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Yang R, Xu M, Zhang L, Liao Y, Liu Y, Deng X, Wang L. Human Strongyloides stercoralis infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024:S1684-1182(24)00120-8. [PMID: 39142910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is an important soil-transmitted helminth occurring world-wide and affecting 30-100 million people. Because many cases are asymptomatic and sensitive diagnostic methods are lacking, S. stercoralis infection is frequently underdiagnosed. The increasing incidence of autoimmune and wasting diseases and increased use of immunosuppressive agents, as well as the increased use of immunosuppressants and cytotoxic drugs, have increased S. stercoralis infection and their mortality. This review provides information about S. stercoralis epidemiology, life cycle, aetiology, pathology, comorbidities, immunology, vaccines, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and makes some recommendations for future prevention and control of this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Yang
- Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510320, China
| | - Meiyining Xu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Guangdong Clinical Laboratory Center Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yao Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, China
| | - Yuheng Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, China.
| | - Lifu Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, China.
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2
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Wongphutorn P, Noordin R, Anuar NS, Worasith C, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, Tippayawat P, Techasen A, Pitaksakurat O, Sithithaworn J, Eamudomkarn C, Sithithaworn P. Examination of Diagnostic Performance of New IgG4 Rapid Test Compared with IgG- and IgG4-ELISAs to Investigate Epidemiology of Strongyloidiasis in Northeast Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:254-262. [PMID: 38190756 PMCID: PMC10859814 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, is a neglected tropical disease with a global distribution. The infection can be fatal in immunocompromised individuals, and accurate diagnosis leading to timely treatment can save lives. Serodiagnosis is a sensitive method for diagnosis and is recommended for screening high-risk individuals. A point-of-care rapid test will facilitate the screening activities, especially in low-resource settings. This study aims to apply a new IgG4 immunochromatographic test using S. stercoralis recombinant antigen (SsRapid® cassette test) and to compare it with in-house IgG and IgG4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (IgG- and IgG4-ELISAs) using native Strongyloides ratti antigen to investigate the epidemiology of strongyloidiasis in northeast Thailand. A total of 300 people participated, with 136 males and 164 females of a similar mean age. The reference tests were fecal examinations using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique and an agar plate culture technique. The prevalence of S. stercoralis determined by SsRapid (81.7%) was significantly higher than that by fecal examinations (43.3%) or by antibody detection by IgG-ELISA (53.0%) or IgG4-ELISA (44.0%). The diagnostic sensitivities of SsRapid, IgG-ELISA, and IgG4-ELISA were found to be 93.9%, 77.7%, and 63.1%, respectively. The rate of positive tests by the SsRapid was significantly correlated to the levels of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 and IgG antibodies. By all diagnostic methods, male participants had a significantly higher prevalence of strongyloidiasis than females. Age was significantly associated with the concentration of specific serum IgG but not with the SsRapid grading score. In conclusion, SsRapid was shown to be a sensitive and valuable diagnostic test for the epidemiology study of strongyloidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Suhada Anuar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Chutima Homwong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Anchalee Techasen
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakurat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Oyeyemi OT, Ogundahunsi O, Schunk M, Fatem RG, Shollenberger LM. Neglected tropical disease (NTD) diagnostics: current development and operations to advance control. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:1-24. [PMID: 37872790 PMCID: PMC10769148 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2272095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have become important public health threats that require multi-faceted control interventions. As late treatment and management of NTDs contribute significantly to the associated burdens, early diagnosis becomes an important component for surveillance and planning effective interventions. This review identifies common NTDs and highlights the progress in the development of diagnostics for these NTDs. Leveraging existing technologies to improve NTD diagnosis and improving current operational approaches for deployment of developed diagnostics are crucial to achieving the 2030 NTD elimination target. Point-of-care NTD (POC-NTD) diagnostic tools are recommended preferred diagnostic options in resource-constrained areas for mapping risk zones and monitoring treatment efficacy. However, few are currently available commercially. Technical training of remote health care workers on the use of POC-NTD diagnostics, and training of health workers on the psychosocial consequences of these diagnostics are critical in harnessing POC-NTD diagnostic potential. While the COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the possibility of achieving NTD elimination in 2030 due to the disruption of healthcare services and dwindling financial support for NTDs, the possible contribution of NTDs in exacerbating COVID-19 pandemic should motivate NTD health system strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA
