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Modgil V, Kaur H, Mohan B, Taneja N. Association of Putative Virulence Genes with HEp-2 Cell Adherence and Biofilm Production in Enteroaggregative E. coli Strains Isolated from Acute Diarrheal and Healthy Children, India. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:186-197. [PMID: 38468739 PMCID: PMC10924848 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging enteric pathogen that causes acute and chronic diarrhea in developed and industrialized countries in children. EAEC colonizes the human intestine and this ability to form colonies and biofilm is an important step in pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the relationship between known or putative 22 EAEC virulence genes and biofilm formation in isolates derived from acute diarrhea and healthy children and their aggregative adherence (AA) pattern with Hep-2 cell lines. A total of 138 EAEC isolates were recovered from 1210 stool samples from children (age < 10 years) suffering from acute diarrhea and 33 EAEC strains isolated from 550 healthy children (control group) of different Anganwadi centers in Chandigarh region were included. Polymerase chain reaction using the primer pair pCVD432 identified E. coli isolates as EAEC. A total of 22 virulence-related genes have been identified using M-PCR chain reactions. The crystal violet method was used for the quantitative biofilm assay. Aggregative adherence assay was also studied using HEp-2 cell lines. Of 138 EAEC isolates from the acute diarrheal group, 121 (87.6%) EAEC isolates produced biofilm. In our findings, typical EAEC (62%) isolates were strong biofilm producers (37.5%) in the diarrheal group. Among adhesive variants, agg4A (39.6%) and aggA (21.6%) were the most common and were statistically significant (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively). We reported that the aggR gene along with the typical AA pattern was present in 71.4% of the EAEC strains in the diarrheal group, whereas it was present in 44% of the control group. Other aggR non-dependent genes like ORF3 and eilA may also lead to biofilm formation. In conclusion, there is significant heterogeneity in putative virulence genes of EAEC isolates from children and biofilm formation is associated with the combination of many genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Modgil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balvinder Mohan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Makarova MA, Kaftyreva LA. Genetic diversity of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 65:707-711. [PMID: 33301661 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-11-707-711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studied 74 E. coli strains isolated from stool samples (60) and urine samples (14) of patients examined for clinical indications. Molecular methods included: PCR with electrophoretic detection of genes associated with diarrheal E. coli pathogroup EAgEC (aggR, aaf, aap, aatA, pet, ast, aai) and ExPEC pathogroup UPEC (pap, sfa, afa, kpsMT II, iutA, hlyA, cnf), MLST typing, whole genome sequencing. Strains isolated from stool samples were significantly more likely (88.3%, p > 0.05) to be typical EAgECaggR+ compared to atypical EAgECaggR-. Strains isolated from urine samples, significant differences between typical and atypical EAgEC were not detected (p > 0.05). Genes associated with ExPEC were present in all strains isolated from urine samples and in 45 strains (75%) isolated from stool samples. Coproisolates belonged to 10 serogroups and 13 serovars: O3:H2, O11:H10, O16:H48, O51:H30, O55:H21, O73:H18, O73:H33, O86:H2, O86:H10, O92:H33, O140:H2, O159:H10. Two strains had unique nucleotide sequences of genes encoding O-antigens that were missing from the SerotypeFinder database. 80% of EAgEC isolated from feces and urine was characterized by an enteroaggregative/uropathogenic genotype (EAgEC/UPEC). Most of the strains isolated from urine belonged to the virulent clone of high-risk epidemic spread ST 38 associated with hybrid strains of UPEC / EAgEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Makarova
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute.,North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, the medical microbiology department
| | - L A Kaftyreva
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute.,North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, the medical microbiology department
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Parvej MS, Alam MA, Shono M, Zahan MN, Masuma Parvez MM, Ansari WK, Jowel MS, Uddin MS, Kage-Nakadai E, Rahman MT, Nishikawa Y. Prevalence of Virulence Genes of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Fecal Samples Obtained from Cattle, Poultry and Diarrheic Patients in Bangladesh. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 73:76-82. [PMID: 31474698 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using multiplex real-time PCR, 960 fecal samples collected from poultry, cattle, and patients with diarrhea in Bangladesh were screened for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). The invasion-related gene virB showed the highest prevalence in human patients (41%) and was shown to be positively correlated first with afaB with regards to diffuse adhesion and second with aggR with regards to aggregative adhesion. These three genes were specific to human patients. In contrast, the Shiga toxin genes stx1 (57%) and stx2 (40%) were prevalent in cattle samples. The eae gene, which is associated with attaching and effacing lesion formation, and the elt and est genes, which are associated with enterotoxins, were detected from all three sample sources. Heat map construction and hierarchical clustering assigned the samples into five different clusters, with the patient samples positive for virB and afaB being placed together in one cluster. Although the detection of virulence genes cannot be a direct indication of the distribution of diarrheagenic organisms, their detection suggests that Shigella spp. or enteroinvasive E. coli are the most prevalent diarrheagenic bacteria in Bangladesh and that diffusely adherent E. coli is concomitantly present with these bacteria. eae-possessing organisms in patients may come from cattle and poultry sources. The small number of stx-positive patients could be explained by the small number of animal samples that were positive for both eae and stx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mio Shono
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University
| | - Mst Nusrat Zahan
- Department of Surgery & Theriogenology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University
| | - Mst Misrat Masuma Parvez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University
| | | | | | - Md Sharif Uddin
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University
| | | | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University
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Thakur N, Jain S, Changotra H, Shrivastava R, Kumar Y, Grover N, Vashistt J. Molecular characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes: Association of virulent genes, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance among moderate-to-severe diarrhea patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22388. [PMID: 29356079 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) signifies as an important etiological agent of moderate-to-severe diarrhea. This study was primarily focused on molecular identification of DEC pathotypes; their association with serogroups and estimates of resistance profiles against different antibiotics regime. METHODS Five hundred seventy-two stool specimens from diarrhea patients were investigated for DEC pathotypes. Molecular pathotypes were identified by amplification of virulence genes associated with distinct pathotypes followed by sequencing. Diarrhea is a self-limiting disease, however, severity and persistence of infection suggest antibiotic use. Therefore, AST and MIC were determined against common antibiotic regimen. Correlations between molecular pathotypes and serogroups were analyzed by somatic "O" antigen serotyping. RESULTS The present findings reveal incidence of DEC as an etiological agent up to a level of 21% among all diarrheal age groups. DEC infection rate was higher in children. Enteropathogenic E. coliEPEC, a molecular pathotype of DEC, was found as a predominant pathotype with highest frequency of 13.7%. Two other molecular pathotypes enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) accounted for 5.7% and 1.3%, respectively for all diarrhea incidences. Serological analysis deciphered somatic antigens O26, O2, and O3 as major serogroups identified among EPEC, ETEC, and EAEC pathotypes, respectively. All DEC pathotypes exhibited high levels of antibiotic resistance except for cotrimoxazole and norfloxacin. CONCLUSION Comprehensive molecular characterization of DEC pathotypes, their incidence estimates, and antibiogram patterns will help in ascertaining better diagnostic and therapeutic measures in management of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutan Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Swapnil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- National Salmonella & Escherichia coli Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli, India
| | - Neelam Grover
- Department of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India
| | - Jitendraa Vashistt
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, India
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Jønsson R, Struve C, Jenssen H, Krogfelt KA. The wax moth Galleria mellonella as a novel model system to study Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis. Virulence 2017; 8:1894-1899. [PMID: 27824518 PMCID: PMC5810504 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1256537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Jønsson
- a Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark.,b Department of Microbiology and Infection Control , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Carsten Struve
- b Department of Microbiology and Infection Control , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- a Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- b Department of Microbiology and Infection Control , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Gomes TAT, Elias WP, Scaletsky ICA, Guth BEC, Rodrigues JF, Piazza RMF, Ferreira LCS, Martinez MB. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47 Suppl 1:3-30. [PMID: 27866935 PMCID: PMC5156508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Escherichia coli strains live harmlessly in the intestines and rarely cause disease in healthy individuals. Nonetheless, a number of pathogenic strains can cause diarrhea or extraintestinal diseases both in healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Diarrheal illnesses are a severe public health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children, especially in developing countries. E. coli strains that cause diarrhea have evolved by acquiring, through horizontal gene transfer, a particular set of characteristics that have successfully persisted in the host. According to the group of virulence determinants acquired, specific combinations were formed determining the currently known E. coli pathotypes, which are collectively known as diarrheagenic E. coli. In this review, we have gathered information on current definitions, serotypes, lineages, virulence mechanisms, epidemiology, and diagnosis of the major diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A T Gomes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Waldir P Elias
