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Wang D, Pei P, Shea F, Spinney R, Chang A, Lahann J, Mallery SR. Growth modulatory effects of fenretinide encompass keratinocyte terminal differentiation: a favorable outcome for oral squamous cell carcinoma chemoprevention. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:436-449. [PMID: 38470060 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is worldwide health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. From both the patient and socioeconomic perspectives, prevention of progression of premalignant oral intraepithelial neoplasia (OIN) to OSCC is clearly the preferable outcome. Optimal OSCC chemopreventives possess a variety of attributes including high tolerability, bioavailability, efficacy and preservation of an intact surface epithelium. Terminal differentiation, which directs oral keratinocytes leave the proliferative pool to form protective cornified envelopes, preserves the protective epithelial barrier while concurrently eliminating growth-aberrant keratinocytes. This study employed human premalignant oral keratinocytes and an OSCC cell line to evaluate the differentiation-inducing capacity of the synthetic retinoid, fenretinide (4HPR). Full-thickness oral mucosal explants were evaluated for proof of concept differentiation studies. Results of this study characterize the ability of 4HPR to fulfill all requisite components for keratinocyte differentiation, i.e. nuclear import via binding to cellular RA binding protein-II (molecular modeling), binding to and subsequent activation of retinoic acid nuclear receptors (receptor activation assays), increased expression and translation of genes associated with keratinocyte differentiation [Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoblotting] upregulation of a transglutaminase enzyme essential for cornified envelope formation (transglutaminase 3, functional assay) and augmentation of terminal differentiation in human oral epithelial explants (image-analyses quantified corneocyte desquamation). These data build upon the chemoprevention repertoire of 4HPR that includes function as a small molecule kinase inhibitor and inhibition of essential mechanisms necessary for basement membrane invasion. An upcoming clinical trial, which will assess whether a 4HPR-releasing mucoadhesive patch induces histologic, clinical and molecular regression in OIN lesions, will provide essential clinical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Wang
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ping Pei
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fortune Shea
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Albert Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan R Mallery
- Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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2
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Allegra A, Mirabile G, Caserta S, Stagno F, Russo S, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Oxidative Stress and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Balance between ROS-Mediated Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:461. [PMID: 38671909 PMCID: PMC11047441 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The balanced reciprocal translocation t (9; 22) (q34; q11) and the BCR-ABL fusion gene, which produce p210 bcr-abl protein production with high tyrosine kinase activity, are characteristics of chronic myeloid leukemia, a myeloproliferative neoplasm. This aberrant protein affects several signaling pathways connected to both apoptosis and cell proliferation. It has been demonstrated that tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia acts by inducing oxidative stress and, depending on its level, can activate signaling pathways responsible for either apoptosis or survival in leukemic cells. Additionally, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species generation also mediate apoptosis through genomic activation. Furthermore, it was shown that oxidative stress has a role in both BCR-ABL-independent and BCR-ABL-dependent resistance pathways to tyrosine kinases, while patients with chronic myeloid leukemia were found to have a significantly reduced antioxidant level. The ideal environment for tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is produced by a favorable oxidative status. We discuss the latest studies that aim to manipulate the redox system to alter the apoptosis of cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Mirabile
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Santino Caserta
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Fabio Stagno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sabina Russo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy;
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Al-Bustany HA, Muhammad HA, Chawsheen MA, Dash PR. Fenretinide induces apoptosis and synergises the apoptosis inducing effect of gemcitabine through inhibition of key signalling molecules involved in A549 cell survival in in silico and in vitro analyses. Cell Signal 2023; 111:110885. [PMID: 37704095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid compound, which induces apoptosis via generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. We hypothesise that fenretinide's mechanism of action in triggering apoptosis may involve other targets, beside mTOR signalling pathway and it may augment apoptosis inducing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs in lung cancer. Time-lapse microscopy and Western blotting were used to evaluate apoptosis and apoptotic marker cleaved-Caspase 3 in A549 cells. Relative levels of protein phosphorylation and ROS were quantified by Human Phospho-Kinase Array Kit and CellROX® Green Reagent, respectively. Docking and simulation analyses of proteins and fenretinide interactions were identified and visualised by Discovery Studio Visualizer and AutoDock Vina software. Our results showed that fenretinide induced apoptosis in a dose dependant manner and combinations of fenretinide (5 μg/mL) and gemcitabine (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 μg/mL) synergistically enhanced apoptosis in A549 cells. Fenretinide caused significant increase of cleaved-Caspase 3, de-phosphorylated p-S473 of Akt and failed to inhibit mTORC1 downstream targets. In silico results revealed that Akt required the lowest energy (-10.2 kcal/mol) to interact with fenretinide in comparison with other proteins. In conclusion, Akt may be exploited as a good target for induction of apoptosis in A549 cells and fenretinide has great potentials to fulfil this task. The mechanism by which fenretinide boosts the apoptosis inducing effects of gemcitabine, which is likely expected to be via inhibiting mTORC2 downstream targets. However, docking investigation revealed that fenretinide lacks specificity as it may also interact with several secondary targets beside Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem A Al-Bustany
- Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hawzheen A Muhammad
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mahmoud A Chawsheen
- Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Education, Soran University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Medical Research Centre, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region. Iraq.
