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Tanaka M, Yase J, Kanto T, Osakabe M. Combined nighttime ultraviolet B irradiation and phytoseiid mite application provide optimal control of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae on greenhouse strawberry plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:698-707. [PMID: 37759371 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus urticae is a hard-to-control pest of greenhouse strawberry production. Nighttime ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation using light reflection sheets (LRS) has been applied as a physical method to control T. urticae through direct ovicidal effects (the UV method). However, because strawberry leaves grow more densely, UV-B radiation fails to reach the lower leaf surfaces inhabited by spider mites; therefore, a complementary method is required. We propose the supplemental application of phytoseiid mites in greenhouse strawberry production. We evaluated the control effects of UV-B irradiation, phytoseiid mite application and their combined use. The effects of UV-B irradiation on the degree of overlap relative to the independent distributions (ω) between predators and prey were also analyzed. RESULTS The UV method alone maintained low T. urticae density levels from November to February; however, mite populations increased from March onward. Phytoseiid mite application in January and February without UV-B irradiation resulted in a temporary increase in spider mites in March and/or April. By contrast, combined application of the UV method and phytoseiid mites had a greater control effect during the strawberry growing season. The ω values were higher for the UV method compared with no UV-B irradiation, suggesting that UV-B irradiation increased phytoseiid mite foraging rates. CONCLUSION The release of phytoseiid mites compensated for the shortcomings of the UV method, and UV-B irradiation promoted predation by phytoseiid mites by increasing the behavioral numerical response. Consequently, combined application of UV-B irradiation and phytoseiid mites is optimal for T. urticae control in greenhouse strawberry production. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Tanaka
- Plant Protection Department, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junya Yase
- Plant Protection Department, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanto
- Plant Protection Department, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Tian C, Wang Y, Yang X, Zhou J, Gao Y, Shi J, Jiang J. Functional analysis of two mitogen-activated protein kinases involved in thermal resistance of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 89:363-378. [PMID: 37074543 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Predatory mites are important biological control agents used against phytophagous mites and small insects. They face various environmental pressures, especially fluctuating climate factors. Neoseiulus californicus, a commercially available phytoseiid mite, is adapted to a wide range of temperature conditions. We investigated the regulatory mechanisms governing the plastic response of N. californicus for coping with environmental temperature variations. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is a highly conserved pathway of cell signal transduction that responds to environmental stress. We isolated two MAPKK genes (NcMAPKK4 and NcMAPKK6) from N. californicus and studied their functions. Developmental stage-specific expression level analysis showed that in adults, particularly females, NcMAPKK4 and NcMAPKK6 levels were higher than in other developmental stages. The expression level analysis at extremely high and low temperature conditions demonstrated that NcMAPKK4 could be induced significantly by adverse thermal stresses, whereas NcMAPKK6 distinctly responded to heat shock, indicating their different roles in thermal stress responses. After silencing of NcMAPKK4, both heat and cold resistance decreased significantly, whereas NcMAPKK6 knockdown had a greater influence on heat resistance. Knockdown of NcMAPKKs also reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting the regulation of NcMAPKKs was closely related to the antioxidant process in oxidative stress caused by external stimuli. These results indicate an important role of NcMAPKKs in the response to thermal stress and provide insight into the MAPK cascade pathway in the environmental adaptation mechanisms of phytoseiid mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbei Tian
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Yudi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Xuqin Yang
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- XuZhou Nuote Chemical Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221137, China
| | - Jiangsheng Zhou
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Yuzhong Gao
- XuZhou Nuote Chemical Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221137, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- XuZhou Nuote Chemical Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221137, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
