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Garofalo L, Cappai N, Mencucci M, Mori E, Attili L, Lorenzini R. A forensic genetic investigation reveals a captive origin for a wild alien population of raccoons in Italy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12246. [PMID: 38806589 PMCID: PMC11133336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive alien species have extensively impacted the ecosystems, where they may affect the native biodiversity. The North American raccoon Procyon lotor is one of the most successful invaders in Europe since its introduction in the early twentieth century. In Italy, a wild population was first established in the North at the beginning of the 2000s following a local introduction event. A further self-sustaining population was reported ten years later in Central Italy. To support an official investigation by the authorities, who suspected a captive origin of the free-ranging raccoons in Central Italy, we used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers, combined with different statistical approaches, to characterise their gene pool and trace the source of the founders. Results revealed that founders came from a private zoo-park from which they had inadvertently escaped, soon establishing a reproductive population in the wild. Additionally, our mitochondrial DNA data were used to supplement the haplotype variability known to date in captive and wild raccoons from Europe, Asia and their native range. The comparisons allowed us to update previous networks based on the control region with a new mitochondrial lineage, which had not been detected so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Garofalo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Roma, Italy
| | - Nadia Cappai
- Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona e Campigna, Pratovecchio, Italy
| | - Marco Mencucci
- Reparto Carabinieri Parco "Foreste Casentinesi", Pratovecchio, Italy
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri IRET, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Attili
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Grosseto, Italy.
| | - Rita Lorenzini
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Medicina Forense Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Grosseto, Italy
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Microsatellites and mitochondrial evidence of multiple introductions of the invasive raccoon Procyon lotor in France. Biol Invasions 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRaccoons (Procyon lotor) are worldwide invaders, due to deliberate or accidental releases, and their impacts exceed hundred of billions of Euros in Europe only. In France, raccoons have currently established three separate, expanding populations. Identifying the current spatial genetic structure, dispersal events and phylogeography of these populations is needed to infer the invasion history and identify management units. We used wild and captive individuals sampled in France and Belgium to characterize the genetic diversity and current population genetic structure of French raccoon populations and identify potential genetic connectivity with the Belgium population using both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite loci. Results confirm that French populations are the result of at least three independent introductions. While the three populations display low genetic diversity and sign of recent bottleneck, they are still expanding, suggesting that in addition to their ecological plasticity, the remaining genetic diversity is sufficient to successfully adapt to their new environment and allow a quick colonization. Particular attention must be given to the North-Eastern population, which shows genetic admixture with the Belgium population, as admixed individuals may exhibit hybrid vigor facilitating their expansion. The comparison of captive and wild individuals did not allow to identify a potential captive origin of the wild populations. The current regulation in France allowing captivity in zoos without enforcement to tighten the biosecurity of detention facilities might dampen any management measure as few introduced founders might be enough to create new populations.
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Stope MB. The Raccoon ( Procyon lotor) as a Neozoon in Europe. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020273. [PMID: 36670814 PMCID: PMC9854693 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a North American half-bear that is present in much of Europe and Asia as a result of both accidental and planned releases. In Europe, raccoons were introduced primarily as a source of fur for the fur industry. In the 1930s, raccoons were released into the wild in Central Europe. At the same time, animals from fur farms and private holdings continued to enter the wild. In the following decades, the raccoon spread over large parts of Europe. In addition to the invasive spread of the Central European initial population, individual releases of raccoons occurred frequently, mainly in Southern Europe. The high adaptability of the raccoon favors its expansion into new habitats. It has a high reproductive rate, is very mobile, and encounters few predators in Europe. Raccoons have recently become a topic of interest when large raccoon populations have colonized suburban and urban areas. Despite the proximity of raccoons and humans, however, there have been hardly any conflicts to date, unlike in North America. A significant negative impact on the native fauna has been suspected but not proven. Raccoons have been identified as vectors of zoonotic diseases. Nevertheless, monitoring of the increasing numbers of raccoons in Europe seems advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bernhard Stope
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Introduced, Mixed, and Peripheral: Conservation of Mitochondrial-DNA Lineages in the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) Population in the Urals. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Translocations and introductions are important events that allow organisms to overcome natural barriers. The genetic background of colonization success and genetic consequences of the establishment of populations in new environments are of great interest for predicting species’ colonization success. The wild boar has been introduced into many parts of the world. We analyzed sequences of the mitochondrial-DNA control region in the wild boars introduced into the Ural region and compared them with sequences from founder populations (from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Far East). We found that the introduced population has high genetic diversity. Haplotypes from all the major phylogenetic clades were detected in the analyzed group of the animals from the Urals. In this group, no haplotypes identical to Far Eastern sequences were detectable despite a large number of founders from that region. The contribution of lineages originating from Eastern Europe was greater than expected from the proportions (%) of European and Asian animals in the founder populations. This is the first study on the genetic diversity and structure of a wild boar population of mixed origin at the northern periphery of this species’ geographical range.
