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Characterization of resting and exercise inter-arm differences in SBP to isometric handgrip exercise in males and females. Blood Press Monit 2020; 25:252-258. [PMID: 32675474 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A large inter-arm difference (IAD; ≥10 mmHg) in SBP is linked to cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, and premature mortality. Exercise-induced IAD (eIAD) is related to resting IAD, and acute aerobic activity alters eIAD and reduces IAD in recovery. Isometric handgrip exercise (IHE) affects blood pressure (BP), though the eIAD response to IHE is unknown. Further, the eIAD response may differ between males and females. OBJECTIVES To characterize the eIAD response to IHE in males and females. METHODS On visit 1, participants (16 females and 15 males, aged 18-35 years) completed three maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) per arm. On visit 2, before IHE, a series of three simultaneous, bilateral BP measures were averaged at rest. During IHE, participants maintained handgrip at 20% of MVIC for 2 minutes (arm randomly assigned), at which time bilateral BP was measured (IHE) during exercise and subsequent recovery (REC1 and REC2). Repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed eIAD and SBP (time × sex). RESULTS IHE increased absolute eIAD (4 mmHg). Differences in relative eIAD were observed at IHE and REC2 based on resting IAD status (P < 0.05). Females only had an exaggerated SBP and pulse pressure response in the working arm. CONCLUSION Acute IHE was shown to augment eIAD. Further eIAD and resting IAD were related. Acute IHE induced different bilateral responses between males and females, though the impact of sex on eIAD warrants further investigation. Future studies should address the effects of repeated bouts of IHE, which may benefit individuals with a large resting IAD.
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Bidwell AJ, Fairchild TJ, Redmond J, Wang L, Keslacy S, Kanaley JA. Physical activity offsets the negative effects of a high-fructose diet. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:2091-8. [PMID: 24848492 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the interaction between a high-fructose diet and PA levels on postprandial lipidemia and inflammation in normal-weight, recreationally active individuals. METHODS Twenty-two men and women (age, 21.2 ± 0.6 yr; body mass index, 22.5 ± 0.6 kg · m(-2)) consumed an additional 75 g of fructose for 14 d on two separate occasions: high physical activity (PA) (approximately 12,500 steps per day) (FR+active) and low PA (approximately 4500 steps per day) (FR+inactive). A fructose-rich test meal was given before and at the end of each intervention. Blood was sampled at baseline and for 6 h after the meal for triglycerides (TG), VLDL, total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS Log-transformed TG area under the curve (AUC) significantly increased from before (10.1 ± 0.1 mg · dL(-1) × min for 6 h) to after (10.3 ± 0.08 mg · dL(-1) × min for 6 h, P = 0.04) the FR+inactive intervention, with an 88% increase in Δ peak TG (P = 0.009) and an 84% increase in Δ peak VLDL (P = 0.002). Δ Peak interleukin 6 also increased by 116% after the FR+inactive intervention (P = 0.009). Insulin total AUC significantly decreased after FR+active intervention (P = 0.04), with no change in AUC after the FR+inactive intervention. No changes were observed in glucose, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein concentrations (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low PA during a period of high fructose intake augments fructose-induced postprandial lipidemia and inflammation, whereas high PA minimizes these fructose-induced metabolic disturbances. Even within a young healthy population, maintenance of high PA (>12,500 steps per day) decreases susceptibility to cardiovascular risk factors associated with elevated fructose consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Bidwell
- 1Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; 2Department of Health Promotion and Wellness, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY; 3School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA; 4Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA; and 5Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Okada M, Kakehashi M. The influence of body mass index and outdoor temperature on the autonomic response to eating in healthy young Japanese women. