1
|
Cao S, Li L, Li Q, Jiang L, Zhu B, Yao Z. A novel alginate lyase and its domain functions for the preparation of unsaturated monosaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1737-1749. [PMID: 36795142 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Brown algae are considered promising crops for the production of sustainable biofuels. However, the commercial application has been limited by lack of efficient methods for converting alginate into fermentable sugars. Herein, we cloned and characterized a novel alginate lyase AlyPL17 from Pedobacter hainanensis NJ-02. It possessed outstanding catalytic efficiency toward polymannuronic acid (polyM), polyguluronic acid (polyG), and alginate sodium, with kcat of 39.42 ± 1.9 s-1, 32.53 ± 0.88 s-1, and 38.30 ± 2.12 s-1, respectively. AlyPL17 showed maximum activity at 45 °C and pH 9.0. The domain truncation did not change the optimal temperature and optimal pH, but greatly reduced the activity. In addition, AlyPL17 degrades alginate through the cooperative action of two structural domains in an exolytic mode. The minimal degradation substrate of AlyPL17 is a disaccharide. Furthermore, AlyPL17 and AlyPL6 can synergistically degrade alginate to prepare unsaturated monosaccharides that can be converted to 4-deoxy-L-erythron-5-hexoseuloseuronate acid (DEH). DEH is reduced to KDG by DEH reductase (Sdr), which enters the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway as a common metabolite and is converted to bioethanol. KEY POINTS: • Biochemical characterization of alginate lyase from Pedobacter hainanensis NJ-02 and its truncated form. • Degradation patterns of AlyPL17 and the role of its domains in product distribution and mode of action. • Potential of synergistic degradation system for efficient preparation of unsaturated monosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Cao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu S, Na K, Wei J, Zhang L, Guo X. Alginate oligosaccharides: The structure-function relationships and the directional preparation for application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119225. [PMID: 35287920 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are degradation products of alginate extracted from brown algae. With low molecular weight, high water solubility, and good biological activity, AOS present anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. They also exert growth-promoting effects in animals and plants. Three types of AOS, mannuronate oligosaccharides (MAOS), guluronate oligosaccharides (GAOS), and heterozygous mannuronate and guluronate oligosaccharides (HAOS), can be produced from alginate by enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus far, most studies on the applications and biological activities of AOS have been based mainly on a hybrid form of HAOS. To improve the directional production of AOS for practical applications, systematic studies on the structures and related biological activities of AOS are needed. This review provides a summary of current understanding of structure-function relationships and advances in the production of AOS. The current challenges and opportunities in the application of AOS is suggested to guide the precise application of AOS in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Kai Na
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Jiani Wei
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Lee OK, Lee EY. Alginate derived functional oligosaccharides: Recent developments, barriers, and future outlooks. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118158. [PMID: 34119132 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alginate is a biopolymer used extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) derived from alginate exhibit superior biological activities and therapeutic potential. Alginate lyases with characteristic substrate specificity can facilitate the production of a broad array of AOS with precise structure and functionality. By adopting innovative analytical tools in conjunction with focused clinical studies, the structure-bioactivity relationship of a number of AOS has been brought to light. This review covers fundamental aspects and recent developments in AOS research. Enzymatic and microbial processes involved in AOS production from brown algae and sequential steps involved in AOS structure elucidation are outlined. Biological mechanisms underlying the health benefits of AOS and their potential industrial and therapeutic applications are elaborated. Withal, various challenges in AOS research are traced out, and future directions, specifically on recombinant systems for AOS preparation, are delineated to further widen the horizon of these exceptional oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudulakumari Vasudevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang J, Cui D, Ma S, Chen W, Chen D, Shen H. Characterization of a novel PL 17 family alginate lyase with exolytic and endolytic cleavage activity from marine bacterium Microbulbifer sp. SH-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:551-563. [PMID: 33385459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alginate