1
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Sultan AR, Lattwein KR, Lemmens-den Toom NA, Snijders SV, Kooiman K, Verbon A, van Wamel WJB. Paracetamol modulates biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 8 strains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5114. [PMID: 33664312 PMCID: PMC7933145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus biofilms are a major problem in modern healthcare due to their resistance to immune system defenses and antibiotic treatments. Certain analgesic agents are able to modulate S. aureus biofilm formation, but currently no evidence exists if paracetamol, often combined with antibiotic treatment, also has this effect. Therefore, we aimed to investigate if paracetamol can modulate S. aureus biofilm formation. Considering that certain regulatory pathways for biofilm formation and virulence factor production by S. aureus are linked, we further investigated the effect of paracetamol on immune modulator production. The in vitro biofilm mass of 21 S. aureus strains from 9 genetic backgrounds was measured in the presence of paracetamol. Based on biofilm mass quantity, we further investigated paracetamol-induced biofilm alterations using a bacterial viability assay combined with N-Acetylglucosamine staining. Isothermal microcalorimetry was used to monitor the effect of paracetamol on bacterial metabolism within biofilms and green fluorescent protein (GFP) promoter fusion technology for transcription of staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN). Clinically relevant concentrations of paracetamol enhanced biofilm formation particularly among strains belonging to clonal complex 8 (CC8), but had minimal effect on S. aureus planktonic growth. The increase of biofilm mass can be attributed to the marked increase of N-Acetylglucosamine containing components of the extracellular matrix, presumably polysaccharide intercellular adhesion. Biofilms of RN6390A (CC8) showed a significant increase in the immune modulator SCIN transcription during co-incubation with low concentrations of paracetamol. Our data indicate that paracetamol can enhance biofilm formation. The clinical relevance needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi R Sultan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Kirby R Lattwein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole A Lemmens-den Toom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan V Snijders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J B van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Different Modulatory Effects of Four Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones on MG-63 Osteoblast-Like Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010072. [PMID: 33430251 PMCID: PMC7825699 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for a variety of mild to life-threatening infections including bone infections such as osteomyelitis. This bacterium is able to invade and persist within non-professional phagocytic cells such as osteoblasts. In the present study, four different S. aureus strains, namely, 2SA-ST239-III (ST239), 5SA-ST5-II (ST5), 10SA-ST228-I (ST228), and 14SA-ST22-IVh (ST22), were tested for their ability to modulate cell viability in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells following successful invasion and persistence. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC-12598-ST30 (ST30) was used as control strain. Despite being proven that ST30, ST239, and ST22 have a similar ability to internalize and persist in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells under our experimental conditions, we demonstrated that the observed decrease in cell viability was due to the different behavior of the considered strains, rather than the number of intracellular bacteria. We focused our attention on different biochemical cell functions related to inflammation, cell metabolism, and oxidative stress during osteoblast infections. We were able to show the following: (1) ST30 and ST239 were the only two clones able to persist and maintain their number in the hostile environment of the cell during the entire period of infection; (2) ST239 was the only clone able to significantly increase gene expression (3 and 24 h post-infection (p.i.)) and protein secretion (24 h p.i.) of both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells; (3) the same clone determined a significant up-regulation of the transforming growth factorbeta 1 (TGF-β1) and of the metabolic marker glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNAs at 24 h p.i.; and (4) neither the MSSA nor the four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains induced oxidative stress phenomena in MG-63 cells, although a high degree of variability was observed for the different clones with regard to the expression pattern of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream gene heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activation. Our results may pave the way for an approach to S. aureus-induced damage, moving towards individualized therapeutic strategies that take into account the differences between MSSA and MRSA as well as the distinctive features of the different clones. This approach is based on a change of paradigm in antibiotic therapy involving a case-based use of molecules able to counteract pro-inflammatory cytokines activity such as selective cytokine signaling inhibitors (IL-6, TNF-α).
