July 2009, 17 primary care AIDS clinicians were trained in indirect ophthalmoscopy and diagnosis of CMV retinitis; eight were also trained in intravitreal injection. Evaluation of training by a variety of methods documented high clinical competence. Systematic screening of all high-risk patients (CD4 <100 cells/mm3) was carried out at five separate AIDS clinics throughout Myanmar. Results A total of 891 new patients (1782 eyes) were screened in the primary area (Yangon); the majority of patients were male (64.3%), median age was 32 years, and median CD4 cell count was 38 cells/mm3. CMV retinitis was diagnosed in 24% (211/891) of these patients. Bilateral disease was present in 36% of patients. Patients with active retinitis were treated with weekly intravitreal injection of ganciclovir, with patients typically receiving five to seven injections per eye. A total of 1296 injections were administered. Conclusions A strategy of management of CMV retinitis at the primary care level is feasible in resource-poor settings. With appropriate training and support, CMV retinitis can be diagnosed and treated by AIDS clinicians (non-ophthalmologists), just like other major opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Tun
- California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, USA
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Arav-Boger R, He R, Chiou CJ, Liu J, Woodard L, Rosenthal A, Jones-Brando L, Forman M, Posner G. Artemisinin-derived dimers have greatly improved anti-cytomegalovirus activity compared to artemisinin monomers. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10370. [PMID: 20442781 PMCID: PMC2860993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artesunate, an artemisinin-derived monomer, was reported to inhibit Cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication. We aimed to compare the in-vitro anti-CMV activity of several artemisinin-derived monomers and newly synthesized artemisinin dimers. METHODS Four artemisinin monomers and two novel artemisinin-derived dimers were tested for anti-CMV activity in human fibroblasts infected with luciferase-tagged highly-passaged laboratory adapted strain (Towne), and a clinical CMV isolate. Compounds were evaluated for CMV inhibition and cytotoxicity. RESULTS Artemisinin dimers effectively inhibited CMV replication in human foreskin fibroblasts and human embryonic lung fibroblasts (EC(50) for dimer sulfone carbamate and dimer primary alcohol 0.06+/-0.00 microM and 0.15+/-0.02 microM respectively, in human foreskin fibroblasts) with no cytotxicity at concentrations required for complete CMV inhibition. All four artemisinin monomers (artemisinin, artesunate, artemether and artefanilide) shared a similar degree of CMV inhibition amongst themselves (in microM concentrations) which was significantly less than the inhibition achieved with artemisinin dimers (P<0.0001). Similar to monomers, inhibition of CMV with artemisinin dimers appeared early in the virus life cycle as reflected by decreased expression of the immediate early (IE1) protein. CONCLUSIONS Artemisinin dimers are potent and non-cytotoxic inhibitors of CMV replication. These compounds should be studied as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of CMV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
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Aljaouni SK, Aljedani HM. Cataract associated with high-dose hematopoietic colony stimulating factor, case report and literature review. Saudi Pharm J 2010; 18:107-10. [PMID: 23960727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a lineage-restricted hematopoietic growth factor. It induces proliferation and maturation of neutrophilic precursors and progenitors and activates neutrophil functions. It is used to ameliorate or prevent profound neutropenia and its consequences. G-CSF therapy in neutropenic disorders increases neutrophil count and improves infectious complications. However, it is not without side effects. Here, we discuss the case of a 2 years old patient with Kostmann's disease who developed cataracts following high-dose G-CSF therapy. We also review the relevant literature on G-CSF-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad K Aljaouni
- Haematology Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Cello JP, Day LW. Idiopathic AIDS enteropathy and treatment of gastrointestinal opportunistic pathogens. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1952-65. [PMID: 19457421 PMCID: PMC7094677 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has proven to be both a diagnostic and treatment challenge since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus more than 30 years ago. Among the main etiologies of diarrhea in this group of patients are infectious agents that span the array of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites, and fungal organisms. In many instances, highly active antiretroviral therapy remains the cornerstone of therapy for both AIDS and AIDS-related diarrhea, but other targeted therapies have been developed as new pathogens are identified; however, some infections remain treatment challenges. Once identifiable infections as well as other causes of diarrhea are investigated and excluded, a unique entity known as AIDS enteropathy can be diagnosed. Known as an idiopathic, pathogen-negative diarrhea, this disease has been investigated extensively. Atypical viral pathogens, including HIV itself, as well as inflammatory and immunologic responses are potential leading causes of it. Although AIDS enteropathy can pose a diagnostic challenge so too does the treatment of it. Highly active antiretroviral therapy, nutritional supplementation, electrolyte replacements, targeted therapy for infection if indicated, and medications for symptom control all are key elements in the treatment regimen. Importantly, a multidisciplinary approach among the gastroenterologist, infectious disease physician, HIV specialists, oncology, and surgery is necessary for many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cello
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.