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Genomic data is missing for many highly invasive species, restricting our preparedness for escalating incursion rates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13987. [PMID: 35977991 PMCID: PMC9385848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions drive environmental change, potentially threatening native biodiversity, human health, and global economies. Population genomics is an increasingly popular tool in invasion biology, improving accuracy and providing new insights into the genetic factors that underpin invasion success compared to research based on a small number of genetic loci. We examine the extent to which population genomic resources, including reference genomes, have been used or are available for invasive species research. We find that 82% of species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature “100 Worst Invasive Alien Species” list have been studied using some form of population genetic data, but just 32% of these species have been studied using population genomic data. Further, 55% of the list’s species lack a reference genome. With incursion rates escalating globally, understanding how genome-driven processes facilitate invasion is critical, but despite a promising trend of increasing uptake, “invasion genomics” is still in its infancy. We discuss how population genomic data can enhance our understanding of biological invasion and inform proactive detection and management of invasive species, and we call for more research that specifically targets this area.
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Population genetic structure of raccoons as a consequence of multiple introductions and range expansion in the Boso Peninsula, Japan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19294. [PMID: 34588496 PMCID: PMC8481489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is an invasive carnivore that invaded various areas of the world. Although controlling feral raccoon populations is important to reduce serious threats to local ecosystems, raccoons are not under rigid population control in Europe and Japan. We examined the D-loop and nuclear microsatellite regions to identify spatially explicit and feasible management units for effective population control and further range expansion retardation. Through the identification of five mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and three nuclear genetic groups, we identified at least three independent introductions, range expansion, and subsequent genetic admixture in the Boso Peninsula. The management unit considered that two were appropriate because two populations have already genetic exchange. Furthermore, when taking management, we think that it is important to monitor DNA at the same time as capture measures for feasible management. This makes it possible to determine whether there is a invasion that has a significant impact on population growth from out of the unit, and enables adaptive management.
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Ushine N, Tanaka A, Hayama SI. Investigation of causes of death in wildlife using veterinary molecular and wound analysis methods. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1173-1177. [PMID: 32727967 PMCID: PMC7468051 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the cause of animal death is helpful to understand the reasons behind the
interactions and conflicts between humans and animals. To further develop the cause of
death investigation, we report a case of a Chinese spot-billed duck (Anas
zonorhyncha) which hatched from a rescued duck and died 10 days after release.