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3
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Miller LS, Fowler VG, Shukla SK, Rose WE, Proctor RA. Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections: Evidence based on human immunity, genetics and bacterial evasion mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:123-153. [PMID: 31841134 PMCID: PMC7053580 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings, especially with the widespread emergence of virulent and multi-drug resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. There is an urgent and unmet clinical need for non-antibiotic immune-based approaches to treat these infections as the increasing antibiotic resistance is creating a serious threat to public health. However, all vaccination attempts aimed at preventing S. aureus invasive infections have failed in human trials, especially all vaccines aimed at generating high titers of opsonic antibodies against S. aureus surface antigens to facilitate antibody-mediated bacterial clearance. In this review, we summarize the data from humans regarding the immune responses that protect against invasive S. aureus infections as well as host genetic factors and bacterial evasion mechanisms, which are important to consider for the future development of effective and successful vaccines and immunotherapies against invasive S. aureus infections in humans. The evidence presented form the basis for a hypothesis that staphylococcal toxins (including superantigens and pore-forming toxins) are important virulence factors, and targeting the neutralization of these toxins are more likely to provide a therapeutic benefit in contrast to prior vaccine attempts to generate antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S Miller
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Suite 209, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, 315 Trent Drive, Hanes House, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sanjay K Shukla
- Center for Precision Medicine Research, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.,Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 425 Henry Mall, Room 3445, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Warren E Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Pharmacy Practice Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, 4123 Rennebohm Hall, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1550 Linden Drive, Microbial Sciences Building, Room 1334, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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4
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Muthukrishnan G, Soin S, Beck CA, Grier A, Brodell JD, Lee CC, Ackert-Bicknell CL, Lee FEH, Schwarz EM, Daiss JL. A Bioinformatic Approach to Utilize a Patient's Antibody-Secreting Cells against Staphylococcus aureus to Detect Challenging Musculoskeletal Infections. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:339-351. [PMID: 32571786 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive diagnostics for Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections (MSKI) remain challenging. Abs from newly activated, pathogen-specific plasmablasts in human blood, which emerge during an ongoing infection, can be used for diagnosing and tracking treatment response in diabetic foot infections. Using multianalyte immunoassays on medium enriched for newly synthesized Abs (MENSA) from Ab-secreting cells, we assessed anti-S. aureus IgG responses in 101 MSKI patients (63 culture-confirmed S. aureus, 38 S. aureus-negative) and 52 healthy controls. MENSA IgG levels were assessed for their ability to identify the presence and type of S. aureus MSKI using machine learning and multivariate receiver operating characteristic curves. Eleven S. aureus-infected patients were presented with prosthetic joint infections, 15 with fracture-related infections, 5 with native joint septic arthritis, 15 with diabetic foot infections, and 17 with suspected orthopedic infections in the soft tissue. Anti-S. aureus MENSA IgG levels in patients with non-S. aureus infections and healthy controls were 4-fold (***p = 0.0002) and 8-fold (****p < 0.0001) lower, respectively, compared with those with culture-confirmed S. aureus infections. Comparison of MENSA IgG responses among S. aureus culture-positive patients revealed Ags predictive of active MSKI (IsdB, SCIN, Gmd) and Ags predictive of MSKI type (IsdB, IsdH, Amd, Hla). When combined, IsdB, IsdH, Gmd, Amd, SCIN, and Hla were highly discriminatory of S. aureus MSKI (area under the ROC curve = 0.89 [95% confidence interval 0.82-0.93, p < 0.01]). Collectively, these results demonstrate the feasibility of a bioinformatic approach to use a patient's active immune proteome against S. aureus to diagnose challenging MSKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Sandeep Soin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Christopher A Beck
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Alex Grier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - James D Brodell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Charles C Lee
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Cheryl L Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80045; and
| | - Frances Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - John L Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642; .,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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5
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A Kayvirus Distant Homolog of Staphylococcal Virulence Determinants and VISA Biomarker Is a Phage Lytic Enzyme. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030292. [PMID: 32156046 PMCID: PMC7150955 DOI: 10.3390/v12030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal bacteriophages of the Kayvirus genus are candidates for therapeutic applications. One of their proteins, Tgl, is slightly similar to two staphylococcal virulence factors, secreted autolysins of lytic transglycosylase motifs IsaA and SceD. We show that Tgl is a lytic enzyme secreted by the bacterial transport system and localizes to cell peripheries like IsaA and SceD. It causes lysis of E. coli cells expressing the cloned tgl gene, but could be overproduced when depleted of signal peptide. S. aureus cells producing Tgl lysed in the presence of nisin, which mimics the action of phage holin. In vitro, Tgl protein was able to destroy S. aureus cell walls. The production of Tgl decreased S. aureus tolerance to vancomycin, unlike the production of SceD, which is associated with decreased sensitivity to vancomycin. In the genomes of kayviruses, the tgl gene is located a few genes away from the lysK gene, encoding the major endolysin. While lysK is a late phage gene, tgl can be transcribed by a host RNA polymerase, like phage early genes. Taken together, our data indicate that tgl belongs to the kayvirus lytic module and encodes an additional endolysin that can act in concert with LysK in cell lysis.