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Montemayor JD, Smith HA, Peres NA, Lahiri S. Potential of UV-C for management of two-spotted spider mites and thrips in Florida strawberry. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:891-898. [PMID: 36309928 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major pests of Florida strawberry (two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch; chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood; and western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) are difficult to manage using only conventional chemical control. Previous research has demonstrated high mortality of T. urticae eggs after exposure to ultraviolet B (UV-B) light. Additionally, ultraviolet C (UV-C) light has been shown to suppress powdery mildew in strawberry at doses between 85 and 200 J m-2 with no damage to the plant. Therefore, UV-C may also have the potential to be used as an integrated pest management tool for arthropod pests of strawberry. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the effect of UV-C on T. urticae, S. dorsalis, and F. occidentalis natural populations in open-field strawberry; and (ii) determine the effect of UV-C on T. urticae egg hatch after application in open-field strawberry. Field studies were conducted during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 strawberry seasons in Florida, USA. Four treatments were compared: (i) foliar application of spinetoram in response to natural pest pressure; (ii) application of UV-C 200 J m-2 twice a week; (iii) application of UV-C 350 J m-2 twice a week; and (iv) a non-treated control. RESULTS In the field trials, suppression of T. urticae was observed at 350 J m-2 in 2020-2021. In the other field trials, no effect was observed due to low natural infestations. No negative impact on yield was observed from UV-C applications. CONCLUSION UV-C shows promise as a component of an integrated pest management program for T. urticae in strawberry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Montemayor
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Hugh A Smith
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Natalia A Peres
- Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | - Sriyanka Lahiri
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
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Yuan L, Osakabe M. Mechanisms underlying the impact and interaction of temperature and UV-B on the hatching of spider mite and phytoseiid mite eggs. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4314-4323. [PMID: 35731693 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A spider mite control method using night-time ultraviolet (UV)-B irradiation was recently developed for strawberry greenhouses (UV method). The control effect of this UV method is negatively affected by increasing temperature. Tetranychus urticae eggs are more resistant to a single dose of UV-B irradiation than Neoseiulus californicus eggs. By contrast, N. californicus can better survive nightly UV-B irradiation with the UV method compared with T. urticae. To elucidate the mechanism underlying these phenomena, we explored the hypotheses that higher temperature promotes photoenzymatic repair (PER) and that mortality is determined by UV-B susceptibility in the embryonic stage exposed to UV-B. RESULTS PER efficacy was not promoted by increasing temperature. The lowest hatchability (around zero) of T. urticae eggs after a single dose of UV-B irradiation (0.288 and 0.432 kJ m-2 ) without photoreactivation was seen in the morphogenesis stages between "cleavage ended" and "eye points became colored". Based on these results, we developed a linear function of daily UV-B irradiance and deviation of cumulative irradiance during vulnerable embryonic developmental phases from 50% lethal dose (LD50 ) after a single dose of UV-B irradiation. The difference between T. urticae and N. californicus and changes in UV-B vulnerability due to temperature could be explained by this simple relationship. CONCLUSION Slower development in T. urticae than N. californicus in nature and developmental delay under low temperatures increase the ovicidal effects of the UV method. This shows the advantage of the simultaneous use of the UV method and biological control, contributing to the development of integrated pest management. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yuan
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Gala JL, Rebane O, Ambroise J, Babichenko S, Nyabi O, Hance T. Acaricidal efficacy of ultraviolet-C irradiation of Tetranychus urticae adults and eggs using a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:578. [PMID: 34789326 PMCID: PMC8596343 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed ultraviolet (UV)-C light sources, such as excimer lasers, are used in emerging non-thermal food-decontamination methods and also have high potential for use in a wide range of microbial decontamination applications. The acaricidal effect of an experimental UV-C irradiation device was assessed using female adults and eggs of a model organism, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. METHODS UV-C light was generated by a pulsed krypton fluoride excimer laser operating at 248-nm emission wavelength. The pulse energy and pulse repetition rate were 5 mJ and up to 100 Hz, respectively. The distance from the light source to the target was 150 mm; the target surface area was 2.16 cm2. The exposure time for the mites and fresh eggs varied from 1 to 4 min at 5-300 mW, which corresponded to UV doses of 5-80 kJ/m2. Post-irradiation acaricidal effects (mite mortality) were assessed immediately and also measured at 24 h. The effects of UV-C irradiation on the hatchability of eggs were observed daily for up to 12 days