We inspected the duck’s cause of death using an interview of concerned people, external
body examination, necropsy, and genetic examinations. Based on the fractures, the main
cause of death was determined to be a traffic accident. Furthermore, molecular tests
helped to detect raccoon DNA in the visible bite wounds. This case shows that molecular
biological method is one of the methods of clarify the animals’ cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Aki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Genetic population structure of invasive raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Hokkaido, Japan: Unique phenomenon caused by pet escape or abandonment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8108. [PMID: 32415152 PMCID: PMC7229193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeographic studies can resolve relationships between genetic population structure of organisms and geographical distributions. Raccoons have become feral in Japan, and in Hokkaido island, they have been rapidly increasing in number and spreading since the 1970s. We analyzed mitochondrial (mtDNA) and microsatellite DNA to understand the current phylogenetic distribution and invasive founder events. Overall, Hokkaido raccoons maintained high genetic diversity (i.e., the level of heterozygosity was comparable to the original habitat, North America). Based on mtDNA distribution and microsatellite diversity, Hokkaido raccoons were divided into six management units. However, mtDNA haplotype distributions and genetic structures based on microsatellites did not always correspond to each other (e.g., two geographically and genetically separated populations showed similar mtDNA distributions). In addition, a high degree of genetic admixture was observed in every unit, and the degree of genetic differentiation was low even between regions separated by long distances. Compared with other countries in Europe where genetic distribution of introduced raccoons is more clearly structured, the current results represent a unique and complex phenomenon of pet escape/abandonment in Hokkaido: i.e., genetically related colonies were introduced into multiple regions as founder events, resulting in the current state in which raccoons are not clearly genetically differentiated even 40 years after introduction.
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Louppe V, Baron J, Pons J, Veron G. New insights on the geographical origins of the Caribbean raccoons. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Louppe
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne Université EPHE Université des Antilles Paris France
| | - Juliette Baron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne Université EPHE Université des Antilles Paris France
| | - Jean‐Marc Pons
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne Université EPHE Université des Antilles Paris France
| | - Géraldine Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne Université EPHE Université des Antilles Paris France
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Browett SS, O'Meara DB, McDevitt AD. Genetic tools in the management of invasive mammals: recent trends and future perspectives. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Browett
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford Salford M5 4WTUK
| | - Denise B. O'Meara
- Molecular Ecology Research Group Eco‐Innovation Research Centre School of Science and Computing Waterford Institute of Technology Waterford Ireland
| | - Allan D. McDevitt
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford Salford M5 4WTUK
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Biedrzycka A, Konopiński M, Hoffman E, Trujillo A, Zalewski A. Comparing raccoon major histocompatibility complex diversity in native and introduced ranges: Evidence for the importance of functional immune diversity for adaptation and survival in novel environments. Evol Appl 2020; 13:752-767. [PMID: 32211065 PMCID: PMC7086054 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive potential of invasive species is related to the genetic diversity of the invader, which is influenced by genetic drift and natural selection. Typically, the genetic diversity of invaders is studied with neutral genetic markers; however, the expectation of reduced diversity has not been consistently supported by empirical studies. Here, we describe and interpret genetic diversity at both neutral microsatellite loci and the immune-related MHC-DRB locus of native and invasive populations of raccoon to better understand of how drift and selection impact patterns of genetic diversity during the invasion process. We found that despite the loss of many MHC (major histocompatibility complex) alleles in comparison with native populations, functional MHC supertypes are preserved in the invasive region. In the native raccoon population, the number of supertypes within individuals was higher than expected under a neutral model. The high level of individual functional divergence may facilitate the adaptation to local conditions in the invasive range. In the invasive populations, we also detected increased population structure at microsatellites compared to the MHC locus, further suggesting that balancing selection is acting on adaptively important regions of the raccoon genome. Finally, we found that alleles known to exhibit resistance to rabies in the native range, Prlo-DRB*4, Prlo-DRB*16 and Prlo-DRB*102, were the most common alleles in the European populations, suggesting directional selection is acting on this locus. Our research shows empirical support for the importance of functional immune diversity for adaptation and survival in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Konopiński
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Eric Hoffman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Alexa Trujillo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesBiałowieżaPoland
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12
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Yoshida K, Hirose M, Hasegawa M, Inoue E. Mitochondrial DNA Analyses of Invasive Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the Boso Peninsula, Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2020. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yoshida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Miki Hirose
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Eiji Inoue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
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14