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6
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Bennett MR, Bombardi RG, Kose N, Parrish EH, Nagel MB, Petit RA, Read TD, Schey KL, Thomsen IP, Skaar EP, Crowe JE. Human mAbs to Staphylococcus aureus IsdA Provide Protection Through Both Heme-Blocking and Fc-Mediated Mechanisms. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1264-1273. [PMID: 30496483 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutrient metal iron plays a key role in the survival of microorganisms. The iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) system scavenges heme-iron from the human host, enabling acquisition of iron in iron-deplete conditions in Staphylococcus aureus during infection. The cell surface receptors IsdB and IsdH bind hemoproteins and transfer heme to IsdA, the final surface protein before heme-iron is transported through the peptidoglycan. To define the human B-cell response to IsdA, we isolated human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to the surface Isd proteins and determined their mechanism of action. We describe the first isolation of fully human IsdA and IsdH mAbs, as well as cross-reactive Isd mAbs. Two of the identified IsdA mAbs worked in a murine septic model of infection to reduce bacterial burden during staphylococcal infection. Their protection was a result of both heme-blocking and Fc-mediated effector functions, underscoring the importance of targeting S. aureus using diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Erica H Parrish
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marcus B Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert A Petit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy D Read
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Isaac P Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Muthukrishnan G, Masters EA, Daiss JL, Schwarz EM. Mechanisms of Immune Evasion and Bone Tissue Colonization That Make Staphylococcus aureus the Primary Pathogen in Osteomyelitis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:395-404. [PMID: 31721069 PMCID: PMC7344867 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Staphylococcus aureus is the primary pathogen responsible for osteomyelitis, which remains a major healthcare burden. To understand its dominance, here we review the unique pathogenic mechanisms utilized by S. aureus that enable it to cause incurable osteomyelitis. RECENT FINDINGS Using an arsenal of toxins and virulence proteins, S. aureus kills and usurps immune cells during infection, to produce non-neutralizing pathogenic antibodies that thwart adaptive immunity. S. aureus also has specific mechanisms for distinct biofilm formation on implants, necrotic bone tissue, bone marrow, and within the osteocyte lacuno-canicular networks (OLCN) of live bone. In vitro studies have also demonstrated potential for intracellular colonization of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. S. aureus has evolved a multitude of virulence mechanisms to achieve life-long infection of the bone, most notably colonization of OLCN. Targeting S. aureus proteins involved in these pathways could provide new targets for antibiotics and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Elysia A Masters
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John L Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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8
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Rigat F, Bartolini E, Dalsass M, Kumar N, Marchi S, Speziale P, Maione D, Chen L, Romano MR, Alegre ML, Bagnoli F, Daum RS, David MZ. Retrospective Identification of a Broad IgG Repertoire Differentiating Patients With S. aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections From Controls. Front Immunol 2019; 10:114. [PMID: 30792711 PMCID: PMC6375365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although the relevance of humoral immunity for protection against S. aureus skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) has been suggested by several animal and human studies, the question of which human antibodies may be protective has so far impeded the development of a safe and effective vaccine. Because most adults have developed certain anti-S. aureus antibodies due to S. aureus colonization or infection, we hypothesized that the titers of antibodies to S. aureus in uninfected controls would differ from those in infected patients and would also differ in infected patients from the time of acute infection to a 40-day convalescent serum. Methods: To test these hypotheses, we measured human antibody levels against a panel of 134 unique antigens comprising the S. aureus surfome and secretome in subjects with active culture-confirmed S. aureus SSTIs (cases) and in controls with no infection, using a novel S. aureus protein microarray. Results: Most S. aureus SSTI patients (n = 60) and controls (n = 142) had antibodies to many of the tested S. aureus antigens. Univariate analysis showed statistically weak differences in the IgG levels to some antigens in the SSTI patient (case) sera compared with controls. Antibody levels to most tested antigens did not increase comparing acute with 40-day serum. Multiple logistic regression identified a rich subset of antigens that, by their antibody levels, together correctly differentiated all cases from all controls. Conclusions: Antibodies directed against S. aureus antigens were present both in patients with S. aureus SSTIs and in uninfected control patients. We found that SSTI patients and controls could be distinguished only based on differences in antibody levels to many staphylococcal surface and secreted antigens. Our results demonstrate that in the studied population, the levels of anti-S. aureus antibodies appear largely fixed, suggesting that there may be some level of unresponsiveness to natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rigat
- GSK Pharmaceuticals R&D, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Neha Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luqiu Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Robert S. Daum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael Z. David
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Speziale P, Rindi S, Pietrocola G. Antibody-Based Agents in the Management of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Diseases. Microorganisms 2018. [PMID: 29533985 PMCID: PMC5874639 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen that can cause a wide spectrum of diseases, including sepsis, pneumonia, arthritis, and endocarditis. Ineffective treatment of a number of staphylococcal infections with antibiotics is due to the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains following decades of antibiotic usage. This has generated renewed interest within the scientific community in alternative therapeutic agents, such as anti-S. aureus antibodies. Although the role of antibodies in the management of S. aureus diseases is controversial, the success of this pathogen in neutralizing humoral immunity clearly indicates that antibodies offer the host extensive protection. In this review, we report an update on efforts to develop antibody-based agents, particularly monoclonal antibodies, and their therapeutic potential in the passive immunization approach to the treatment and prevention of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Rindi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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