| | - Phil R Dash
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Chingle RM, Imai M, Altman S, Saito D, Takahashi N, Burke TR. Examination of aminophenol-containing compounds designed as antiproliferative agents and potential atypical retinoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 82:117214. [PMID: 36913882 PMCID: PMC10107075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA, 1), an oxidized form of vitamin A, binds to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) to regulate gene expression and has important functions such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Synthetic ligands regarding RAR and RXR have been devised for the treatment of various diseases, particularly promyelocytic leukemia, but their side effects have led to the development of new, less toxic therapeutic agents. Fenretinide (4-HPR, 2), an aminophenol derivative of RA, exhibits potent antiproliferative activity without binding to RAR/RXR, but its clinical trial was discontinued due to side effects of impaired dark adaptation. Assuming that the cyclohexene ring of 4-HPR is the cause of the side effects, methylaminophenol was discovered through structure-activity relationship research, and p-dodecylaminophenol (p-DDAP, 3), which has no side effects or toxicity and is effective against a wide range of cancers, was developed. Therefore, we thought that introducing the motif carboxylic acid found in retinoids, could potentially enhance the anti-proliferative effects. Introducing chain terminal carboxylic functionality into potent p-alkylaminophenols significantly attenuated antiproliferative potencies, while a similar structural modification of weakly potent p-acylaminophenols enhanced growth inhibitory potencies. However, conversion of the carboxylic acid moieties to their methyl esters completely abolished the cell growth inhibitory effects of both series. Insertion of a carboxylic acid moiety, which is important for binding to RA receptors, abolishes the action of p-alkylaminophenols, but enhances the action of p-acylaminophenols. This suggests that the amido functionality may be important for the growth inhibitory effects of the carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh M Chingle
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Masahiko Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Sarah Altman
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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5
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Pomella S, Porrazzo A, Cassandri M, Camero S, Codenotti S, Milazzo L, Vulcano F, Barillari G, Cenci G, Marchese C, Fanzani A, Megiorni F, Rota R, Marampon F. Translational Implications for Radiosensitizing Strategies in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13281. [PMID: 36362070 PMCID: PMC9656983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence that includes FP-RMS, harboring the fusion oncoprotein PAX3/7-FOXO1 and FN-RMS, often mutant in the RAS pathway. Risk stratifications of RMS patients determine different prognostic groups and related therapeutic treatment. Current multimodal therapeutic strategies involve surgery, chemotherapy (CHT) and radiotherapy (RT), but despite the deeper knowledge of response mechanisms underpinning CHT treatment and the technological improvements that characterize RT, local failures and recurrence frequently occur. This review sums up the RMS classification and the management of RMS patients, with special attention to RT treatment and possible radiosensitizing strategies for RMS tumors. Indeed, RMS radioresistance is a clinical problem and further studies aimed at dissecting radioresistant molecular mechanisms are needed to identify specific targets to hit, thus improving RT-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Porrazzo
- Units of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Camero
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Codenotti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biotechnology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Milazzo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Vulcano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fanzani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Biotechnology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ramchatesingh B, Martínez Villarreal A, Arcuri D, Lagacé F, Setah SA, Touma F, Al-Badarin F, Litvinov IV. The Use of Retinoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Cancers: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012622. [PMID: 36293471 PMCID: PMC9603842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives that are effective for the prevention and the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). NMSCs constitute a heterogenous group of non-melanocyte-derived skin cancers that impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. They include entities such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (collectively called keratinocyte carcinomas), cutaneous lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma among others. The retinoid signaling pathway plays influential roles in skin physiology and pathology. These compounds regulate diverse biological processes within the skin, including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and immune regulation. Collectively, retinoids can suppress skin carcinogenesis. Both topical and systemic retinoids have been investigated in clinical trials as NMSC prophylactics and treatments. Desirable efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials have prompted health regulatory bodies to approve the use of retinoids for NMSC management. Acceptable off-label uses of these compounds as drugs for skin cancers are also described. This review is a comprehensive outline on the biochemistry of retinoids, their activities in the skin, their effects on cancer cells and their adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Arcuri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samy Abu Setah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fadi Touma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Faris Al-Badarin
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0V6, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Salata GC, Malagó ID, Lopes LB. A Lipid-Based In Situ-Forming Hexagonal Phase for Prolonged Retention and Drug Release in the Breast Tissue. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:260. [PMID: 36123553 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the addition of monoolein to phosphatidylcholine (PC), tricaprylin, and propylene glycol (PG) mixtures was studied to produce fluid precursor formulations (FIPs) that could transform into hexagonal phase (resistant to aqueous dilution) in vitro and in vivo. The overall goal was to obtain FIPs that could incorporate chemopreventive drugs for subcutaneous administration in the mammary tissue to inhibit the development and/or recurrence of breast cancer. Increasing PG content reduced FIP viscosity up to ~ 2.5-fold, while increases in PC (over monoolein) increased the formation of emulsified systems. The hexagonal phase was observed at 20% of water and higher, with the minimum amount of water necessary for this formation increasing with PG content. The selected FIP formed a depot in vivo after ~ 24 h of administration; its structure was compatible with the hexagonal phase and it remained in the mammary tissue for at least 30 days, prolonging the permanence of a fluorescent probe. In vitro, the release of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide was slow, with ~ 9% of the drug released in 72 h. Consistent with this slow release, fenretinide IC50 in breast cancer cells was ~ 100-fold higher in the selected FIP compared to its solution. The FIP reduced cell migration and presented higher cytotoxicity towards tumor compared to non-tumor cells. Given the limited number of options for pharmacological prevention of breast cancer development and recurrences, this formulation could potentially find applicability to reduce the frequency of administration and improve local concentrations of chemopreventive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna C Salata
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 1524 Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo-SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isabella D Malagó
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 1524 Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo-SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 1524 Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo-SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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8
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Potenza RL, Lodeserto P, Orienti I. Fenretinide in Cancer and Neurological Disease: A Two-Face Janus Molecule. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137426. [PMID: 35806431 PMCID: PMC9266536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several chemotherapeutic drugs have been repositioned in neurological diseases, based on common biological backgrounds and the inverse comorbidity between cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Fenretinide (all-trans-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, 4-HPR) is a synthetic derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid initially proposed in anticancer therapy for its antitumor effects combined with limited toxicity. Subsequently, fenretinide has been proposed for other diseases, for which it was not intentionally designed for, due to its ability to influence different biological pathways, providing a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. Here, we review the most relevant preclinical and clinical findings from fenretinide and discuss its therapeutic role towards cancer and neurological diseases, highlighting the hormetic behavior of this pleiotropic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Luisa Potenza
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49902389
| | - Pietro Lodeserto
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (P.L.); (I.O.)
| | - Isabella Orienti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (P.L.); (I.O.)
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9
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Alazawi S, Hendriksz T. Analysis of the effects of isotretinoin on the premature epiphyseal closure in pediatric populations: a literature review. J Osteopath Med 2021; 122:45-53. [PMID: 34626532 DOI: 10.1515/jom-2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Oral isotretinoin, a systemic retinoid and a vitamin A derivative, has been widely utilized to treat acne in both adult and pediatric populations. Additionally, systemic retinoids have also been utilized to treat neuroblastoma in pediatric patients. Common side effects associated with oral isotretinoin include dry eyes, dry mouth, elevated liver enzymes, depression, and arthralgia. Less common side effects of isotretinoin include hearing loss, pseudotumor cerebri, anaphylaxis, and skeletal abnormalities including growth arrest. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received reports of premature epiphyseal closure in patients treated with isotretinoin retinoids, which are commonly prescribed by primary care providers as a treatment for acne. It is important to raise awareness of the potential side effects of isotretinoin to enable informed treatment decisions before beginning an isotretinoin regimen. OBJECTIVES This chapter aims to elucidate that isotretinoin, given at various doses and durations, has been associated with growth plate abnormalities, which can lead to premature epiphyseal closure. METHODS Two databases were utilized for the literature review and were conducted at different time periods. Our literature review was conducted between December 2020 and June 2021, utilizing PubMed with the following search terms: "isotretinoin" and "isotretinoin and premature epiphyseal closure." In April 2021, we searched the FDA's "Drug Data and Adverse Event Report System" utilizing the terms "isotretinoin" and "epiphysis premature fusion." We included in our query reports of patients worldwide under 18 years of age with premature epiphyseal closure or growth plate damage secondary to isotretinoin. Studies published in English between 1980 and 2020 were also included, as well as background sources relating to an isotretinoin profile with side effects and dosing. We narrowed our search to exclude patients with a history of growth plate disorders due to trauma, malignancy, or other pathological processes, as well as patients with growth arrest due to endocrine factors. Growth plate abnormalities associated with retinoid derivatives other than isotretinoin were also excluded. RESULTS A total of 28 items were selected for our literature review including: one FDA drug label, one FDA website of adverse reactions, 19 supplemental articles, six case reports, and one case series of premature epiphyseal closure secondary to isotretinoin. The FDA received 41 reports worldwide of premature epiphyseal closure related to isotretinoin in patients under 18 years of age. Additionally, premature epiphyseal closure and growth plate abnormalities occurred in nine patients with various durations and doses of isotretinoin ranging from the lowest dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day for a few months to 3.5 mg/kg/day for years. CONCLUSIONS Isotretinoin-induced premature epiphyseal closure and growth plate deformities seem to be linked to higher doses of isotretinoin for the duration of months to years. There have been reported cases of premature epiphyseal closure in individuals receiving therapeutic doses of isotretinoin for acne treatment, which are much lower compared to the high doses utilized for neuroblastoma. Based on this study, isotretinoin appears to impact the growth plates of proximal tibia and distal femur. A cause-and-effect relationship between isotretinoin and premature epiphyseal closure cannot be concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Alazawi
- Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Tami Hendriksz
- Department of Pediatrics, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
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10
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Salata GC, Malagó ID, Carvalho Dartora VFM, Marçal Pessoa AF, Fantini MCDA, Costa SKP, Machado-Neto JA, Lopes LB. Microemulsion for Prolonged Release of Fenretinide in the Mammary Tissue and Prevention of Breast Cancer Development. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3401-3417. [PMID: 34482696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The need of pharmacological strategies to preclude breast cancer development motivated us to develop a non-aqueous microemulsion (ME) capable of forming a depot after administration in the mammary tissue and uptake of interstitial fluids for prolonged release of the retinoid fenretinide. The selected ME was composed of phosphatidylcholine/tricaprylin/propylene glycol (45:5:50, w/w/w) and presented a droplet diameter of 175.3 ± 8.9 nm. Upon water uptake, the ME transformed successively into a lamellar phase, gel, and a lamellar phase-containing emulsion in vitro as the water content increased and released 30% of fenretinide in vitro after 9 days. Consistent with the slow release, the ME formed a depot in cell cultures and increased fenretinide IC50 values by 68.3- and 13.2-fold in MCF-7 and T-47D cells compared to a solution, respectively. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, the ME reduced T-47D cell migration by 75.9% and spheroid growth, resulting in ∼30% smaller structures. The depot formed in vivo prolonged a fluorochrome release for 30 days without producing any sings of local irritation. In a preclinical model of chemically induced carcinogenesis, ME administration every 3 weeks for 3 months significantly reduced (4.7-fold) the incidence of breast tumors and increased type II collagen expression, which might contribute to limit spreading. These promising results support the potential ME applicability as a preventive therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cassone Salata
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isabella D Malagó
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F M Carvalho Dartora
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Marçal Pessoa
- Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM26, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Márcia Carvalho de Abreu Fantini
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1371, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Soraia K P Costa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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11
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Hunsu VO, Facey COB, Fields JZ, Boman BM. Retinoids as Chemo-Preventive and Molecular-Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7731. [PMID: 34299349 PMCID: PMC8304138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) agents possess anti-tumor activity through their ability to induce cellular differentiation. However, retinoids have not yet been translated into effective systemic treatments for most solid tumors. RA signaling is mediated by the following two nuclear retinoic receptor subtypes: the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and the retinoic X receptor (RXR), and their isoforms. The identification of mutations in retinoid receptors and other RA signaling pathway genes in human cancers offers opportunities for target discovery, drug design, and personalized medicine for distinct molecular retinoid subtypes. For example, chromosomal translocation involving RARA occurs in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a highly effective and even curative therapeutic for APL patients. Thus, retinoid-based target discovery presents an important line of attack toward designing new, more effective strategies for treating other cancer types. Here, we review retinoid signaling, provide an update on retinoid agents and the current clinical research on retinoids in cancer, and discuss how the retinoid pathway genotype affects the ability of retinoid agents to inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We also deliberate on why retinoid agents have not shown clinical efficacy against solid tumors and discuss alternative strategies that could overcome the lack of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O. Hunsu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (V.O.H.); (C.O.B.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Caroline O. B. Facey
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (V.O.H.); (C.O.B.F.)
| | | | - Bruce M. Boman
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (V.O.H.); (C.O.B.F.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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12
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Tang XH, Melis M, Mai K, Gudas LJ, Trasino SE. Fenretinide Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Mitigates Alcohol Liver Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630557. [PMID: 33815111 PMCID: PMC8012525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of liver-related mortality globally, yet there remains an unmet demand for approved ALD drugs. The pathogenesis of ALD involves perturbations to the intestinal barrier and subsequent translocation of bacterial endotoxin that, acting through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), promotes hepatic inflammation and progression of ALD. In the present study we investigated the ability of fenretinide (Fen) [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide], a synthetic retinoid with known anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, to modulate intestinal permeability and clinical hallmarks of ALD in a mouse model of chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Our results show that EtOH-treated mice had reductions in mRNA and protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, including claudin one and occludin, and increases in intestinal permeability and endotoxemia compared to pair-fed mice. Also, EtOH-treated mice had marked increases in hepatic steatosis, liver injury, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, and TLR4-positive macrophages, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes in the intestines and liver, respectively. In contrast, EtOH + Fen-treated mice were resistant to the effects of EtOH on promoting intestinal permeability and had higher intestinal protein levels of claudin one and occludin. Also, EtOH + Fen-treated mice had significantly lower plasma levels of endotoxin, and reductions in expression of TNF-α and TLR4 positive macrophages, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes in the intestine and liver. Lastly, we found that EtOH + Fen-treated mice exhibited major reductions in hepatic triglycerides, steatosis, and liver injury compared to EtOH-treated mice. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that Fen possesses anti-ALD properties, potentially through modulation of the intestinal barrier function, endotoxemia, and TLR4-mediated inflammation. These data warrant further pre-clinical investigations of Fen as a potential anti-ALD drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Melis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karen Mai
- Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Steven E Trasino
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.,Nutrition Program, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Kim YK, Hammerling U. The mitochondrial PKCδ/retinol signal complex exerts real-time control on energy homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158614. [PMID: 31927141 PMCID: PMC7347429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The review focuses on the role of vitamin A (retinol) in the control of energy homeostasis, and on the manner in which certain retinoids subvert this process, leading potentially to disease. In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is negatively regulated by four pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) and two antagonistically acting pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatases (PDPs). The second isoform, PDK2, is regulated by an autonomous mitochondrial signal cascade that is anchored on protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), where retinoids play an indispensible co-factor role. Along with its companion proteins p66Shc, cytochrome c, and vitamin A, the PKCδ/retinol complex is located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. At this site, and in contrast to cytosolic locations, PKCδ is activated by the site-specific oxidation of its cysteine-rich activation domain (CRD) that is configured into a complex RING-finger. Oxidation involves the transfer of electrons from cysteine moieties to oxidized cytochrome c, a step catalyzed by vitamin A. The PKCδ/retinol signalosome monitors the internal cytochrome c redox state that reflects the workload of the respiratory chain. Upon sensing demands for energy PKCδ signals the PDHC to increase glucose-derived fuel flux entering the KREBS cycle. Conversely, if excessive fuel flux surpasses the capacity of the respiratory chain, threatening the release of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS), the polarity of the cytochrome c redox system is reversed, resulting in the chemical reduction of the PKCδ CRD, restoration of the RING-finger, refolding of PKCδ into the inactive, globular form, and curtailment of PDHC output, thereby constraining the respiratory capacity within safe margins. Several retinoids, notably anhydroretinol and fenretinide, capable of displacing retinol from binding sites on PKCδ, can co-activate PKCδ signaling but, owing to their extended system of conjugated double bonds, are unable to silence PKCδ in a timely manner. Left in the ON position, PKCδ causes chronic overload of the respiratory chain leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review explores how defects in the PKCδ signal machinery potentially contribute to metabolic and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kyung Kim
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ulrich Hammerling
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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14
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Apolinário AC, Hirata AS, Anjos Miguel RD, Costa-Lotufo LV, Pessoa A, La Clair JJ, Fenical W, Lopes LB. Exploring the benefits of nanotechnology for cancer drugs in different stages of the drug development pipeline. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2539-2542. [PMID: 32945726 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Soares Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dos Anjos Miguel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Veras Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James J La Clair
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Luciana Biagini Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although targeted therapy in combination with chemotherapy in CRC prolongs the overall survival of patients with metastatic disease, acquired resistance and relapse hinder their clinical benefits. Moreover, patients with some specific genetic profile are unlikely to benefit from targeted therapy, suggesting the need for safe and effective treatment strategies. Retinoids, comprising of natural and synthetic analogs, are a class of chemical compounds that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Retinoids have been used in the clinic for several leukemias and solid tumors, either as single agents or in combination therapy. Furthermore, retinoids have shown potent chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties in different cancer models, including CRC. In this review, we summarize the major preclinical findings in CRC in which natural and synthetic retinoids showed promising antitumor activities and stress on the proposed mechanisms of action. Understanding of the retinoids' antitumor mechanisms would provide insights to support and warrant their development in the management of CRC.