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First detection of Baylisascaris procyonis in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Leipzig, Saxony, Eastern Germany. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3289-3292. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Osten-Sacken N, Heddergott M, Schleimer A, Anheyer-Behmenburg HE, Runge M, Horsburgh GJ, Camp L, Nadler SA, Frantz AC. Similar yet different: co-analysis of the genetic diversity and structure of an invasive nematode parasite and its invasive mammalian host. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:233-243. [PMID: 29102623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal parasitic nematodes can cause serious diseases and their emergence in new areas can be an issue of major concern for biodiversity conservation and human health. Their ability to adapt to new environments and hosts is likely to be affected by their degree of genetic diversity, with gene flow between distinct populations counteracting genetic drift and increasing effective population size. The raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis), a gastrointestinal parasite of the raccoon (Procyon lotor), has increased its global geographic range after being translocated with its host. The raccoon has been introduced multiple times to Germany, but not all its populations are infected with the parasite. While fewer introduced individuals may have led to reduced diversity in the parasite, admixture between different founder populations may have counteracted genetic drift and bottlenecks. Here, we analyse the population genetic structure of the roundworm and its raccoon host at the intersection of distinct raccoon populations infected with B. procyonis. We found evidence for two parasite clusters resulting from independent introductions. Both clusters exhibited an extremely low genetic diversity, suggesting small founding populations subjected to inbreeding and genetic drift with no, or very limited, genetic influx from population admixture. Comparison of the population genetic structures of both host and parasite suggested that the parasite spread to an uninfected raccoon founder population. On the other hand, an almost perfect match between cluster boundaries also suggested that the population genetic structure of B. procyonis has remained stable since its introduction, mirroring that of its raccoon host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Osten-Sacken
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Fondation Faune-Flore, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mike Heddergott
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Schleimer
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Helena E Anheyer-Behmenburg
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Runge
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Eintrachtweg 17, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gavin J Horsburgh
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lauren Camp
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8668, USA
| | - Steven A Nadler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8668, USA
| | - Alain C Frantz
- Musée National d, Histoire Naturelle, 25 rue Muenster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in invasive raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Central Europe. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2335-2340. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Tay WT, Walsh TK, Downes S, Anderson C, Jermiin LS, Wong TKF, Piper MC, Chang ES, Macedo IB, Czepak C, Behere GT, Silvie P, Soria MF, Frayssinet M, Gordon KHJ. Mitochondrial DNA and trade data support multiple origins of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Brazil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45302. [PMID: 28350004 PMCID: PMC5368605 DOI: 10.1038/srep45302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Old World bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is now established in Brazil but efforts to identify incursion origin(s) and pathway(s) have met with limited success due to the patchiness of available data. Using international agricultural/horticultural commodity trade data and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene markers, we inferred the origins and incursion pathways into Brazil. We detected 20 mtDNA haplotypes from six Brazilian states, eight of which were new to our 97 global COI-Cyt b haplotype database. Direct sequence matches indicated five Brazilian haplotypes had Asian, African, and European origins. We identified 45 parsimoniously informative sites and multiple substitutions per site within the concatenated (945 bp) nucleotide dataset, implying that probabilistic phylogenetic analysis methods are needed. High diversity and signatures of uniquely shared haplotypes with diverse localities combined with the trade data suggested multiple incursions and introduction origins in Brazil. Increasing agricultural/horticultural trade activities between the Old and New Worlds represents a significant biosecurity risk factor. Identifying pest origins will enable resistance profiling that reflects countries of origin to be included when developing a resistance management strategy, while identifying incursion pathways will improve biosecurity protocols and risk analysis at biosecurity hotspots including national ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas K. Walsh
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sharon Downes
- CSIRO, Myall Vale Laboratories, Kamilaroi Highway, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Craig Anderson
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Lars S. Jermiin
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas K. F. Wong
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Piper
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ester Silva Chang
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Isabella Barony Macedo
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Czepak
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Escola de Agronomia, Goiânia, GO, 75804-020, Brazil
| | - Gajanan T. Behere
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR Research Complex for North East Hill Region, Umroi Road, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India
| | - Pierre Silvie
- IRD, UMR EGCE, FR-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- CIRAD, UPR AÏDA, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Miguel F. Soria
- Bayer S.A., Crop Science Division, São Paulo, SP, 04779-900, Brazil
| | | | - Karl H. J. Gordon
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, ACT 2601, Australia