lyases are essential tools for depolymerizing alginate into bioactive oligosaccharides and fermentable monosaccharides. Herein, we characterized a novel polysaccharide lyase AlgSH17 from marine bacterium Microbulbifer sp. SH-1. The recombinant enzyme exhibited the maximum activity at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and retained 86.20% and 65.43% of its maximum activity at 20 °C and 15 °C, respectively, indicating that AlgSH17 has an excellent cold-adapted property. The final products of AlgSH17 mainly consisted of monosaccharides with small amounts of oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) 2-6, suggesting that AlgSH17 possesses both exolytic and endolytic activity. Degradation pattern analysis indicated that AlgSH17 could degrade DP ≥ 4 oligosaccharides into disaccharides and trisaccharides by cleaving the endo-glycosidic bonds and further digest disaccharides and trisaccharides into monosaccharides in an exolytic manner. Products distribution and molecular docking analysis revealed that AlgSH17 could cleave the glycosidic bonds between -1 and +2 within the substrate. Furthermore, The ABTS+, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals scavenging activity of the enzymatic hydrolysates prepared by AlgSH17 reached up to 91.53%, 81.23% and 61.06%, respectively, and the enzymatic hydrolysates displayed an excellent preservation effect on fresh-cut apples. The above results suggested that AlgSH17 could be utilized for the production of monosaccharides, antioxidants and food additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Dandan Cui
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shuo Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Wenkang Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Diwen Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu F, Li Q, Zhu B, Ni F, Sun Y, Yao Z. Effects of module truncation on biochemical characteristics and products distribution of a new alginate lyase with two catalytic modules. Glycobiology 2019; 29:876-884. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the functions of structural modules within alginate lyase by truncating an endo-type alginate lyase into two successive catalytic modules. The effects of module deletion on biochemical characteristics and product distributions were further investigated. The N-terminal module (Aly7B-CDI) exhibited no activity toward alginate, polyM or polyG, but the C-terminal module (Aly7B-CDII) retained its activity. The full-length enzyme (Aly7B) and its truncated counterpart (Aly7B-CDII) had similar substrate specificities, but Aly7B-CDII had lower activity. Moreover, the activity of Aly7B was much higher than Aly7B-CDII at 30°C. Aly7B-CDII, however, possessed higher optimal pH and better pH stability than the full-length enzyme. The final degradation products for Aly7B were unsaturated di-, tri- and tetra-oligosaccharides, and those for Aly7B-CDII were unsaturated mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-oligosaccharides. Therefore, the potential impact of the noncatalytic module Aly7B-CDI on the catalytic module Aly7B-CDII was further elucidated by characterizing Aly7B and its truncations. These data contribute to the functional understanding of these differing modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Hu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fang Ni
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Belik AA, Silchenko AS, Kusaykin MI, Zvyagintseva TN, Ermakova SP. Alginate Lyases: Substrates, Structure, Properties, and Prospects of Application. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
He M, Guo M, Zhang X, Chen K, Yan J, Irbis C. Purification and characterization of alginate lyase from Sphingomonas sp. ZH0. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:310-316. [PMID: 29680368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alginate lyases degrade alginate in a beta-elimination reaction to produce oligosaccharides. Thus, alginate lyases are widely used in the food/pharmaceutical industries and are commercially valuable. In this study, four alginate lyase encoding genes were successfully cloned from Sphingomonas sp. ZH0. The expression systems of these alginate lyases were then constructed in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant ZH0-I, ZH0-II, ZH0-III and ZH0-IV were purified from E. coli cells and were confirmed to be monomeric enzymes with molecular weights of approximately 91, 52, 67, and 113 kDa, respectively. The conditions for enzymes to have the highest specific lyase activities were 53.2 U/mg, 42 °C, pH 7.0 for ZH0-I, 103.9 U/mg, 47 °C, pH 6.5 for ZH0-II, 13.7 U/mg, 52 °C, pH 7.5 for ZH0-III, and 12.3 U/mg, 37 °C, pH 7.0 for ZH0-IV, respectively. These recombinant enzymes were stable over a pH range. Moreover, the enzymes were active in the absence of salt ions, and their activities were substantially reduced by the addition of HgCl2. ZH0-I, ZH0-II and ZH0-III belong to endotype alginate lyases, while ZH0-IV is an exotype alginate lyase. All types could degrade both poly-β-d-mannuronate and poly-α-l-guluronate blocks, yielding alginate oligosaccharides as the main product. The Km and Vmax values were 0.51 mg/ml and 56.18 U/ml for ZH0-I, 0.47 mg/ml and 27.5 U/ml for ZH0-II, 0.55 mg/ml and 60.24 U/ml for ZH0-III, and 0.41 mg/ml and 5.53 U/ml for ZH0-IV, respectively. These features indicate that these alginate lyases are promising candidates for producing antioxidants from alginates in industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manman He