| | - Olumide Ogundahunsi
- The Central Office for Research and Development (CORD), University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Mirjam Schunk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU) institution, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramzy G. Fatem
- Schistosome Biological Supply Center, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Boonroumkaew P, Sadaow L, Janwan P, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Buadee P, Suprom C, Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Maleewong W. Improved diagnostic sensitivity of human strongyloidiasis using point-of-care mixed recombinant antigen-based immunochromatography. Parasite 2023; 30:60. [PMID: 38099622 PMCID: PMC10723528 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause fatal complications due to hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised patients. We used two Strongyloides stercoralis recombinant antigenic proteins, L3NieAg.01 (NIE) and IgG-immunoreactive antigen (SsIR), to develop the recombinant antigen-based immunochromatography test (ICT) kit. We constructed and compared kits using either the NIE (NIE ICT kit) or the SsIR (SsIR ICT kit) antigens and a kit using a mixture of both (NIE-SsIR ICT kit) for detection of anti-Strongyloides IgG antibody in human serum samples. Serum samples from normal healthy individuals (Group I, n = 40), proven strongyloidiasis patients (Group II, n = 100), and those with other parasitic infections (Group III, n = 154) were evaluated. Sensitivity and specificity were 81.0% and 84.0% for the NIE ICT kit, 89.0% and 83.5% for the SsIR ICT kit, and 95.0% and 90.2% for the NIE-SsIR ICT kit, respectively. The NIE-SsIR ICT kit provided the best diagnostic results; it can supplement stool examination for clinical diagnosis and can be used to screen for asymptomatic S. stercoralis infection in people at risk in endemic areas. The NIE-SsIR ICT kit can also be used in large-scale sero-epidemiological investigations in endemic areas without the need for additional facilities or ancillary supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University 80161 Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand
- Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, Walailak University 80161 Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Punyisa Buadee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Chanida Suprom
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University 44000 Maha Sarakham Thailand
| | - Pewpan M. Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
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Li J, Shang MY, Deng SL, Li M, Su N, Ren XD, Sun XG, Li WM, Li YW, Li RX, Huang Q, Lu WP. Development of a novel integrated isothermal amplification system for detection of bacteria-spiked blood samples. AMB Express 2023; 13:135. [PMID: 38019349 PMCID: PMC10686969 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by bacteria is highly pathogenic and lethal, and easily develops whole-body inflammatory state. Immediate identification of disease-causing bacteria can improve patient prognosis. Traditional testing methods are not only time-consuming, but such tests are limited to laboratories. Recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) holds great promise for rapid nucleic acid detection, but the uncapping operation after amplification easily contaminates laboratories. Therefore, the establishment of a more effective integrated isothermal amplification system has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, we designed and fabricated a hermetically sealed integrated isothermal amplification system. Combining with this system, a set of RPA-LFD assays for detecting S. aureus, K. peneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and H. influenza in BSI were established and evaluated. The whole process could be completed in less than 15 min and the results can be visualized by the naked eye. The developed RPA-LFD assays displayed a good sensitivity, and no cross-reactivity was observed in seven similar bacterial genera. The results obtained with 60 clinical samples indicated that the developed RPA-LFD assays had high specifcity and sensitivity for identifying S. aureus, K. peneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and H. influenza in BSI. In conclusion, our results showed that the developed RPA-LFD assay is an alternative to existing PCR-based methods for detection of S. aureus, K. peneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and H. influenza in BSI in primary hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yun Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Li Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Ge Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Man Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ruo-Xu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China.
| | - Wei-Ping Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, P.R. China.