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Immunobiology of human cytomegalovirus: from bench to bedside. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22:76-98, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19136435 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00034-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Following primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong latency and periodically reactivates without causing symptoms in healthy individuals. In the absence of an adequate host-derived immune response, this fine balance of permitting viral reactivation without causing pathogenesis is disrupted, and HCMV can subsequently cause invasive disease and an array of damaging indirect immunological effects. Over the last decade, our knowledge of the immune response to HCMV infection in healthy virus carriers and diseased individuals has allowed us to translate these findings to develop better diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. The application of these emerging technologies in the clinical setting is likely to provide opportunities for better management of patients with HCMV-associated diseases.
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Baroco AL, Oldfield EC. Gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus disease in the immunocompromised patient. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008; 10:409-16. [PMID: 18627655 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-008-0077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has emerged as a significant opportunistic pathogen in the era of immunosuppression. CMV was a common cause of gastrointestinal disease in AIDS patients, but the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to a dramatic decline in AIDS-related disease. Among patients with solid organ transplants, CMV has become an increasingly important cause of gastrointestinal disease as more routine use of early CMV prophylaxis has increased delayed-onset disease, which is often tissue invasive at presentation. The role of CMV in inflammatory bowel disease is controversial; treatment may be indicated in selected cases of steroid-refractory disease with evidence of CMV. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal CMV disease generally requires endoscopic biopsy with histologic confirmation. CMV culture of biopsy material may be falsely positive because of contamination from latently infected cells. The standard induction treatment of gastrointestinal CMV disease uses intravenous ganciclovir, though the use of oral valganciclovir is increasing, especially for long-term maintenance or suppression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Baroco
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 410, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
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In vitro cell-mediated immune responses of human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected individuals to whole cytomegalovirus antigens and their subunits. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1398-409. [PMID: 18579698 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00479-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the ability to detect cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specfic cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals by comparing different assays (the lymphocyte proliferation assay [LPA] and assays for gamma interferon [IFN-gamma] and interleukin-2 [IL-2] production) and CMV antigenic preparations. Thresholds discriminating positive from negative CMI results were developed with specimens from 36 CMV-seropositive and 21 CMV-seronegative healthy individuals. The analysis showed that the CMI elicited by any of the four CMV whole lysates tested in this study tended to be more robust and sensitive than the responses to the subunit antigens gB and pp65. LPA and inducible IFN-gamma but not IL-2 were highly sensitive measures of CMV-specific CMI in HIV-infected and -uninfected individuals. The ability to detect CMV-specific LPA or IFN-gamma responses in HIV-infected individuals significantly increased with higher CD4 cell numbers. Nevertheless, the proportion of HIV-infected subjects with CD4 counts of >or=500 cells/mul who had a detectable CMV-specific CMI remained significantly lower than that of healthy adults. The ability to detect CMV-specific CMI in HIV-infected individuals decreased with higher levels of HIV replication, with discriminative thresholds of 10(3) to 10(4) HIV RNA copies/ml of plasma, for LPA or inducible IFN-gamma production elicited by different antigens. The LPA responses obtained with CMV whole lysate and phytohemagglutinin were significantly correlated in HIV-infected subjects but not uninfected controls, indicating a novel characteristic of the CMI defect caused by HIV. The intrasubject variabilities of the CMV-specific CMI were similar in HIV-infected and -uninfected individuals. These data show that LPA and the inducible IFN-gamma production elicited by CMV whole lysates may be used to assess modifications of the immune competency of HIV-infected individuals.