post-irradiation. RESULTS The mortality of mites at 5 and 40 kJ/m2 was 26% and 92%, respectively. Mite mortality reached 98% at 80 kJ/m2. The effect of exposure duration on mortality was minimal. The effect of irradiation on egg hatchability was even more significant than that on adult mite mortality, i.e. about 100% egg mortality at an accumulated dose of as little as 5 kJ/m2 for each exposure time. CONCLUSIONS A high rate of mite mortality and lethal egg damage were observed after less than 1 min of exposure to 5 mJ UV-C pulsed irradiation at 60 Hz. Pending further developments (such as beam steering, beam shaping and miniaturisation) and feasibility studies (such as testing with mites in real-life situations), the reported results and characteristics of the UV-C generator (modulation of energy output and adaptability to varying spot sizes) open up the use of this technology for a vast field of acaricidal applications that require long-range radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Gala
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ott Rebane
- LDI Innovation OÜ, Sära 7, Peetri, Estonia
| | - Jérôme Ambroise
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Omar Nyabi
- Centre for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Tour Claude Bernard, Avenue Hippocrate 54-55, First floor, B1.54.01, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Yuan L, Mori S, Haruyama N, Hirai N, Osakabe M. Strawberry pollen as a source of UV-B protection ingredients for the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:851-859. [PMID: 32949092 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new physical control method using ultraviolet-B (UV-B) lamps and light-reflecting sheets (UV method) significantly suppressed a spider mite population on greenhouse strawberries. Although UV-B radiation may adversely affect the survival of phytoseiid mites, previous research has suggested that Neoseiulus californicus can improve its survival on exposure to UV-B irradiation by consuming antioxidants contained in tea and peach pollen. In this study, we evaluated strawberry pollen as an alternative food source for N. californicus and examined whether antioxidants in the pollen mitigated UV-B damage to N. californicus. RESULTS The fecundity of N. californicus females reared on Tetranychus urticae decreased on shifting their diet to pollen. By contrast, females reared continuously on strawberry pollen produced as many eggs as females reared continuously on T. urticae. Survival and fecundity after UV-B irradiation were higher in females on the pollen diet. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity analysis revealed that the high antioxidant activity of strawberry pollen was due to four hydroxycinnamoyl spermidine derivatives. CONCLUSION Strawberry pollen was an adequate alternative food source for N. californicus. Feeding on strawberry pollen, which contains spermidine derivatives with high antioxidant activity, mitigated UV-B damage. This shows the potential of combining the UV-method with N. californicus for controlling T. urticae in strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yuan
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Mori
- Laboratory of Comparative Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Haruyama
- Tochigi Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Comparative Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Tomimori D, Hosokawa M, Aoki S, Osakabe M. Effects of Growth Phase and Ultraviolet-B Pretreatment in Perilla Leaves on the Two-Spotted Spider Mite. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:886-894. [PMID: 32457991 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perilla, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Thunb.) H. Deane, is traditionally cultivated as an edible/medicinal crop in East Asia. Its essential oil contains many bioactive compounds that are expected to have high pharmacological functionality, as well as antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. Spider mites are a major pest group for perilla cultivation. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, possesses divergent detoxification enzymes and has developed resistance against most acaricides. The essential oil content of perilla halves from the pre-flowering phase to the flowering phase, and ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation generally increases defense compounds. To clarify the effects of this change in essential oil content and the effects of UV-B pretreatment, we investigated the developmental success and egg production of T. urticae on leaves from the preflowering and flowering phases cultivated with and without nighttime UV-B irradiation. Both the parameters significantly increased on leaves from the flowering phase in comparison with that from the preflowering phase, suggesting that constitutively produced essential oil provided protection against mite pests in a growth phase-specific manner. The defense system also extended the developmental period of mites on red perilla leaves, but not on green perilla leaves, in preflowering phase. Although egg production was lower on red perilla leaves pretreated with UV-B, no negative effects were caused on the developmental success and duration on red and green perilla and the egg production on green perilla by UV-B pretreatment. Our findings reveal a significant impact of investment allocation of perilla plants and a small contribution of UV-B irradiation to the plant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Tomimori
