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Lohia K, Soans RS, Saxena R, Mahajan K, Gandhi TK. Distinct rich and diverse clubs regulate coarse and fine binocular disparity processing: Evidence from stereoscopic task-based fMRI. iScience 2024; 27:109831. [PMID: 38784010 PMCID: PMC11111836 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
While cortical regions involved in processing binocular disparities have been studied extensively, little is known on how the human visual system adapts to changing disparity magnitudes. In this paper, we investigate causal mechanisms of coarse and fine binocular disparity processing using fMRI with a clinically validated, custom anaglyph-based stimulus. We make use of Granger causality and graph measures to reveal the existence of distinct rich and diverse clubs across different disparity magnitudes. We demonstrate that Middle Temporal area (MT) plays a specialized role with overlapping rich and diverse characteristics. Next, we show that subtle interhemispheric differences exist across various brain regions, despite an overall right hemisphere dominance. Finally, we pass the graph measures through the decision tree and found that the diverse clubs outperform rich clubs in decoding disparity magnitudes. Our study sets the stage for conducting further investigations on binocular disparity processing, particularly in the context of neuro-ophthalmic disorders with binocular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Lohia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rijul Saurabh Soans
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Tapan K. Gandhi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Kalun P, Dunn K, Wagner N, Pulakunta T, Sonnadara R. Recent evidence on visual-spatial ability in surgical education: A scoping review. CANADIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 2020; 11:e111-e127. [PMID: 33349760 PMCID: PMC7749687 DOI: 10.36834/cmej.69051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relationships between structures is critical for surgical trainees. However, the heterogeneity of the literature on visual-spatial ability (VSA) in surgery makes it challenging for educators to make informed decisions on incorporating VSA into their programs. We conducted a scoping review of the literature on VSA in surgery to provide a map of the literature and identify where gaps still exist for future research. METHODS We searched databases until December 2019 using keywords related to VSA and surgery. The resulting articles were independently screened by two researchers for inclusion in our review. RESULTS We included 117 articles in the final review. Fifty-nine articles reported significant correlations between VSA tests and surgical performance, and this association is supported by neuroimaging studies. However, it remains unclear whether VSA should be incorporated into trainee selection and whether there is a benefit of three-dimensional (3D) over two-dimensional (2D) training. CONCLUSIONS It appears that VSA correlates with surgical performance in the simulated environment, particularly for novice learners. Based on our findings, we make suggestions for how surgical educators may use VSA to support novice learners. Further research should determine whether VSA remains correlated to surgical performance when trainees move into the operative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Portia Kalun
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista Dunn
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Natalie Wagner
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
- Office of Professional Development & Educational Scholarship, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ranil Sonnadara
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang X, Yao L, Zhao Y, Xing L, Qian Z, Li W, Yang Y. Effects of disparity on visual discomfort caused by short-term stereoscopic viewing based on electroencephalograph analysis. Biomed Eng Online 2018; 17:166. [PMID: 30390658 PMCID: PMC6215628 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-018-0595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discomfort evoked by stereoscopic depth has been widely concerned. Previous studies have proposed a comfortable disparity range and considered that disparities exceed this range would cause visual discomfort. Brain activity recordings including Electroencephalograph (EEG) monitoring enable better understanding of perceptual and cognitive processes related to stereo depth-induced visual comfort. METHODS EEG data was collected using a stereo-visual evoked potential (VEP) test system by providing visual stimulus to subjects aged from 21 to 25 with normal stereoscopic vision. For each type of visual stimulus, data were processed using directed transfer function (DTF) and adaptive directed transfer function (ADTF) in combination with subjective feedbacks (comfort or discomfort). The topographies of information flow were constructed to compare responses stimulated by different stereoscopic depth, and to determine the difference in comfort and discomfort situations upon stimulation with same stereoscopic depth. RESULTS Based on EEG analysis results, we found that the occipital P270 was moderately related to the disparity. Moreover, the ADTF of P270 showed that the information flows at frontal lobe and central-parietal lobe changed when stimulation with different stereoscopic depth applied. As to the stereo images with same stereoscopic depth, the DTF outflows at the temporal and temporal-parietal lobes in δ band, central and central-parietal lobes in α and θ bands, and the comparison of inflows in these three bands could be considered as discriminated indexes for matching the stereoscopic effect with viewers' comfort or discomfort state impacted by disparity. The subjective feedbacks indicated that the comfort judgments remained as a result of cumulative effect. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed a short-term stereo-VEP experiment that shorted the duration of each stimulus in the experimental scheme to minimize the interference from other factors except the disparity. The occipital P270 had a mid-relevance to the disparity and its ADTF showed the affected areas when viewers are receiving stimulations with different disparities. DTF could be considered as discriminated indexes for matching the stereoscopic effect with viewers' comfort or discomfort state induced by disparity. This study proposed a preferable experiment to observe the single effect of disparity and provided an intuitive and easy-to-read result in a more convenient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Liuye Yao
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Yuemei Zhao
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Lidong Xing
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211106, China.