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Abstract
The authors describe CMV retinitis in resource-poor settings and suggest possibilities for management.
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Rios SL, Baracho VG, Oliveira KBA, Rizzo PLV. Therapies for human cytomegalovirus. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2007. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.4.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Steininger C, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Popow-Kraupp T. Cytomegalovirus disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). J Clin Virol 2006; 37:1-9. [PMID: 16675299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was one of the most important opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), i.e. the combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs of different classes. Thereafter, life expectancy and quality of life increased dramatically with the persistent suppression of HIV viremia and a significant reduction in incidence of CMV disease. Nevertheless, evidence for a multitude of direct and indirect effects of CMV on HIV progression is accumulating. Even in the era of HAART, a considerable number of HIV-infected patients have a CD4 cell count below <100 mm(-3), which involves a high risk for CMV disease. The focus of the present review is on interpretation of test results, their predictive value for CMV disease, and guidance for the rational use of diagnostic assays in HIV-infected patients. Identification of patients at immediate risk for CMV disease may be accomplished by detection of CMV-DNA in leucocytes or plasma. Evidence is growing that CMV genotypes may be also relevant for the risk of CMV disease. Diagnosis of CMV disease requires in most instances demonstration of virus in biopsy specimen from the affected organ because presence of CMV in blood may not be causally related to symptoms observed. Clinical symptoms and patient characteristics are essential in the interpretation of laboratory test results and may guide the rational collection of clinical specimen and use of laboratory assays. As a consequence, a reliable diagnosis of CMV disease and early identification of patients at high risk for CMV disease requires an integrated interpretation of clinical and virological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Steininger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Zhen H, Fang F, Ye DY, Shu SN, Zhou YF, Dong YS, Nie XC, Li G. Experimental study on the action of allitridin against human cytomegalovirus in vitro: Inhibitory effects on immediate-early genes. Antiviral Res 2006; 72:68-74. [PMID: 16844239 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) extraction has been reported having anti-HCMV efficacy. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of allitridin (diallyl trisulfide, a compound from A. sativum extraction) on the replication of HCMV and the expression of viral immediate-early genes. In HCMV plaque-reduction assay, allitridin appeared a dose-dependent inhibitory ability with EC(50) value of 4.2 microg/ml (selective index, SI=16.7). Time-of-addition and time-of-removal studies showed that allitridin inhibited HCMV replication in earlier period of viral cycle before viral DNA synthesis. Both immediate early gene (ie1) transcription and IEA (IE(1)72 and IE(2)86) expression was suppressed by allitridin, but not by GCV in a single HCMV cycle format. In addition, allitridin appeared stronger inhibition on IE(2)86 than on IE(1)72. Decrease of viral DNA load in infected cells was also detected under allitridin treatment, probably due to an indirect consequence of the reduction in ie gene transcription. In summary, this study indicated that allitridin has anti-HCMV activity and the mechanism is associated with suppression of ie gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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Kempen JH, Min YI, Freeman WR, Holland GN, Friedberg DN, Dieterich DT, Jabs DA. Risk of Immune Recovery Uveitis in Patients with AIDS and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis. Ophthalmology 2006; 113:684-94. [PMID: 16581429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for immune recovery uveitis (IRU) in eyes of patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. DESIGN Enrollment data from a 19-clinical center cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred seventy-four patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis affecting 539 eyes. METHODS Patients with AIDS were enrolled at 19 United States AIDS ophthalmology clinics. Data were collected by interview, review of medical records, ophthalmic examination, and phlebotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Immune recovery uveitis. RESULTS Thirty-six patients (9.6%) were diagnosed with IRU involving 50 eyes. The CD4+ T-cell count of 31 of these had risen by > or =50 cells per microliter above nadir to a level > or = 100 cells per microliter (immune recovery), making up 17.6% of the patients known to have immune recovery after diagnosis of CMV retinitis (95% confidence interval, 12.3%-24.1%). No patients with IRU were observed to have active retinitis or detectable CMV DNA in peripheral blood (P<0.001 and P<0.001 with respect to patients without IRU). Other factors associated with IRU were > or =25% retinal area (odds ratio [OR], 2.72; P = 0.014) or posterior pole