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Floriculture, Department of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aoki
- Panasonic Corporation Life Solutions Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yuan L, Osakabe M. Dose-Response and Temperature Dependence of the Mortality of Spider Mite and Predatory Mite Eggs Caused by Daily Nighttime Ultraviolet-B Irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:877-882. [PMID: 31886904 DOI: 10.1111/php.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is an economically important agricultural pest. A novel physical control method involving daily nighttime UV-B irradiation was recently developed for use in strawberry greenhouses. However, the overlapping of leaves after March prevents direct irradiation to T. urticae on the lower leaf surface, decreasing control effect. Excessive UV-B irradiation causes leaf sunscald in winter. Therefore, optimization of UV-B irradiance and a compensatory control agent are desired. Temperature may affect the survival of organisms exposed to UV-B, although the temperature dependence of UV-B damage is controversial. A phytoseiid mite, Neoseiulus californicus, is a prominent predator but vulnerable to a single UV-B irradiation. We compared dose-response and temperature dependence of UV-B damage between T. urticae and N. californicus eggs under daily nighttime UV-B irradiation. Unexpectedly, N. californicus showed greater resistance to UV-B than T. urticae, and the mortality was increased and decreased at low and high temperatures, respectively. This makes possible the application of UV-B doses that are lethal for spider mites but safe for phytoseiid mites. Overall, we concluded that combined use of phytoseiid mites with UV-B lamps is advantageous to spider mite management in strawberry greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yuan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Short BD, Janisiewicz W, Takeda F, Leskey TC. UV-C irradiation as a management tool for Tetranychus urticae on strawberries. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2419-2423. [PMID: 29688599 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus urticae Koch, the two-spotted spider mite, is a highly polyphagous and worldwide pest of many agricultural crops, including fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Typical methods of control include applications of acaricides and biological control agents. Here, we present a non-chemical technology for management of T. urticae on strawberry plants through the use of a nightly short-duration ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation treatment. RESULTS Potted strawberry plants infested with T. urticae that received a nightly 60-s exposure of UV-C irradiation had significantly fewer live mites per mid-canopy leaflet (fewer than five) than untreated control plants (> 175). Furthermore, none of the UV-C irradiated strawberry plants had any spider mite webbing; whereas, 65% of untreated plants were webbed. Tetranychus urticae feeding on untreated plants caused significant yellowing of the leaves compared with UV-C-treated plants. CONCLUSION The UV-C irradiation treatment maintained mite populations below the accepted economic threshold of five mites per mid-canopy leaflet. No phytotoxic effects were visible on plants exposed to the short-duration nightly UV-C irradiation treatments. Further discussion is provided on the potential benefits of UV-C irradiation for mite management. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent D Short
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Fumiomi Takeda
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tracy C Leskey
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
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Sugioka N, Kawakami M, Hirai N, Osakabe M. A Pollen Diet Confers Ultraviolet-B Resistance in Phytoseiid Mites by Providing Antioxidants. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Yoshioka Y, Gotoh T, Suzuki T. UV-B susceptibility and photoreactivation in embryonic development of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 75:155-166. [PMID: 29761305 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Developmental errors are often induced in the embryos of many organisms by environmental stress. Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) is one of the most serious environmental stressors in embryonic development. Here, we investigated susceptibility to UV-B (0.5 kJ m-2) in embryos of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, to examine the potential use of UV-B in control of this important agricultural pest worldwide. Peak susceptibility to UV-B (0% hatchability) was found in T. urticae eggs 36-48 h after oviposition at 25 °C, which coincides with the stages of morphogenesis forming the germ band and initial limb primordia. However, hatchability recovered to ~ 80% when eggs irradiated with UV-B were subsequently exposed to visible radiation (VIS) at 10.2 kJ m-2, driving photoreactivation (the photoenzymatic repair of DNA damage). The recovery effect decreased to 40-70% hatchability, depending on the embryonic developmental stage, when VIS irradiation was delayed for 4 h after the end of exposure to UV-B. Thus UV-B damage to T. urticae embryos is critical, particularly in the early stages of morphogenesis, and photoreactivation functions to mitigate UV-B damage, even in the susceptible stages, but immediate VIS irradiation is needed after exposure to UV-B. These findings suggest that nighttime irradiation with UV-B can effectively kill T. urticae eggs without subsequent photoreactivation and may be useful in the physical control of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yoshioka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Gotoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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Nakai K, Murata Y, Osakabe M. Effects of Low Temperature on Spider Mite Control by Intermittent Ultraviolet-B Irradiation for Practical Use in Greenhouse Strawberries. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:140-147. [PMID: 29186383 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation to control spider mites is challenging as a key technology for integrated pest management (IPM) in greenhouse strawberries in Japan. To address this, concurrent use of phytoseiid mites and reduced UVB irradiance is desirable to ensure control effects in areas shaded from UVB radiation and to minimize the sunscald in winter, respectively. We designed experiments reproducing the UVB dose on the lower leaf surfaces in strawberry and evaluated the effects of intermittent UVB irradiation at midnight for practical application in the greenhouse and low temperature on the survival of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and damage to the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The midnight intermittent UVB irradiation effectively suppressed egg hatching and development of larvae of T. urticae, and the control effect was reinforced at 20°C (no eggs hatched at 0.13 kJ m-2 d-1) rather than, at 25°C (70.8% eggs hatched). In contrast, the hatchability of N. californicus eggs was unaffected by intermittent UVB irradiation at 0.27 kJ m-2 d-1 at 25°C and 20°C. However, residual effects of UVB irradiation to N. californicus eggs on survival of hatched larvae were seen, so that reducing the UVB dose is also advantageous for this phytoseiid mite. N. californicus showed a photoreactivation capacity, whereas their UVB tolerance was improved by prey species, suggesting the possibility of the improvement of phytoseiid mites by diet. The reduction of UVB dose and concurrent use of phytoseiid mites increase reliability of the UVB method in IPM strategies in strawberry greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakai
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Murata
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Murata Y, Osakabe M. Developmental Phase-Specific Mortality After Ultraviolet-B Radiation Exposure in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1448-1455. [PMID: 29069313 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation generates DNA lesions, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidine photoproducts in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Larvae appeared normal and healthy after UVB irradiation. Conversely, many mites were trapped in their old epidermis or experienced retarded development and shrunk, thus failing to molt from protochrysalises to protonymphs and died. This suggested that DNA lesions per se were not causing lethality in mites unless damaged genes were expressed. UVB-induced DNA lesions may have interfered with DNA replication and gene expression during the physiological changes of morphogenesis in the chrysalis stage. Comprehensive gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that gene expression involving epidermal tissue (characteristically cuticular protein genes) and myosin heavy chain muscle-like genes were downregulated in protochrysalises irradiated with UVB at the larval stage. We conclude that the success of protochrysalis molting is determined by whether the DNA lesions of genes, particularly those connected with morphogenesis, are repaired before expression at the protochrysalis stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Murata
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
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Moran PJ, Wibawa MI, Smith L. Tolerance of the eriophyid mite Aceria salsolae to UV-A light and implications for biological control of Russian thistle. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:327-338. [PMID: 29210002 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aceria salsolae (Acari: Eriophyidae) is being evaluated as a candidate biological control agent of Russian thistle (Salsola tragus, Chenopodiaceae), a major invasive weed of rangelands and dryland crops in the western USA. Prior laboratory host range testing under artificial lighting indicated reproduction on non-native Bassia hyssopifolia and on a native plant, Suaeda calceoliformis. However, in field tests in the native range, mite populations released on these 'nontarget' plants remained low. We hypothesized that UV-A light, which can affect behavior of tetranychid mites, would affect populations of the eriophyid A. salsolae differently on the target and nontarget plant species, decreasing the mite's realized host range. Plants were infested with A. salsolae under lamps that emitted UV-A, along with broad-spectrum lighting, and the size of mite populations and plant growth was compared to infested plants exposed only to broad-spectrum light. Russian thistle supported 3- to 55-fold larger mite populations than nontarget plants regardless of UV-A treatment. UV-A exposure did not affect mite populations on Russian thistle or S. calceoliformis, whereas it increased populations 7-fold on B. hyssopifolia. Main stems on nontarget plants grew 2- to 6-fold faster than did Russian thistle under either light treatment. The two nontarget plants attained greater volume under the control light regime than UV-A, but Russian thistle was unaffected. Although Russian thistle was always the superior host, addition of UV-A light to the artificial lighting regime did not reduce the ability of A. salsolae to reproduce on the two nontarget species, suggesting that UV-B or other environmental factors may be more important in limiting mite populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Moran