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16
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Vallejo-Gracia A, Chen IP, Perrone R, Besnard E, Boehm D, Battivelli E, Tezil T, Krey K, Raymond KA, Hull PA, Walter M, Habrylo I, Cruz A, Deeks S, Pillai S, Verdin E, Ott M. FOXO1 promotes HIV latency by suppressing ER stress in T cells. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1144-1157. [PMID: 32541947 PMCID: PMC7483895 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Quiescence is a hallmark of CD4+ T cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). While reversing this quiescence is an effective approach to reactivate latent HIV from T cells in culture, it can cause deleterious cytokine dysregulation in patients. As a key regulator of T-cell quiescence, FOXO1 promotes latency and suppresses productive HIV infection. We report that, in resting T cells, FOXO1 inhibition impaired autophagy and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby activating two associated transcription factors: activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Both factors associate with HIV chromatin and are necessary for HIV reactivation. Indeed, inhibition of protein kinase R-like ER kinase, an ER stress sensor that can mediate the induction of ATF4, and calcineurin, a calcium-dependent regulator of NFAT, synergistically suppressed HIV reactivation induced by FOXO1 inhibition. Thus, our studies uncover a link of FOXO1, ER stress and HIV infection that could be therapeutically exploited to selectively reverse T-cell quiescence and reduce the size of the latent viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vallejo-Gracia
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene P Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Emilie Besnard
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Boehm
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tugsan Tezil
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Karsten Krey
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Philip A Hull
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marius Walter
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Ireneusz Habrylo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Cruz
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish Pillai
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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Patruno I, Thompson D, Dall'Angelo S, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ, Poot AJ, Mody N, Zanda M. Design, Synthesis, Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fenretinide Analogues as Anticancer and Metabolic Syndrome-Preventive Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1579-1590. [PMID: 32497314 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) characterised by improved therapeutic properties and toxicological profile relative to ATRA. 4-HPR has been mostly investigated as an anti-cancer agent, but recent studies showed its promising therapeutic potential for preventing metabolic syndrome. Several biological targets are involved in 4-HPR's activity, leading to the potential use of this molecule for treating different pathologies. However, although 4-HPR displays quite well-understood multitarget promiscuity with regards to pharmacology, interpreting its precise physiological role remains challenging. In addition, despite promising results in vitro, the clinical efficacy of 4-HPR as a chemotherapeutic agent has not been satisfactory so far. Herein, we describe the preparation of a library of 4-HPR analogues, followed by the biological evaluation of their anti-cancer and anti-obesity/diabetic properties. The click-type analogue 3 b showed good capacity to reduce the amount of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during differentiation. Furthermore, it showed an IC50 of 0.53±0.8 μM in cell viability tests on breast cancer cell line MCF-7, together with a good selectivity (SI=121) over noncancerous HEK293 cells. Thus, 3 b was selected as a potential PET tracer to study retinoids in vivo, and the radiosynthesis of [18 F]3b was successfully developed. Unfortunately, the stability of [18 F]3b turned out to be insufficient to pursue imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Patruno
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Dawn Thompson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex J Poot
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,C.N.R.-SCITEC, via Mancinelli 7, 20131, Milan, Italy.,Current address: Loughborough University School of Science, Centre for Sensing and Imaging Science Sir David Davies Building, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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18
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Wang Y, Ding Y, Wang C, Gao M, Xu Y, Ma X, Ma X, Cui H, Li L. Fenretinide-polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugate with improved solubility enhanced cytotoxicity to cancer cell and potent in vivo efficacy. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:962-970. [PMID: 32366203 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1765377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide (4-HPR), a synthetic retinoid, has shown its antitumor activity in many tumor types with low cytotoxicity to normal cells and high clinical safety. However, the low water solubility limits its further biological applications. To increase solubility, 4-HPR was conjugated with methoxy polyethylene glycol carboxylic acid (mPEG2K-COOH) by an ester linkage between the phenol hydroxyl of 4-HPR and the carboxyl of mPEG2K-COOH. The 4-HPR-PEG2K conjugate micelles had mean size of 76.70 ± 1.248 nm with a narrow distribution and a low critical micelle concentration. In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed the micelles have higher cytotoxicity to A2780s and MCF-7 cells. Its IC50 was 4.7 and 4.1-fold lower than the free 4-HPR, respectively. Importantly, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, the AUC of 4-HPR was found to be 2.3-fold higher in 4-HPR-PEG2K micelles compared to free 4-HPR. And the 4-HPR-PEG2K micelles had higher antitumor activity. Meanwhile, the histopathology analysis exhibited that the micellar treatment decreased the viability of A2780s cells and increased the level of induced apoptosis. Therefore, the enhanced activity of 4-HPR by the method of conjugation with mPEG2K-COOH could hopefully provide new insights into the matter of ovarian cancer and breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Ding
- School of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Meng Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Youwei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Basic and Applied Research on Pharmacodynamic Substances of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
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19
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Wang Y, Ding Y, Xu Y, Wang C, Ding Y, Gao M, Ma C, Ma X, Li L. Mixed micelles of TPGS and Soluplus ® for co-delivery of paclitaxel and fenretinide: in vitro and in vivo anticancer study. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:865-873. [PMID: 32266855 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1753770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fenretinide (4-HPR), as a semi-synthetic retinoid, has apoptosis-promoting effects as a single agent and chemotherapy synergist in vitro. When a human ovarian cancer cells line (A2780s) was treated with both PTX and 4-HPR, there was a synergistic anti-cancer effect demonstrated with a average combination index of 0.44. In this research, a new TPGS-Soluplus® mixed micelles were developed which encapsulation efficiencies of paclitaxel (PTX) and fenretinide (4-HPR) were as high as 98%, and the average diameter of the micelles was 66.26 nm. Cytotoxicity of the mixed micelles co-delivered with PTX and 4-HPR reduced significantly 7.3 and 25.1 times compared with free drug respectively in A2780s cells. More importantly, in vivo pharmacokinetic study, the loaded drugs in mixed micelles exhibited higher AUC and t1/2 values than free drugs. Furthermore, in vivo antitumor efficacy experiments demonstrated that PF-TS exhibited superior in vivo antitumor activity on the inhibition rate of tumor growth than other treatment groups (77.8% corresponding tumor growth inhibition in PF-TS treated group vs 19.9, 12.5, and 26.0% of tumor growth inhibition rate in Taxol®, 4-HPR, and Taxol®+4-HPR, respectively). Therefore, the mixed micelles of co-deliver PTX and 4-HPR successfully constructed may hopefully be applied to the cancer combination treatment with less toxic effect and more antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Ding
