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Pacheco A, Evangelista-Osorio A, Muchaypiña-Flores KG, Marzano-Barreda LA, Paredes-Concepción P, Palacin-Baldeón H, Dos Santos MSN, Tres MV, Zabot GL, Olivera-Montenegro L. Polymeric Materials Obtained by Extrusion and Injection Molding from Lignocellulosic Agroindustrial Biomass. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4046. [PMID: 37896290 PMCID: PMC10610583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the advances in polymeric materials achieved by extrusion and injection molding from lignocellulosic agroindustrial biomass. Biomass, which is derived from agricultural and industrial waste, is a renewable and abundant feedstock that contains mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. To improve the properties and functions of polymeric materials, cellulose is subjected to a variety of modifications. The most common modifications are surface modification, grafting, chemical procedures, and molecule chemical grafting. Injection molding and extrusion technologies are crucial in shaping and manufacturing polymer composites, with precise control over the process and material selection. Furthermore, injection molding involves four phases: plasticization, injection, cooling, and ejection, with a focus on energy efficiency. Fundamental aspects of an injection molding machine, such as the motor, hopper, heating units, nozzle, and clamping unit, are discussed. Extrusion technology, commonly used as a preliminary step to injection molding, presents challenges regarding fiber reinforcement and stress accumulation, while lignin-based polymeric materials are challenging due to their hydrophobicity. The diverse applications of these biodegradable materials include automotive industries, construction, food packaging, and various consumer goods. Polymeric materials are positioned to offer even bigger contributions to sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in the future, as research and development continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Pacheco
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Arian Evangelista-Osorio
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Katherine Gabriela Muchaypiña-Flores
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Luis Alejandro Marzano-Barreda
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Perla Paredes-Concepción
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru;
| | - Heidy Palacin-Baldeón
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
| | - Maicon Sérgio Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040 Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul, Santa Maria 96508-010, RS, Brazil; (M.S.N.D.S.); (M.V.T.); (G.L.Z.)
| | - Marcus Vinícius Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040 Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul, Santa Maria 96508-010, RS, Brazil; (M.S.N.D.S.); (M.V.T.); (G.L.Z.)
| | - Giovani Leone Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040 Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira do Sul, Santa Maria 96508-010, RS, Brazil; (M.S.N.D.S.); (M.V.T.); (G.L.Z.)
| | - Luis Olivera-Montenegro
- Bioprocesses and Biomass Conversion Research Group, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru; (A.P.); (A.E.-O.); (K.G.M.-F.); (L.A.M.-B.); (H.P.-B.)
- Grupo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Alimentos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, La Molina 15024, Peru;
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Wang BW, Liu H, Ying J, Liu CT, Shen CY, Wang YM. Effect of Physical Aging on Heterogeneity of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Toughening Poly(lactic acid) Probed by Nanomechanical Mapping. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stepanova M, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Modification of Cellulose Micro- and Nanomaterials to Improve Properties of Aliphatic Polyesters/Cellulose Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071477. [PMID: 35406349 PMCID: PMC9003142 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters/cellulose composites have attracted a lot attention due to the perspectives of their application in biomedicine and the production of disposable materials, food packaging, etc. Both aliphatic polyesters and cellulose are biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, which makes them highly promising for the production of “green” composite materials. However, the main challenge in obtaining composites with favorable properties is the poor compatibility of these polymers. Unlike cellulose, which is very hydrophilic, aliphatic polyesters exhibit strong hydrophobic properties. In recent times, the modification of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials is widely considered as a tool to enhance interfacial biocompatibility with aliphatic polyesters and, consequently, improve the properties of composites. This review summarizes the main types and properties of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials as well as aliphatic polyesters used to produce composites with cellulose. In addition, the methods for noncovalent and covalent modification of cellulose materials with small molecules, polymers and nanoparticles have been comprehensively overviewed and discussed. Composite fabrication techniques, as well as the effect of cellulose modification on the mechanical and thermal properties, rate of degradation, and biological compatibility have been also analyzed.
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