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - M Irene Wibawa
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Lincoln Smith
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, European Biological Control Laboratory, Montpellier, France
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Atarashi M, Manabe Y, Kishimoto H, Sugawara T, Osakabe M. Antioxidant Protection by Astaxanthin in the Citrus Red Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1143-1150. [PMID: 28981670 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation and radiant heat have lethal effects on plant-dwelling mites, including spider mites, and their natural enemies, such as phytoseiid mites, leading them to reside on lower leaf surfaces. Panonychus spider mites are outcompeted by Tetranychus spider mites and thus exploit upper leaf surfaces, where they are exposed to both UVB radiation and radiant heat. Panonychus spider mites are thought to produce astaxanthin constitutionally. In this study, we compared carotenoid components, antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, survival, and egg production in wild-type (WTS) and albino-type strains (ATS) of Panonychus citri (McGregor). Four carotenoids (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and carotene) and their isomers and esters were identified in both strains, but astaxanthin and its esters were present only in WTS. The singlet oxygen scavenging capacity of lipid-soluble ingredients was greater in WTS than in ATS, whereas the oxygen radical absorbance capacities of hydrophilic ingredients were equivalent between them. Lipid peroxide accumulation was clearly higher in ATS than in WTS under both UVB irradiation (25 °C) and high temperature (35 °C) conditions. The findings are consistent with an antioxidant protective function of astaxanthin in this mite. Survival periods at 38 °C were longer in WTS than in ATS, although no difference was shown at 35 °C or under UVB irradiation. Therefore, astaxanthin accumulation was shown to be a major mechanism for survival under radiant heat, although other mechanisms, such as photoreactivation, might play a major role in survival under UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Atarashi
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Laboratory of Technology of Marine Bioproducts, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hidenari Kishimoto
- Apple Research Division, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science NARO, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Laboratory of Technology of Marine Bioproducts, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Barczak-Brzyżek AK, Kiełkiewicz M, Gawroński P, Kot K, Filipecki M, Karpińska B. Cross-talk between high light stress and plant defence to the two-spotted spider mite in Arabidopsis thaliana. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 73:177-189. [PMID: 29119280 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how plants deal with arthropod herbivores under the fluctuating light intensity and spectra which occur in natural environments. Moreover, the role of simultaneous stress such as excess light (EL) in the regulation of plant responses to herbivores is poorly characterized. In the current study, we focused on a mite-herbivore, specifically, the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), which is one of the major agricultural pests worldwide. Our results showed that TSSM-induced leaf damage (visualized by trypan blue staining) and oviposition rate (measured as daily female fecundity) decreased after EL pre-treatment in wild-type Arabidopsis plants, but the observed responses were not wavelength specific. Thus, we established that EL pre-treatment reduced Arabidopsis susceptibility to TSSM infestation. Due to the fact that a portion of EL energy is dissipated by plants as heat in the mechanism known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence, we tested an Arabidopsis npq4-1 mutant impaired in NPQ. We showed that npq4-1 plants are significantly less susceptible to TSSM feeding activity, and this result was not dependent on light pre-treatment. Therefore, our findings strongly support the role of light in plant defence against TSSM, pointing to a key role for a photo-protective mechanism such as NPQ in this regulation. We hypothesize that plants impaired in NPQ are constantly primed to mite attack, as this seems to be a universal evolutionarily conserved mechanism for herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Kiełkiewicz
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Gawroński
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Kot
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Filipecki