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Chan AHE, Thaenkham U. From past to present: opportunities and trends in the molecular detection and diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:123. [PMID: 37041645 PMCID: PMC10088203 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth that is mainly found in the tropical and subtropical regions and affects approximately 600 million people globally. The medical importance of strongyloidiasis lies in its capacity to remain asymptomatic and chronically unnoticed until the host is immunocompromised. Additionally, in severe strongyloidiasis, hyperinfection syndrome and larva dissemination to various organs can occur. Parasitological techniques such as Baermann-Moraes and agar plate culture to detect larvae in stool samples are the current gold standard. However, the sensitivity might be inadequate, especially with reduced worm burden. Complementing parasitological techniques, immunological techniques including immunoblot and immunosorbent assays are employed, with higher sensitivity. However, cross-reactivity to other parasites may occur, hampering the assay's specificity. Recently, advances in molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing technology have provided the opportunity to detect parasite DNA in stool, blood, and environmental samples. Molecular techniques, known for their high sensitivity and specificity, have the potential to circumvent some of the challenges associated with chronicity and intermittent larval output for increased detection. Here, as S. stercoralis was recently included by the World Health Organization as another soil-transmitted helminth targeted for control from 2021 to 2030, we aimed to present a review of the current molecular techniques for detecting and diagnosing S. stercoralis in a bid to consolidate the molecular studies that have been performed. Upcoming molecular trends, especially next-generation sequencing technologies, are also discussed to increase the awareness of its potential for diagnosis and detection. Improved and novel detection methods can aid in making accurate and informed choices, especially in this era where infectious and non-infectious diseases are increasingly commonplace.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Luvira V, Siripoon T, Phiboonbanakit D, Somsri K, Watthanakulpanich D, Dekumyoy P. Strongyloides stercoralis: A Neglected but Fatal Parasite. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:310. [PMID: 36288051 PMCID: PMC9609954 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a disease caused by Strongyloides stercoralis and remains a neglected tropical infection despite significant public health concerns. Challenges in the management of strongyloidiasis arise from wide ranging clinical presentations, lack of practical high sensitivity diagnostic tests, and a fatal outcome in immunocompromised hosts. Migration, globalization, and increased administration of immunomodulators, particularly during the COVID-19 era, have amplified the global impact of strongyloidiasis. Here, we comprehensively review the diagnostic tests, clinical manifestations, and treatment of strongyloidiasis. The review additionally focuses on complicated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised patients and critical screening strategies. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is challenging because of non-specific presentations and low parasite load. In contrast, treatment is simple: administration of single dosage ivermectin or moxidectin, a recent anthelmintic drug. Undiagnosed infections result in hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated disease when patients become immunocompromised. Thus, disease manifestation awareness among clinicians is crucial. Furthermore, active surveillance and advanced diagnostic tests are essential for fundamental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viravarn Luvira
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaya Siripoon
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Danabhand Phiboonbanakit
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Vibhavadi Hospital, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kollawat Somsri
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Dorn Watthanakulpanich
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Buonfrate D, Tamarozzi F, Paradies P, Watts MR, Bradbury RS, Bisoffi Z. The diagnosis of human and companion animal Strongyloides stercoralis infection: Challenges and solutions. A scoping review. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 118:1-84. [PMID: 36088083 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is the infection caused by soil-transmitted nematodes of Strongyloides species, infecting humans and some animals. Strongyloides stercoralis is the species with most clinical and epidemiological relevance in humans and dogs, due to its high prevalence and its capacity of inducing a life-threatening hyperinfection. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is challenging, due to the absence of a single reference standard test with high sensitivity and specificity, which also hampers the estimation of the accuracy of other diagnostic tests. In this chapter, we review the deployment and performance of the parasitological, immunological, molecular tests for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in humans and in dogs. Further, we comment the available evidence from genotyping studies that have addressed the zoonotic potential of S. stercoralis. Finally, we discuss the use of different diagnostic methods in relation to the purpose (i.e., screening, individual diagnosis, inclusion in a clinical trial) and the setting (endemic/non-endemic areas) and report the accuracy figures reported by systematic reviews on either parasitological, serological or molecular techniques published in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Paradies
- Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation, Veterinary Section, Campus of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matthew R Watts
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - New South Wales Health Pathology and Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VC, Australia
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious Tropical diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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9
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Noordin R, Osman E, Kalantari N, Anuar NS, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Sithithaworn P, Juri NM, Rahumatullah A. A point-of-care cassette test for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106251. [PMID: 34808116 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasite that causes strongyloidiasis worldwide. It may lead to a life-long infection in immunocompetent people and hyperinfection in immunosuppressed patients. A point-of-care (POC) rapid test is helpful for patient diagnosis in resource-limited settings and as a detection tool in elimination/control programs. Previously, we reported a rapid IgG4 dipstick test (Ss Rapid®) for Strongyloides suitable for a laboratory setting. A POC cassette format of the test, which is field-applicable, has since been developed. Here, we report on a laboratory-based evaluation of the Ss Rapid® cas sette test on 285 sera. We assessed the diagnostic sensitivity of the Ss Rapid® cas sette with 32 sera, comprising samples from larval and/or DNA positive individuals from three countries. Additionally, we also tested samples from 33 seropositive endemic areas residents. We evaluated the diagnostic specificity of the test using 220 samples, comprising sera from other infections (n = 101), allergy cases with high IgE antibodies (n = 4), and blood donors (n = 115). The test showed high diagnostic sensitivity (97%, 31/32), and all sera of the seropositive endemic residents were reactive. It also showed high diagnostic specificity (94.5%, 208/220), and all false-positive samples tested negative after sera adsorption using recombinant NIE-coated microsphere beads. Additionally, we showed that the test worked with spiked whole blood samples. The study results showed that the SsRapid® cas sette test merits further laboratory and field evaluations.