- School of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Youwei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Meng Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Chengge Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Basic and Applied Research on Pharmacodynamic Substances of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
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20
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Brack E, Wachtel M, Wolf A, Kaech A, Ziegler U, Schäfer BW. Fenretinide induces a new form of dynamin-dependent cell death in pediatric sarcoma. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2500-2516. [PMID: 32144381 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) is a highly malicious childhood malignancy characterized by specific chromosomal translocations mostly encoding the oncogenic transcription factor PAX3-FOXO1 and therefore also referred to as fusion-positive RMS (FP-RMS). Previously, we have identified fenretinide (retinoic acid p-hydroxyanilide) to affect PAX3-FOXO1 expression levels as well as FP-RMS cell viability. Here, we characterize the mode of action of fenretinide in more detail. First, we demonstrate that fenretinide-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) depends on complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, since ROS scavenging as well as complexing of iron completely abolished cell death. Second, we co-treated cells with a range of pharmacological inhibitors of specific cell death pathways including z-vad (apoptosis), necrostatin-1 (necroptosis), 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (autophagy), and ferrostatin-1 (ferroptosis) together with fenretinide. Surprisingly, none of these inhibitors was able to prevent cell death. Also genetic depletion of key players in the apoptotic and necroptotic pathway (BAK, BAX, and RIPK1) confirmed the pharmacological data. Interestingly however, electron microscopy of fenretinide-treated cells revealed an excessive accumulation of cytoplasmic vacuoles, which were distinct from autophagosomes. Further flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy experiments suggested a hyperstimulation of macropinocytosis, leading to an accumulation of enlarged early and late endosomes. Surprisingly, pharmacological inhibition as well as genetic depletion of large dynamin GTPases completely abolished fenretinide-induced vesicle formation and subsequent cell death, suggesting a new form of dynamin-dependent programmed cell death. Taken together, our data identify a new form of cell death mediated through the production of ROS by fenretinide treatment, highlighting the value of this compound for treatment of sarcoma patients including FP-RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brack
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Wolf
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Alsanafi M, Kelly SL, McNaughton M, Merrill AH, Pyne NJ, Pyne S. The regulation of p53, p38 MAPK, JNK and XBP-1s by sphingosine kinases in human embryonic kidney cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158631. [PMID: 31954175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since inhibitors of sphingosine kinases (SK1, SK2) have been shown to induce p53-mediated cell death, we have further investigated their role in regulating p53, stress activated protein kinases and XBP-1s in HEK293T cells. Treatment of these cells with the sphingosine kinase inhibitor, SKi, which fails to induce apoptosis, promoted the conversion of p53 into two proteins with molecular masses of 63 and 90 kDa, and which was enhanced by over-expression of ubiquitin. The SKi induced conversion of p53 to p63/p90 was also enhanced by siRNA knockdown of SK1, but not SK2 or dihydroceramide desaturase (Degs1), suggesting that SK1 is a negative regulator of this process. In contrast, another sphingosine kinase inhibitor, ABC294640 only very weakly stimulated formation of p63/p90 and induced apoptosis of HEK293T cells. We have previously shown that SKi promotes the polyubiquitination of Degs1, and these forms positively regulate p38 MAPK/JNK pathways to promote HEK293T cell survival/growth. siRNA knockdown of SK1 enhanced the activation of p38 MAPK/JNK pathways in response to SKi, suggesting that SK1 functions to oppose these pro-survival pathways in HEK293T cells. SKi also enhanced the stimulatory effect of the proteasome inhibitor, MG132 on the expression of the pro-survival protein XBP-1s and this was reduced by siRNA knockdown of SK2 and increased by knockdown of p53. These findings suggest that SK1 and SK2 have opposing roles in regulating p53-dependent function in HEK293T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alsanafi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Samuel L Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa McNaughton
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biological Sciences and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nigel J Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK.
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Nguyen TH, Koneru B, Wei SJ, Chen WH, Makena MR, Urias E, Kang MH, Reynolds CP. Fenretinide via NOXA Induction, Enhanced Activity of the BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax in High BCL-2–Expressing Neuroblastoma Preclinical Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2270-2282. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cytotoxicity and molecular activity of fenretinide and metabolites in T-cell lymphoid malignancy, neuroblastoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines in physiological hypoxia. Anticancer Drugs 2019; 30:117-127. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Homocysteine, Thioretinaco Ozonide, and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cancer and Aging: A Proposed Clinical Trial Protocol. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1866:285-310. [PMID: 30725425 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8796-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the proposed clinical interventional trial is to demonstrate the efficacy of a novel therapeutic strategy in subjects with cancer and hyperhomocysteinemia. Following discovery of abnormal homocysteine thiolactone metabolism in cultured malignant cells, thioretinamide, the amide synthesized from retinoic acid and homocysteine thiolactone, and thioretinaco, the complex formed from cobalamin and thioretinamide, were demonstrated to have antineoplastic, anticarcinogenic, and anti-atherogenic properties in animal models. Retinol, ascorbate, and homocysteine thiolactone are necessary for biosynthesis of thioretinamide and thioretinaco by cystathionine synthase and for formation of thioretinaco ozonide from thioretinamide, cobalamin, and ozone. Thioretinaco ozonide is required for prevention of abnormal oxidative metabolism, aerobic glycolysis, suppressed immunity, and hyperhomocysteinemia in cancer.The pancreatic enzyme therapy of cancer promotes catabolism of proteins, nucleic acids, and glycosaminoglycans with excess homocysteinylated amino groups resulting from abnormal accumulation of homocysteine thiolactone in malignant cells. Dietary deficiencies of pyridoxal, folate, cobalamin, and nitriloside contribute to hyperhomocysteinemia in cancer, and in protein energy malnutrition. A deficiency of dietary sulfur amino acids downregulates cystathionine synthase, causing hyperhomocysteinemia.The organic sulfur compound diallyl trisulfide increases hydrogen sulfide production from homocysteine in animal models, inhibits Stat3 signaling in cancer stem cells, and produces apoptosis of malignant cells. The furanonaphthoquinone compound napabucasin inhibits Stat3 signaling and causes mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis of malignant cells. The protocol of the proposed clinical trial in subjects with myelodysplasia consists of thioretinamide and cobalamin as precursors of thioretinaco ozonide, combined with pancreatic enzyme extracts, diallyl trisulfide, napabucasin, nutritional modification to minimize processed foods, vitamin supplements, essential amino acids, and beneficial dietary fats and proteins.