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - B Karpińska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Murata Y, Osakabe M. Photo-enzymatic repair of UVB-induced DNA damage in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:15-34. [PMID: 27873138 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation induces lethal effects in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, whereas photoreactivation by irradiation with ultraviolet-A and visible light (VIS) plays an important role to increase survival of mites irradiated by UVB. The physiological mechanisms and ecological significance of photoreactivation in terrestrial arthropods have not been shown clearly. We verified the biological impact and accumulation of DNA lesions by UVB irradiation and the repair of them by photoreactivation in T. urticae larvae. Survival of UVB-irradiated larvae decreased with increasing UVB dose, but recovered remarkably with VIS exposure after UVB irradiation (photoreactivation). The DNA lesions, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidine photoproducts (6-4PPs) linearly increased with the UVB dose. The CPDs were repaired after exposure to VIS, whereas the frequency of 6-4PPs was unaffected by VIS; CPD photolyase genes, but not (6-4) photolyase genes, have been found in the T. urticae genome. Therefore, DNA damage and CPD photo enzymatic repair (PER) is significant for survival in this mite under ambient UVB radiation. Unexpectedly, gene expression of CPD photolyase was unaffected by irradiation with UVB and VIS. Instead, expression of xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) was increased by irradiation. XPA is a core factor in nucleotide excision repair (NER), which is a repair system unrelated to photo energy. The relationship between gene expression and enzymatic repair remains unclear. To elucidate the PER process in T. urticae, further study will be necessary on the gene expression patterns and molecular functions of CPD photolyase in PER and of XPA in NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Murata
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Koveos DS, Suzuki T, Terzidou A, Kokkari A, Floros G, Damos P, Kouloussis NA. Egg hatching response to a range of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation doses for four predatory mites and the herbivorous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:35-46. [PMID: 27988819 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Egg hatchability of four predatory mites-Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Iphiseius [Amblyseius] degenerans Berlese, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot, and Euseius finlandicus Oudemans (Acari: Phytoseiidae)-and the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) was determined under various UV-B doses either in constant darkness (DD) or with simultaneous irradiation using white light. Under UV-B irradiation and DD or simultaneous irradiation with white light, the predator's eggs hatched in significantly lower percentages than in the control non-exposed eggs, which indicates deleterious effects of UV-B on embryonic development. In addition, higher hatchability percentages were observed under UV-B irradiation and DD in eggs of the predatory mites than in eggs of T. urticae. This might be caused by a higher involvement of an antioxidant system, shield effects by pigments or a mere shorter duration of embryonic development in predatory mites than in T. urticae, thus avoiding accumulative effects of UV-B. Although no eggs of T. urticae hatched under UV-B irradiation and DD, variable hatchability percentages were observed under simultaneous irradiation with white light, which suggests the involvement of a photoreactivation system that reduces UV-B damages. Under the same doses with simultaneous irradiation with white light, eggs of T. urticae displayed higher photoreactivation and were more tolerant to UV-B than eggs of the predatory mites. Among predators variation regarding the tolerance to UV-B effects was observed, with eggs of P. persimilis and I. degenerans being more tolerant to UV-B radiation than eggs of A. swirskii and E. finlandicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios S Koveos
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anastasia Terzidou
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kokkari
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Floros
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Petros Damos
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos A Kouloussis
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2015. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:141-74. [PMID: 26822392 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp90004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels that regularly informs the Parties (countries) to the Montreal Protocol on the effects of ozone depletion and the consequences of climate change interactions with respect to human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The Panels provide a detailed assessment report every four years. The most recent 2014 Quadrennial Assessment by the EEAP was published as a special issue of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). The next Quadrennial Assessment will be published in 2018/2019. In the interim, the EEAP generally produces an annual update or progress report of the relevant scientific findings. The present progress report for 2015 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change.