| | - Weitao Li
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Yamin Yang
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211106, China
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Orihuela-Espina F, Leff DR, James DRC, Darzi AW, Yang GZ. Imperial College near infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging analysis framework. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011011. [PMID: 28948193 PMCID: PMC5603769 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the Imperial College near infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging analysis (ICNNA) software tool for functional near infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging data. ICNNA is a MATLAB-based object-oriented framework encompassing an application programming interface and a graphical user interface. ICNNA incorporates reconstruction based on the modified Beer-Lambert law and basic processing and data validation capabilities. Emphasis is placed on the full experiment rather than individual neuroimages as the central element of analysis. The software offers three types of analyses including classical statistical methods based on comparison of changes in relative concentrations of hemoglobin between the task and baseline periods, graph theory-based metrics of connectivity and, distinctively, an analysis approach based on manifold embedding. This paper presents the different capabilities of ICNNA in its current version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orihuela-Espina
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico
- Address all correspondence to: Felipe Orihuela-Espina, E-mail:
| | - Daniel R. Leff
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
| | - David R. C. James
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
| | - Ara W. Darzi
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
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Endo T, Fujikado T, Shimojyo H, Kanda H, Morimoto T, Nishida K. Stereoscopic perception of 3-D images by patients after surgery for esotropia. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2015; 60:7-13. [PMID: 26564209 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-015-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with esotropia (ET) have generally poor stereopsis; however, it is not clear whether they can see the recently developed 3-D images stereoscopically. We investigated the ability of postoperative ET patients to have stereoscopic perception of 3-D attraction images which have large crossed disparities, and also 3-D movies which have generally small uncrossed disparities. METHODS Twenty-seven ET patients (infantile ET = 12, late-onset ET = 15) were examined postoperatively. They were examined with the 4-dot test, Titmus fly test, and questionnaires to determine whether they had stereoscopic vision when observing 3-D attraction images and 3-D movies. McNemar tests were used for statistical evaluations. RESULTS The number of patients who passed the Titmus fly test was smaller than the number that were able to see 3-D attraction images stereoscopically (fly test 13; 48%, 3-D attraction 22; 81%; P = 0.016). However, the number was not significantly different from that of those who could perceive 3-D movies stereoscopically. The number of patients who passed the Titmus fly test was significantly smaller than the number who can perceive 3-D attraction images stereoscopically in the infantile ET group (fly test 2, 17%, 3-D attraction 10, 83%; P = 0.013) but was not different in the late-onset ET group postoperatively. The minimum angle of fusion for the 4-dot test was smaller in the Titmus fly-positive patients than in the Titmus fly-negative patients (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that children who cannot pass the Titmus fly test might be able to experience 3-D attractions stereoscopically but not be able to see 3-D movies stereoscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Endo
- Department of Opthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujikado
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Shimojyo
- Department of Opthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morimoto
- Department of Applied Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Opthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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