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel C A Scaletsky
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz E C Guth
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roxane M F Piazza
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís C S Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina B Martinez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Odetoyin BW, Hofmann J, Aboderin AO, Okeke IN. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in mother-child Pairs in Ile-Ife, South Western Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:28. [PMID: 26809819 PMCID: PMC4727348 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes are among the most common bacterial causes of morbidity and mortality in young children. These pathogens are not sought routinely and capacity for their detection is limited in Africa. We investigated the distribution and dissemination of DEC in 126 children paired with their mothers in a Nigerian community. Methods A total of 861 E. coli were isolated from 126 children with diarrhoea and their mothers. Antimicrobial susceptibility of each isolate was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. All the isolates were screened for DEC markers by multiplex PCR. Genetic relatedness of DEC strains was determined by flagellin typing and Insertion element 3 (IS3)-based PCR. Results DEC were identified from 35.7 % of individuals with the most common pathotype being shiga toxin-producing E. coli (42, 16.7 %). Identical pathotypes were found in 13 (10.3 %) of the mother-child pairs and in three of these strains from mothers and their children showed identical genetic signatures. Over 90 % of DEC isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulphonamide, tetracycline, streptomycin or trimethoprim, but only 9 (7.2 %) were ciprofloxacin resistant Conclusion The data suggest that healthy mothers are asymptomatic reservoirs of multiply-resistant strains that are pathogenic in their children and there are instances in which identical strains are found in mother-child pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde W Odetoyin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Jennifer Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA.
| | - Aaron O Aboderin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Abstract
The use of meta-analysis in microbiology may facilitate decision-making that impacts public health policy. Directed at clinicians and researchers in microbiology, this review outlines the steps in performing this statistical technique, addresses its biases and describes its value in this discipline. The survey to estimate extent of the use of meta-analyses in microbiology shows the remarkable growth in the use of this research methodology, from a minimal Asian output to a level comparable with those of Europe and North America in the last 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Jarjanazi
- Saint Louis University, Baguio, Philippines, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch,Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Estrada-Garcia T, Perez-Martinez I, Bernal-Reynaga R, Zaidi MB. Enteroaggregative coli: A Pathogen Bridging the North and South. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014; 1:88-96. [PMID: 24892007 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a heterogeneous emerging enteric pathogen. Identified during the 1980's when EAEC strains where isolated from cases of acute and persistent diarrhea among infants from developing countries and of traveler's diarrhea. Subsequently, EAEC strains were linked with foodborne outbreaks and diarrhea illness in adults and children from industrialized countries, HIV-infected subjects and stunting of malnourished poor children. Nowadays, EAEC is increasingly recognized as a major cause of acute diarrhea in children recurring hospitalization and of traveler's diarrhea worldwide. EAEC strains defining phenotype is the aggregative adherence (AA) pattern on epithelial cells. AggR a transcriptional regulator of several EAEC virulence genes has been a key factor in both understanding EAEC pathogenesis and defining typical EAEC (tEAEC) strains. EAEC virulence genes distribution among these strains is highly variable. Present challenges are the identification of key virulence genes and how they coordinately function in the setting of enteric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mussaret B Zaidi
- Microbiology Research Laboratory and Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital General O'Horán, Mérida, Yucatán, México ; Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de La Península de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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