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Tanaka M, Yase J, Aoki S, Sakurai T, Kanto T, Osakabe M. Physical Control of Spider Mites Using Ultraviolet-B With Light Reflection Sheets in Greenhouse Strawberries. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1758-1765. [PMID: 27270574 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of spider mite management technology other than chemical control is desired because of the serious development of acaricide resistance worldwide. Recent studies have evidenced the lethal effects of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation on spider mites. To develop the technology on how to use UVB irradiation for spider mite control, we tested whether UVB lamp-light reflection sheet (LRS) combinations suppressed the population size of Tetranychus urticae Koch on strawberry in a greenhouse from December to May (2012-2013, 2013-2014) in Japan. We designed four combinations of UVB lamps and LRSs: 1) neither UVB lamps nor LRSs (UV-LRS-); 2) a UVB lamp without an LRS (UV+LRS-; 2012-2013 only); 3) a UVB lamp and a mulch-type LRS (UV+LRSm); and 4) a UVB lamp and a wing-type LRS (UV+LRSw). The number of adult females peaked at 438.0 and 222.0 per plant in UV-LRS- of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, respectively, and peaked at 191.6 females in UV+LRS- of 2012-2013. In contrast, the peak abundance was 20.9-98.0 females in UV+LRSm, and fewer than 15 females were noted in UV+LRSw over either experimental period. UVB irradiance on lower leaf surfaces was higher in UV+LRSm and UV+LRSw than UV-LRS- and UV+LRS-, and the mite densities were significantly correlated with UVB irradiance on lower leaf surfaces. Consequently, we conclude that the combinations of UVB lamp-LRS have an excellent capacity to control T. urticae on greenhouse strawberry, and that the LRS was an essential component in this technological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Tanaka
- Plant Protection Department, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1533 Minaminooka-koh, Befu-cho, Kasai, Hyogo 679-0198, Japan (; ; ),
| | - Junya Yase
- Plant Protection Department, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1533 Minaminooka-koh, Befu-cho, Kasai, Hyogo 679-0198, Japan (; ; )
| | - Shinichi Aoki
- Lighting Business Division, Panasonic Corporation Eco Solutions Company, Kadoma, Osaka 571-8686, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakurai
- Agro Products Division, Maruwa Biochemical CO., LTD., Osaka, Osaka 541-0046, Japan , and
| | - Takeshi Kanto
- Plant Protection Department, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1533 Minaminooka-koh, Befu-cho, Kasai, Hyogo 679-0198, Japan (; ; )
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Hori M, Shibuya K, Sato M, Saito Y. Lethal effects of short-wavelength visible light on insects. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7383. [PMID: 25488603 PMCID: PMC4260232 DOI: 10.1038/srep07383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the lethal effects of visible light on insects by using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The toxic effects of ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly shortwave (i.e., UVB and UVC) light, on organisms are well known. However, the effects of irradiation with visible light remain unclear, although shorter wavelengths are known to be more lethal. Irradiation with visible light is not thought to cause mortality in complex animals including insects. Here, however, we found that irradiation with short-wavelength visible (blue) light killed eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of Drosophila melanogaster. Blue light was also lethal to mosquitoes and flour beetles, but the effective wavelength at which mortality occurred differed among the insect species. Our findings suggest that highly toxic wavelengths of visible light are species-specific in insects, and that shorter wavelengths are not always more toxic. For some animals, such as insects, blue light is more harmful than UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibuya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsunari Sato
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshino Saito
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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