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 3:142. [PMID: 25674443 PMCID: PMC4320179 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The influences of body weight and air temperature on the autonomic response to food intake have not been clarified. We measured heart rate variability before and after lunch, as well as the effects of outdoor temperature and increased body mass index (BMI), in healthy young Japanese women. METHODS We studied 55 healthy young female university students. Heart rate variability was measured before lunch, immediately after lunch, 30 min after lunch, and 1 h after lunch to determine any correlations between heart rate variability, outdoor temperature, and BMI. In addition, multiple regression analysis was performed to elucidate the relationship between heart rate variability and outdoor temperature before and after lunch. A simple slope test was conducted to show the relationship between the low-to-high frequency ratio (1 h after lunch) and outdoor temperature. RESULTS Subjects were divided into a low BMI group (range: 16.6-20.3) and a high BMI group (range: 20.4-32.9). The very low frequency component of heart rate variability, an index of thermoregulatory vasomotor control exerted by the sympathetic nervous system, was significantly diminished after lunch in the high BMI group (P < 0.01). A significant decrease in the low-to-high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, which represents the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, was evident in the low BMI group after lunch, indicating parasympathetic system dominance (P = 0.001). In addition, a significant association was found between the LF/HF ratio and outdoor temperature after lunch with a lower BMI (P = 0.002), but this association disappeared with higher BMIs. CONCLUSION Autonomic responses to eating showed clear differences according to BMI, indicating that the sensitivity of the autonomic nervous system may change with increases in BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okada
- Department of Food and Dietetics, Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen Two-Year College, 3-5-1 Nagatsukanishi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0136 Japan
| | - Masayuki Kakehashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553 Japan
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Bidwell AJ, Fairchild TJ, Wang L, Keslacy S, Kanaley JA. Effect of increased physical activity on fructose-induced glycemic response in healthy individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1048-54. [PMID: 24848627 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to determine whether increased physical activity (PA) altered glycemic control while ingesting an energy-balanced high-fructose diet. SUBJECTS/METHODS Twenty-two normal-weight men and women (age: 21.2±0.6 years; body mass index: 22.6 ±0.6 kg/m(2)) participated in a randomized, cross-over design study in which they ingested an additional 75 g of fructose for 14 days while either maintaining low PA (FR+inactive) (<4500 steps/day) or high PA (FR+active) (>12,000 steps/day). Before and following the 2-week loading period, a fructose-rich meal challenge was administered and blood was sampled at baseline and for 6 h after the meal and analyzed for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), c-peptide, glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS Plasma insulin, glucose, c-peptide, GIP and GLP-1 concentrations significantly increased in response to the test meal on all test visits (P<0.05). C-peptide incremental area under the curve (AUC) decreased by 10,208 ±120 pmol/l × min for 6 h from pre to post Fr+active intervention (P=0.02) leading to a decrease in plasma insulin total AUC (pre: 58,470.2±6261.0 pmol/l; post: 49,444.3±3883.0 pmol/l; P=0.04) resulting in a decrease Δpeak[Insulin] (P=0.009). Following the FR+active intervention, GIP total AUC significantly decreased (P=0.005) yet only males had a lower total GLP-1 AUC after both interventions (P=0.049). There were no sex differences in GIP levels. CONCLUSIONS Increased PA attenuates the deleterious effects on glycemic control caused by a high-fructose diet. These changes in glycemic control with PA are associated with decreases in insulin and GIP concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bidwell
- 1] Department of Health Promotion and Wellness, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA [2] Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - T J Fairchild
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Austrailia
| | - L Wang
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - S Keslacy
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - J A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Kiviniemi AM, Hautala AJ, Karjalainen JJ, Piira OP, Lepojärvi S, Tiinanen S, Seppänen T, Ukkola O, Huikuri HV, Tulppo MP. Impact of type 2 diabetes on cardiac autonomic responses to sympathetic stimuli in patients with coronary artery disease. Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:142-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kanaley JA, Goulopoulou S, Franklin R, Baynard T, Carhart RL, Weinstock RS, Fernhall B. Exercise training improves hemodynamic recovery to isometric exercise in obese men with type 2 diabetes but not in obese women. Metabolism 2012; 61:1739-46. [PMID: 22902004 PMCID: PMC3504623 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) show greater rates of mortality due to ischemic heart disease than men with T2D. We aimed to examine cardiovascular and autonomic function responses to isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise between men and women with T2D, before and after an exercise training program. MATERIALS/METHODS Hemodynamic responses were measured in 22 men and women with T2D during and following a 3-min IHG test, and before and after 16 wks of aerobic exercise training. RESULTS Women had a smaller decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systolic blood pressure (BP) during recovery from IHG (ΔMAP(REC)) than men pre- and post-training (P<0.05). Men showed a greater reduction in diastolic BP during recovery from IHG (P<0.05), and exercise training improved this response in men but not in women (men, pre-training: -13.9±1.8, post-training: -20.5±5.3 mmHg vs. women, pre-training: -10.7±1.7, post-training: -4.1±4.9 mmHg; P<0.05). Men had a greater reduction in sympathetic modulation of vasomotor tone (P<0.05), as estimated by blood pressure variability, following IHG. This response was accentuated after training, while this training effect was not seen in women. Post-training ΔMAP(REC) was correlated with recovery of low frequency component of the BP spectrum (ΔLF(SBPrec), r=0.52, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Differences in BP recovery immediately following IHG may be attributed to gender differences in cardiovascular autonomic modulation. An improvement in these responses occurs following aerobic exercise training in obese men, but not in obese women with T2D which reflects a better adaptive autonomic response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Bidwell AJ, Yazel B, Davin D, Fairchild TJ, Kanaley JA. Yoga training improves quality of life in women with asthma. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:749-55. [PMID: 22775424 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individuals with asthma frequently suffer with a decrease in quality of life. Yoga has been shown to improve autonomic function in the healthy population and has been used as an alternative therapy to help improve symptoms associated with various diseases. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess whether 10 weeks of yoga training can improve quality of life and heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with asthma. DESIGN Nineteen (19) females were randomly assigned to a yoga group or a control group for a 10-week intervention while still following guidelines established by their physician. All subjects answered the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) to assess quality of life and performed an isometric handgrip exercise test to assess HRV. RESULTS Based on the SGRQ, significant improvements (45%, p < 0.05) in quality of life were observed with the yoga training, while no changes were found in the control group. Resting hemodynamic measures improved significantly in the yoga group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The yoga group decreased parasympathetic modulation (HFnu [normalized units]) pre- to postintervention (0.45 ± 0.60 to 0.35 ± 0.06 nu, p<0.05, respectively) in response to the isometric forearm exercise (IFE), whereas the control group did not change. Additionally, the yoga group increased sympathetic (LFnu) (pre 0.47 ± 0.07 to post 0.60 ± 0.07 nu, p < 0.05) and sympathovagal modulation (logLF/HF) (pre 4.61 ± 0.39 to post 5.31 ± 0.44, p < 0.05, respectively) during IFE with no change in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Yoga training improved quality of life in women with mild-to-moderate asthma and resulted in decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic modulation in response to an IFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Bidwell
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, NY, USA
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Goulopoulou S, Baynard T, Franklin RM, Fernhall B, Carhart R, Weinstock R, Kanaley JA. Exercise training improves cardiovascular autonomic modulation in response to glucose ingestion in obese adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2010; 59:901-10. [PMID: 20015524 PMCID: PMC2875280 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of aerobic exercise training on vagal and sympathetic influences on the modulations of heart rate and systolic blood pressure in response to an oral glucose load in obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Beat-to-beat arterial pressure and continuous electrocardiogram were measured after a 12-hour overnight fast and in response to glucose ingestion (75 g dextrose) in obese subjects with (T2D group, n = 23) and without (OB group, n = 36) T2D before and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise training at moderate intensity. Autonomic modulation was assessed using spectral analysis of systolic blood pressure variability (BPV), heart rate variability (HRV), and analysis of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Glucose ingestion significantly increased low-frequency (LF(SBP)), low-frequency HRV (LF(RRI)), and the ratio of low- to high-frequency components of HRV (LF(RRI)/HF(RRI)), and decreased the high-frequency power (HF(RRI)) (P < .05). Exercise training increased LF(RRI) and LF(RRI)/HF(RRI) responses, and reduced HF(RRI) and LF(SBP) to glucose ingestion in both groups (P < .05), but increased fasted BRS in the OB group only (P < .05); glucose intake had no effect on BRS (P > .05). In conclusion, a 16-week exercise training program improved cardiac autonomic modulation in response to an oral glucose load in obese adults, independently of diabetes status, and in the absence of remarkable changes in body weight, body composition, fitness level, and glycemic control.
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