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10
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Rogers MJ, McManus DP, Muhi S, Gordon CA. Membrane Technology for Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0032920. [PMID: 34378956 PMCID: PMC8404699 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00329-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect over one billion people worldwide, with individuals from communities in low-socioeconomic areas being most at risk and suffering the most. Disease management programs are hindered by the lack of infrastructure and resources for clinical sample collection, storage, and transport and a dearth of sensitive diagnostic methods that are inexpensive as well as accurate. Many diagnostic tests and tools have been developed for the parasitic NTDs, but the collection and storage of clinical samples for molecular and immunological diagnosis can be expensive due to storage, transport, and reagent costs, making these procedures untenable in most areas of endemicity. The application of membrane technology, which involves the use of specific membranes for either sample collection and storage or diagnostic procedures, can streamline this process, allowing for long-term sample storage at room temperature. Membrane technology can be used in serology-based diagnostic assays and for nucleic acid purification prior to molecular analysis. This facilitates the development of relatively simple and rapid procedures, although some of these methods, mainly due to costs, lack accessibility in low-socioeconomic regions of endemicity. New immunological procedures and nucleic acid storage, purification, and diagnostics protocols that are simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective must be developed as countries progress control efforts toward the elimination of the parasitic NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J. Rogers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Muhi
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5185. [PMID: 34372422 PMCID: PMC8348896 DOI: 10.3390/s21155185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (S.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.)
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Boonroumkaew P, Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Thanchomnang T, Phupiewkham W, Intapan PM, Maleewong W. Effectiveness of Strongyloides Recombinant IgG Immunoreactive Antigen in Detecting IgG and IgG4 Subclass Antibodies for Diagnosis of Human Strongyloidiasis Using Rapid Immunochromatographic Tests. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10090615. [PMID: 32825495 PMCID: PMC7555090 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human strongyloidiasis is an important soil-transmitted helminthiasis that affects millions worldwide and can develop into fatal systemic strongyloidiasis in immunosuppressed patients. We have developed two new rapid and simple-to-use immunochromatographic test (ICT) kits for rapid serodiagnosis that support stool examination for clinical diagnosis. Strongyloides stercoralis recombinant IgG immunoreactive antigen (GenBank: AAB97359.1; rSsIR-based ICT kit) was used for detection of IgG and IgG4 antibodies. The diagnostic efficacy of both kits was evaluated using human serum samples from strongyloidiasis patients, healthy individuals, and those with other parasitosis. At a prevalence of infection of 36.4%, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the rSsIR-based IgG ICT kit were 91.7%, 83.8%, 76.4%, 94.6%, and 86.7%, respectively, and those of the rSsIR-based IgG4 ICT kit were 78.3%, 84.8%, 74.6%, 87.3%, and 82.4% respectively. The concordance between the two kits was 89.7%. The recombinant antigen can be produced to an unlimited extent and the kits can be used as point-of-care diagnostic tools and in large-scale surveys in endemic areas throughout tropical regions without necessitating additional facilities or ancillary supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.B.); (L.S.); (O.S.); (R.R.); (W.P.); (P.M.I.)
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.B.); (L.S.); (O.S.); (R.R.); (W.P.); (P.M.I.)
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.B.); (L.S.); (O.S.); (R.R.); (W.P.); (P.M.I.)
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.B.); (L.S.); (O.S.); (R.R.); (W.P.); (P.M.I.)
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Weeraya Phupiewkham
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.B.); (L.S.); (O.S.); (R.R.); (W.P.); (P.M.I.)
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Pewpan M. Intapan
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.B.); (L.S.); (O.S.); (R.R.); (W.P.); (P.M.I.)
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (P.B.); (L.S.); (O.S.); (R.R.); (W.P.); (P.M.I.)
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-4336-3434
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