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, PR China; Kunming Jida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kexin Road, Kunming 650106, PR China
| | - Min Guo
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Keke Chen
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jinping Yan
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Chagan Irbis
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shibata T, Fujii R, Miyake H, Tanaka R, Mori T, Takahashi M, Takagi T, Yoshikawa H, Kuroda K, Ueda M. Development of an Analysis Method for 4-Deoxy-l-erythro-5-hexoseulose Uronic Acid by LC/ESI/MS with Selected Ion Monitoring. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a simple and rapid analytical quantitative method for measuring 4-deoxy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronic acid (DEH) using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS). For a chromatographic condition, Shodex IC NI-424 column (4.6 mm i.d. x 100 mm, 5 μm) for anion analysis and an isocratic elution of 40 mM ammonium formate buffer including 0.1% formic acid (pH 3.75) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min was used. The column temperature was set to 40°C. In the analysis of DEH produced by exo-type alginate lyase (AlyFRB) from Falsirhodobacter sp. alg1, a peak was detected with a retention time of 3.207 min. The prepared calibration curves for DEH analysis using the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode of a mass spectrometer revealed a good linear relationship (correlation factor: 0.9998) within the test range (0.1–100 μg/mL). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantification (S/N = 10) for DEH in SIM analysis were 0.008 and 0.027 μg/mL, respectively. Using the developed condition of LC/ESI/MS analysis, separation and detection of alginate unsaturated oligosaccharides were also tested. In an analysis time of about 13 min, this method was able to separate and detect an alginate unsaturated disaccharide, a trisaccharide, and a tetrasaccaride produced by poly(β-D-mannuronate) lyase, respectively. The analysis method established in this study will contribute to the quantitative and qualitative analysis of DEH, and the activity measurement of exo-type alginate lyase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Shibata
- Major of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514–8507, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Reona Fujii
- Major of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514–8507, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Hideo Miyake
- Major of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514–8507, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Reiji Tanaka
- Major of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514–8507, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184–8588, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Mami Takahashi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 2–2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162–8480, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2–1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kuroda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-cho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332–0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li S, Wang L, Hao J, Xing M, Sun J, Sun M. Purification and Characterization of a New Alginate Lyase from Marine Bacterium Vibrio sp. SY08. Mar Drugs 2016; 15:md15010001. [PMID: 28025527 PMCID: PMC5295221 DOI: 10.3390/md15010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated alginate disaccharides (UADs), enzymatically derived from the degradation of alginate polymers, are considered powerful antioxidants. In this study, a new high UAD-producing alginate lyase, AlySY08, has been purified from the marine bacterium Vibrio sp. SY08. AlySY08, with a molecular weight of about 33 kDa and a specific activity of 1070.2 U/mg, showed the highest activity at 40 °C in phosphate buffer at pH 7.6. The enzyme was stable over a broad pH range (6.0–9.0) and retained about 75% activity after incubation at 40 °C for 2 h. Moreover, the enzyme was active in the absence of salt ions and its activity was enhanced by the addition of NaCl and KCl. AlySY08 resulted in an endo-type alginate lyase that degrades both polyM and polyG blocks, yielding UADs as the main product (81.4% of total products). All these features made AlySY08 a promising candidate for industrial applications in the production of antioxidants from alginate polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Mengxin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Mi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|