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Santos PSC, Michler FU, Sommer S. Can MHC-assortative partner choice promote offspring diversity? A new combination of MHC-dependent behaviours among sexes in a highly successful invasive mammal. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2392-2404. [PMID: 28141891 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection involving genetically disassortative mate choice is one of several evolutionary processes that can maintain or enhance population genetic variability. Examples of reproductive systems in which choosers (generally females) select mates depending on their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been reported for several vertebrate species. Notably, the role of MHC-dependent choice not in mating contexts, but in other kinds of social interactions such as in the establishment of complex social systems, has not yet drawn significant scientific interest and is virtually absent from the literature. We have investigated male and female MHC-dependent choice in an invasive population of North American raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Germany. Both male and female raccoons rely on olfaction for individual recognition. Males have an unusually complex social system in which older individuals choose unrelated younger ones to form stable male coalitions that defend territories and a monopoly over females. We have confirmed that females perform MHC-disassortative mate choice and that this behaviour fosters genetic diversity of offspring. We have also observed that males build coalitions by choosing male partners depending on their MHC, but in an assortative manner. This is the first observation of antagonistic MHC-dependent behaviours among sexes. We show that this is the only combination of MHC-dependent partner choice that leads to outbreeding. In the case of introduced raccoons, such behaviours can act together to promote the invasive potential of the species by increasing its adaptive genetic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo S C Santos
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank-Uwe Michler
- Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Straße 7, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
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19
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Fischer ML, Salgado I, Beninde J, Klein R, Frantz AC, Heddergott M, Cullingham CI, Kyle CJ, Hochkirch A. Multiple founder effects are followed by range expansion and admixture during the invasion process of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) in Europe. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Salgado
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Joscha Beninde
- Department of Biogeography; Trier University; 54286 Trier Germany
| | - Roland Klein
- Department of Biogeography; Trier University; 54286 Trier Germany
| | - Alain C. Frantz
- Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle; 2160 Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Mike Heddergott
- Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle; 2160 Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography; Trier University; 54286 Trier Germany
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20
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Assessing and predicting the spread of non-native raccoons in Germany using hunting bag data and dispersal weighted models. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Fischer ML, Hochkirch A, Heddergott M, Schulze C, Anheyer-Behmenburg HE, Lang J, Michler FU, Hohmann U, Ansorge H, Hoffmann L, Klein R, Frantz AC. Historical Invasion Records Can Be Misleading: Genetic Evidence for Multiple Introductions of Invasive Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Germany. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125441. [PMID: 25946257 PMCID: PMC4422738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions provide excellent study systems to understand evolutionary, genetic and ecological processes during range expansions. There is strong evidence for positive effects of high propagule pressure and the associated higher genetic diversity on invasion success, but some species have become invasive despite small founder numbers. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is often considered as a typical example for such a successful invasion resulting from a small number of founders. The species' largest non-native population in Germany is commonly assumed to stem from a small number of founders and two separate founding events in the 1930s and 1940s. In the present study we analyzed 407 raccoons at 20 microsatellite loci sampled from the invasive range in Western Europe to test if these assumptions are correct. Contrary to the expectations, different genetic clustering methods detected evidence for at least four independent introduction events that gave rise to genetically differentiated subpopulations. Further smaller clusters were either artifacts or resulted from founder events at the range margin and recent release of captive individuals. We also found genetic evidence for on-going introductions of individuals. Furthermore a novel randomization process was used to determine the potential range of founder population size that would suffice to capture all the alleles present in a cluster. Our results falsify the assumption that this species has become widespread and abundant despite being genetically depauperate and show that historical records of species introductions may be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari L. Fischer
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | | | | | - Helena E. Anheyer-Behmenburg
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institut für Tierökologie und Naturbildung, Gonterskirchen, Germany
| | - Frank-Uwe Michler
- Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Ulf Hohmann
- Department of Wildlife Ecology, Research Institute for Forest Ecology and Forestry Rhineland-Palatinate, Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Hermann Ansorge
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Lothar Hoffmann
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Roland Klein
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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22
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The genetic structure of raccoon introduced in Central Europe reflects multiple invasion pathways. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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