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Native and Polyubiquitinated Forms of Dihydroceramide Desaturase Are Differentially Linked to Human Embryonic Kidney Cell Survival. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00222-18. [PMID: 30224516 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00222-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is controversy concerning the role of dihydroceramide desaturase (Degs1) in regulating cell survival, with studies showing that it can both promote and protect against apoptosis. We have therefore investigated the molecular basis for these opposing roles of Degs1. Treatment of HEK293T cells with the sphingosine kinase inhibitor SKi [2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole] or fenretinide, but not the Degs1 inhibitor GT11 {N-[(1R,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-2-(2-tridecyl-1-cyclopropenyl)ethyl]octan-amide}, induced the polyubiquitination of Degs1 (M r = 40 to 140 kDa) via a mechanism involving oxidative stress, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Mdm2 (E3 ligase). The polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 exhibit "gain of function" and activate prosurvival pathways, p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and X-box protein 1s (XBP-1s). In contrast, another sphingosine kinase inhibitor, ABC294640 [3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide], at concentrations of 25 to 50 μM failed to induce formation of the polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1. In contrast to SKi, ABC294640 (25 μM) promotes apoptosis of HEK293T cells via a Degs1-dependent mechanism that is associated with increased de novo synthesis of ceramide. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the polyubiquitination of Degs1 appears to change its function from proapoptotic to prosurvival. Thus, polyubiquitination of Degs1 might provide an explanation for the reported opposing functions of this enzyme in cell survival/apoptosis.
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Liu L, Liu J, Wang H, Zhao H, Du Y. Fenretinide targeting of human colon cancer sphere cells through cell cycle regulation and stress-responsive activities. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5339-5348. [PMID: 30250604 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be the main cause of chemoresistance and the resultant low survival rate of patients with cancer. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide, known as fenretinide or 4HPR, is a synthetic derivative of all-trans-retinoic acid. It is a promising anticancer agent, has minimal side effects and synergizes with other anticancer agents to reinforce their anticancer efficacy. The present study investigated whether fenretinide eliminated colon sphere cells. HT29 and HCT116 cells incubated in low-serum culture medium were more sensitive to fenretinide treatment than those incubated in full-serum medium. Colon spheres formed in serum-free medium demonstrated stem-like characteristics. The percentage of cluster of differentiation (CD) 44+ cells was significantly higher in sphere cells compared with parental cells. Sphere cells also demonstrated increased tumorigenic ability in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Fenretinide inhibited the formation of colon spheres in HT29 and HCT116 cells. Microarray, cell cycle and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that fenretinide induced genes associated with cell cycle regulation and the stress response in fenretinide-treated HT29 sphere cells. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to investigate the effect of fenretinide on colon stem cells. Fenretinide was demonstrated to preferentially target colon sphere cells, which may possess certain stem-like characteristics. These results are an important addition to the current knowledge concerning fenretinide, and provide a foundation for its clinical application in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM)/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.,Graduate School of The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM)/Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhi Du
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
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Lin CH, Chan HS, Tsay HS, Funayama S, Kuo CL, Chung JG. Ethyl acetate fraction from methanol extraction of Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana induced G 0 /G 1 phase arrest via inhibition of cyclins D and E and induction of apoptosis through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:41-51. [PMID: 28941016 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana (VTT) is a wild grape native to Taiwan, belonging to the Vitaceae family and Vitis genus, and widely used as folk herbal medicine. It is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhea, hypertension, neuroprotection, jaundice, and arthritis. We used the wild-collected VTT and sterilized them to establish the plant tissue culture, and then took the leaves for DNA sequencing to determine its original base. We use methanol to extract VTT in four different solvents: 1-butanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. These four preliminary extracts were used to treat human prostate cancer DU145 cells in vitro. We use the flow cytometry to check the cell survival situation. Finally, we found the ethyl acetate layer roughing product (referred VTEA) in human prostate cancer apoptotic effects of cell line DU-145. In the present studies, we use the crude extract of VTT to examine whether or not it can induce apoptosis of DU145 cells in vitro. Viability assays for extracts of VTT treatment showed that it had dose-dependent effect on human prostate cancer DU145 cells. We also found that the extract of VTT induces time-dependent mitochondrial and intrinsic-dependent apoptosis pathways. The in vitro cytotoxic effects were investigated by cell cycle analysis and the determination of apoptotic DNA fragmentation in DU145 cells. The cell cycle analysis showed that extracts of VTT induced a significant increase in the number of cells in G0 /G1 phase. The extract of VTT induced chromatin changes and apoptosis of DU145 cells also were confirmed by DAPI and PI staining that were measured by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. Finally, the expression of relevant proteins was analyzed by Western blot analysis. These results promoted us to further evaluate apoptosis associated proteins and elucidate the possible signal pathway in DU-145 cells after treated with the extract of VTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sung Chan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Sheng Tsay
- Department and Graduate Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Shinji Funayama
- Department of Kampo Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
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Saeed A, Dullaart RPF, Schreuder TCMA, Blokzijl H, Faber KN. Disturbed Vitamin A Metabolism in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010029. [PMID: 29286303 PMCID: PMC5793257 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is required for important physiological processes, including embryogenesis, vision, cell proliferation and differentiation, immune regulation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Many of vitamin A’s functions are executed through retinoic acids that activate transcriptional networks controlled by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs).The liver plays a central role in vitamin A metabolism: (1) it produces bile supporting efficient intestinal absorption of fat-soluble nutrients like vitamin A; (2) it produces retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) that distributes vitamin A, as retinol, to peripheral tissues; and (3) it harbors the largest body supply of vitamin A, mostly as retinyl esters, in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In times of inadequate dietary intake, the liver maintains stable circulating retinol levels of approximately 2 μmol/L, sufficient to provide the body with this vitamin for months. Liver diseases, in particular those leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis, are associated with impaired vitamin A homeostasis and may lead to vitamin A deficiency. Liver injury triggers HSCs to transdifferentiate to myofibroblasts that produce excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis. HSCs lose the retinyl ester stores in this process, ultimately leading to vitamin A deficiency. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); it may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. NASH is projected to be the main cause of liver failure in the near future. Retinoic acids are key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, but it is unknown whether impaired vitamin A homeostasis contributes to or suppresses the development of NAFLD. A genetic variant of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3-I148M) is the most prominent heritable factor associated with NAFLD. Interestingly, PNPLA3 harbors retinyl ester hydrolase activity and PNPLA3-I148M is associated with low serum retinol level, but enhanced retinyl esters in the liver of NAFLD patients. Low circulating retinol in NAFLD may therefore not reflect true “vitamin A deficiency”, but rather disturbed vitamin A metabolism. Here, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin A metabolism in NAFLD and its putative role in the progression of liver disease, as well as the therapeutic potential of vitamin A metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Bio-Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim C M A Schreuder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Cooper JP, Reynolds CP, Cho H, Kang MH. Clinical development of fenretinide as an antineoplastic drug: Pharmacology perspectives. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1178-1184. [PMID: 28429653 PMCID: PMC5478002 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217706952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenretinide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid that has cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Despite substantial in vitro cytotoxicity, response rates in early clinical trials with 4-HPR have been less than anticipated, likely due to the low bioavailability of the initial oral capsule formulation. Several clinical studies have shown that the oral capsule formulation at maximum tolerated dose (MTD) achieved <10 µmol/L concentrations in patients. To improve bioavailability of 4-HPR, new oral powder (LYM-X-SORB®, LXS) and intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) formulations are being tested in early-phase clinical trials. ILE 4-HPR administered as five-day continuous infusion achieved over 50 µmol/L at MTD with minimal systemic toxicities; multiple complete and partial responses were observed in peripheral T cell lymphomas. The LXS oral powder 4-HPR formulation increased plasma levels approximately two-fold at MTD in children without dose-limiting toxicities and demonstrated multiple complete responses in recurrent neuroblastoma. The clinical activity observed with new 4-HPR formulations is attributed to increased bioavailability. Phase I and II clinical trials of both LXS 4-HPR and ILE 4-HPR are in progress as a single agent or in combination with other drugs. Impact statement One of the critical components in drug development is understanding pharmacology (especially pharmacokinetics) of the drugs being developed. Often the pharmacokinetic properties, such as poor solubility leading to poor bioavailability, of the drug can limit further development of the drug. The development of numerous drugs has often halted at clinical testing stages, and several of them were due to the pharmacological properties of the agents, resulting in increased drug development cost. The current review provides an example of how improved clinical activity can be achieved by changing the formulations of a drug with poor bioavailability. Thus, it emphasizes the importance of understanding pharmacologic characteristics of the drug in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Cooper