involvement with CMV retinitis (odds ratio, 0.43; P = 0.039), treatment with intravitreous injection of cidofovir (OR, 10.6 with respect to eyes never exposed to intravitreous or IV cidofovir; P<0.001), and male gender (OR, 0.26; P = 0.012). More eyes with IRU had visual acuity (VA) of 20/50 or worse (38.0% vs. 26.3%, P = 0.077) relative to eyes without IRU, but the proportions with VA of 20/200 or worse were similar (14.0% vs. 13.8%, P = 0.96). Eyes with IRU more commonly had cystoid macular edema (CME) (45.5% vs. 3.7%, P<0.001) and epiretinal membrane (48.9% vs. 13.3%, P<0.001) than eyes without IRU. CONCLUSIONS Among eyes of patients with immune recovery, the prevalence of IRU is substantial. Eyes with IRU have a high risk of additional morbidity over and above that seen with CMV retinitis, with several-fold higher risk of CME and epiretinal membrane. Large CMV lesions and use of intravitreous cidofovir are risk factors for IRU.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Central nervous system complications are common in HIV-1 infected patients and occur either as a result of concomitant immunosuppression (opportunistic infections, lymphoma and tumors), as a primary manifestation of HIV infection, or as an adverse effect of therapy (immune restoration and toxicity). These complications contribute largely to patient morbidity and mortality. In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) these disease states have changed in presentation, outcome and incidence. We review in detail the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of these disorders.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis
- AIDS Dementia Complex/epidemiology
- AIDS Dementia Complex/etiology
- AIDS Dementia Complex/therapy
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/therapy
- Adult
- Animals
- Brain Ischemia/etiology
- Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Brain Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Brain Neoplasms/etiology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Central Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis
- Central Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology
- Central Nervous System Diseases/etiology
- Central Nervous System Diseases/therapy
- Child
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/epidemiology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalitis/diagnosis
- Encephalitis/epidemiology
- Encephalitis/etiology
- Encephalitis/therapy
- Encephalitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Viral/etiology
- Encephalitis, Viral/therapy
- HIV Infections/complications
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/diagnosis
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/epidemiology
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/etiology
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/therapy
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/etiology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/therapy
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Meningitis, Cryptococcal/diagnosis
- Meningitis, Cryptococcal/epidemiology
- Meningitis, Cryptococcal/etiology
- Meningitis, Cryptococcal/therapy
- Middle Aged
- Myelitis, Transverse/diagnosis
- Myelitis, Transverse/epidemiology
- Myelitis, Transverse/etiology
- Myelitis, Transverse/therapy
- Neurosyphilis/diagnosis
- Neurosyphilis/epidemiology
- Neurosyphilis/etiology
- Neurosyphilis/therapy
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/epidemiology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/etiology
- Tuberculosis/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis/epidemiology
- Tuberculosis/etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moulignier
- Service de Neurologie, Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris
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Abstract
Liver biopsies of six previously normal hosts (Group I, NH), with recent or acute CMV infection, and autopsy liver samples of four immunocompromised hosts (Group II, ICH) with overwhelming CMV infection have been studied in an occasional survey. In both groups, portal tract involvement, bile duct inflammation, liver cell degeneration and parenchymal granulomas were present. In Group I, a randomly distributed hepatitis with predominant involvement of the periportal areas was present, including sinusoidal arrays of lymphocytes and lymphohistiocytic aggregates. In contrast, in Group II liver cell damage was more extensive and the inflammatory infiltration only scarce. Intracellular viral inclusion bodies were found only in Group II, both in liver cells and in bile duct epithelium. Morphologically, the presence of viral inclusion bodies correlated well with the immunohistologic demonstration of CMV specific "late" (CMV-LA) or structural antigens. In addition, CMV-specific "early" (CMV-EA) or non-structural antigens were present in liver cell nuclei of 2/6 NH and 2/4 ICH. The possible relations between the inflammation and the lack of structural antigenic viral expression are discussed. It is concluded that ICH with CMV infection have a prominent cytopathogenic effect and widespread lytic viral infection in the liver in the absence of adequate immunologic reactivity, whereas the opposite is found in NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Steininger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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