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - C Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Hwangeui Cho
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Min H Kang
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Yan W, Du J, Du Y, Pu H, Liu S, He J, Zhang J, Hou J. Fenretinide targets the side population in myeloma cell line NCI-H929 and potentiates the efficacy of antimyeloma with bortezomib and dexamethasone regimen. Leuk Res 2016; 51:32-40. [PMID: 27821288 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Side population (SP) cells, a subset of enriched tumor initiating cells, have been demonstrated to have stem cell-like properties in multiple myeloma (MM) by us as well as other previous studies. A lack of agents targeting tumor initiating cells, however, represents a challenge in the treatment of MM. Previously, fenretinide, a well-tolerated vitamin A derivative, has been shown to exert effect on leukemic stem cells, but its actions against myeloma stem-like cells are still unknown. In this study, the effects of fenretinide on myeloma stem-like cells characteristic was comprehensively examined in SP and non-SP (MP) cells of NCI-H929 cell sorted by flow cytometry-based on Hoechst 33342 stain. We find that fenretinide is capable of eradicating MM SP and MP cells, but not normal bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) at physiologically achievable concentrations. Fenretinide alone exerted a selective cytotoxic effect on MM SP cells, as well as in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone. In particular, SP cells were highly sensitive to fenretinide, and in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in colony formation and apoptosis assays. Accordingly, the apparent fenretinide-induced-apoptosis was linked to the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, we propose that fenretinide is a potent agent that targets tumor initiating cells and may be a promising therapeutic agent in MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanzhi Du
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Honglei Pu
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma & Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Bassani B, Bartolini D, Pagani A, Principi E, Zollo M, Noonan DM, Albini A, Bruno A. Fenretinide (4-HPR) Targets Caspase-9, ERK 1/2 and the Wnt3a/β-Catenin Pathway in Medulloblastoma Cells and Medulloblastoma Cell Spheroids. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154111. [PMID: 27367907 PMCID: PMC4930187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), a neuroectodermal tumor arising in the cerebellum, represents the most frequent childhood brain malignancy. Current treatments for MB combine radiation and chemotherapy and are often associated with relevant side effects; novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR, fenretinide), a synthetic analogue of all-trans retinoic acid, has emerged as a promising and well-tolerated cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for various neoplasms, from breast cancer to neuroblastoma. Here we investigated the effects of 4-HPR on MB cell lines and identified the mechanism of action for a potential use in therapy of MB. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate 4-HPR induction of apoptosis and oxygen reactive species (ROS) production, as well as cell cycle effects. Functional analysis to determine 4-HPR ability to interfere with MB cell migration and invasion were performed. Western Blot analysis were used to investigate the crucial molecules involved in selected signaling pathways associated with apoptosis (caspase-9 and PARP-1), cell survival (ERK 1/2) and tumor progression (Wnt3a and β-catenin). We show that 4-HPR induces caspase 9-dependent cell death in DAOY and ONS-76 cells, associated with increased ROS generation, suggesting that free radical intermediates might be directly involved. We observed 4-HPR induction of cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase, inactivated β-catenin, and inhibition of MB cell migration and invasion. We also evaluated the ability of 4-HPR to target MB cancer-stem/cancer-initiating cells, using an MB spheroids model, followed by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. 4-HPR treatment reduced DAOY and ONS-76 spheroid formation, in term of number and size. Decreased expression of the surface markers CD133+ and ABCG2+ as well as Oct-4 and Sox-2 gene expression were observed on BTICs treated with 4-HPR further reducing BITIC invasive activities. Finally, we analyzed 4-HPR ability to inhibit MB tumor cell growth in vivo in nude mice. Taken together, our data suggest that 4-HPR targets both parental and MB tumor stem/initiating cell-like populations. Since 4-HPR exerts low toxicity, it could represent a valid compound in the treatment of human MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bassani
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Pagani
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Principi
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Zollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Douglas M. Noonan
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Scientific and Technological Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
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Musso L, Tiberio P, Appierto V, Cincinelli R, Cavadini E, Cleris L, Daidone MG, Dallavalle S. Water-soluble derivatives of 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide: synthesis and biological activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:608-14. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loana Musso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - Paola Tiberio
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milano Italy
| | - Valentina Appierto
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milano Italy
| | - Raffaella Cincinelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - Elena Cavadini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milano Italy
| | - Loredana Cleris
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milano Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Daidone
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milano Italy
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
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Tavares C, Maciel T, Burin S, Ambrósio L, Ghisla S, Sampaio S, Castro F. l-Amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma snake venom induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis in JAK2V617F-positive cell lines. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2016; 38:128-34. [PMID: 27208571 PMCID: PMC4877619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloproliferative neoplasms are Philadelphia chromosome-negative diseases characterized by hyperproliferation of mature myeloid cells, associated or not with the Janus kinase 2 tyrosine kinase mutation, JAK2V617F. As there is no curative therapy, researchers have been investigating new drugs to treat myeloproliferative neoplasms, including l-amino acid oxidase from Calloselasma rhodostoma snake venom (CR-LAAO), which is a toxin capable of eliciting apoptosis in several tumor cell lines. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of l-amino acid oxidase from C. rhodostoma snake venom in the apoptotic machinery of JAK2-mutated cell lines. METHODS The HEL 92.1.7 and SET-2 cell lines were cultured with l-amino acid oxidase and catalase for 12h at 37°C in 5% carbon dioxide. The cell viability was assessed by the multi-table tournament method, the level of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, and the expression of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases and cleaved Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS l-Amino acid oxidase from C. rhodostoma snake venom was cytotoxic to HEL 92.1.7 and SET-2 cells (50% inhibitory concentration=0.15μg/mL and 1.5μg/mL, respectively) and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell treatment with catalase mitigated the l-amino acid oxidase toxicity, indicating that hydrogen peroxide is a key component of its cytotoxic effect.The activated caspases 3 and 8 expression and cleaved PARP in HEL 92.1.7 and SET-2 cells confirmed the apoptosis activation by CR-LAAO. CONCLUSIONS l-Amino acid oxidase from C. rhodostoma snake venom is a potential antineoplastic agent against HEL 92.1.7 and SET-2 JAK2V617F-positive cells as it activates the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Tavares
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maciel
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Burin
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ambrósio
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Suely Sampaio
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Novel dengue virus inhibitor 4-HPR activates ATF4 independent of protein kinase R-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase and elevates levels of eIF2α phosphorylation in virus infected cells. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:1-6. [PMID: 26965420 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infections by dengue virus (DENV) are increasing worldwide, with an urgent need for effective anti-DENV agents. We recently identified N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), an anti-DENV agent effective against all 4 serotypes of DENV in cell culture, and in a lethal mouse model for DENV infection (Fraser et al., 2014b). Although identified as an inhibitor of DENV non-structural protein 5 (NS5) recognition by host nuclear import proteins, the precise impact and mode of action of 4-HPR in effecting DENV clearance remains to be defined. Significantly, concurrent with decreased viral RNA and infectious DENV in 4-HPR-treated cells, we previously observed specific up-regulation of transcripts representing the Protein Kinase R-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway upon 4-HPR addition. Here we pursue these findings in detail, examining the role of specific PERK pathway components in DENV clearance. We demonstrate that 4-HPR-induced nuclear localization of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), a pathway component downstream from PERK, occurs in a PERK-independent manner, implying activation instead occurs through Integrated Stress Response (ISR) kinases. Significantly, ATF4 does not appear to be required for the antiviral activity of 4-HPR, suggesting transcriptional events induced by ATF4 do not drive the 4-HPR-induced antiviral state. Instead, we demonstrate that 4-HPR induces phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), a target of ISR kinases which controls translation attenuation, and confirm the importance of phosphorylated-eIF2α in DENV infection using guanabenz, a specific inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation. This study provides the first detailed insight into the cellular effects modulated by 4-HPR in DENV-infected cells, critical to progressing 4-HPR towards the clinic.
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Hammerling U. Retinol as electron carrier in redox signaling, a new frontier in vitamin A research. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2016; 5:15-28. [PMID: 26904553 PMCID: PMC4739943 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2016.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses carotenoids and retinoids as chromophores for diverse energy conversion processes. The key structural feature enabling the interaction with light and other manifestations of electro-magnetism is the conjugated double-bond system that all members of this superfamily share in common. Among retinoids, retinaldehyde alone was long known as the active chromophore of vision in vertebrates and invertebrates, as well of various light-driven proton and ion pumps in Archaea. Until now, vitamin A (retinol) was solely regarded as a biochemical precursor for bioactive retinoids such as retinaldehyde and retinoic acid (RA), but recent results indicate that this compound has its own physiology. It functions as an electron carrier in mitochondria. By electronically coupling protein kinase Cδ (PCKδ) with cytochrome c, vitamin A enables the redox activation of this enzyme. This review focuses on the biochemistry and biology of the PCKδ signaling system, comprising PKCδ, the adapter protein p66Shc, cytochrome c and retinol. This complex positively regulates the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme. Vitamin A therefore plays a key role in glycolytic energy generation. The emerging paradigm of retinol as electron-transfer agent is potentially transformative, opening new frontiers in retinoid research.
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Abstract
For the past century, vitamin A has been considered to serve as a precursor for retinoids that facilitate vision or as a precursor for retinoic acid (RA), a signaling molecule that modulates gene expression. However, vitamin A circulates in plasma at levels that far exceed the amount needed for vision or the synthesis of nanomolar levels of RA, and this suggests that vitamin A alcohol (i.e. retinol) may possess additional biological activity. We have pursued this question for the last 20 years, and in this chapter, we unfold the story of our quest and the data that support a novel and distinct role for vitamin A (alcohol) action. Our current model supports direct binding of vitamin A to the activation domains of serine/threonine kinases, such as protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf isoforms, where it is involved in redox activation of these proteins. Redox activation of PKCs was first described by the founders of the PKC field, but several hurdles needed to be overcome before a detailed understanding of the biochemistry could be provided. Two discoveries moved the field forward. First, was the discovery that the PKCδ isoform was activated by cytochrome c, a protein with oxidoreduction activity in mitochondria. Second, was the revelation that both PKCδ and cytochrome c are tethered to p66Shc, an adapter protein that brings the PKC zinc-finger substrate into close proximity with its oxidizing partner. Detailed characterization of the PKCδ signalosome complex was made possible by the work of many investigators. Our contribution was determining that vitamin A is a vital co-factor required to support an unprecedented redox-activation mechanism. This unique function of vitamin A is the first example of a general system that connects the one-electron redox chemistry of a heme protein (cytochrome c) with the two-electron chemistry of a classical phosphoprotein (PKCδ). Furthermore, contributions to the regulation of mitochondrial energetics attest to biological significance of vitamin A alcohol action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hammerling
- Member Emeritus, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 10065, New York, NY, USA.
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McCully KS. Homocysteine Metabolism, Atherosclerosis, and Diseases of Aging. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:471-505. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Casasampere M, Ordoñez YF, Pou A, Casas J. Inhibitors of dihydroceramide desaturase 1: Therapeutic agents and pharmacological tools to decipher the role of dihydroceramides in cell biology. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 197:33-44. [PMID: 26248324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1) is the last enzyme in the de novo synthesis of ceramides (Cer). It catalyzes the insertion of a double bond into dihydroceramides (dhCer) to convert them to Cer, both of which are further metabolized to more complex (dihydro) sphingolipids. For many years dhCer have received poor attention, mainly due to their supposed lack of biological activity. It was not until about ten years ago that the concept that dhCer might have regulatory roles in biology emerged for the first time. Since then, multiple publications have established that dhCer are implicated in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of dhCer have been recently reviewed. In this review we will focus on the biochemical features of Des1 and on its inhibition by different compounds with presumably different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Casasampere
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yadira F Ordoñez
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pou
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Venè R, Cardinali B, Arena G, Ferrari N, Benelli R, Minghelli S, Poggi A, Noonan DM, Albini A, Tosetti F. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates cell death and survival signaling in tumor cells under redox stress. Neoplasia 2015; 16:710-22. [PMID: 25246272 PMCID: PMC4234881 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-specific metabolic adaptations is a promising anticancer strategy when tumor defense mechanisms are restrained. Here, we show that redox-modulating drugs including the retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR), the synthetic triterpenoid bardoxolone (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester), arsenic trioxide (As2O3), and phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), while affecting tumor cell viability, induce sustained Ser9 phosphorylation of the multifunctional kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine decreased GSK3β phosphorylation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage induced by 4HPR, As2O3, and PEITC, implicating oxidative stress in these effects. GSK3β phosphorylation was associated with up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, in particular heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and transient elevation of intracellular glutathione (GSH) in cells surviving acute stress, before occurrence of irreversible damage and death. Genetic inactivation of GSK3β or transfection with the non-phosphorylatable GSK3β-S9A mutant inhibited HO-1 induction under redox stress, while tumor cells resistant to 4HPR exhibited increased GSK3β phosphorylation, HO-1 expression, and GSH levels. The above-listed findings are consistent with a role for sustained GSK3β phosphorylation in a signaling network activating antioxidant effector mechanisms during oxidoreductive stress. These data underlie the importance of combination regimens of antitumor redox drugs with inhibitors of survival signaling to improve control of tumor development and progression and overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Venè
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Barbara Cardinali
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Roberto Benelli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Simona Minghelli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy; Science and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- Infrastruttura Ricerca-Statistica (I-RS), IRCCS Tecnologie Avanzate e Modelli Assistenziali in Oncologia, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia 42123, Italy.
| | - Francesca Tosetti
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova 16132, Italy.
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Siddique MM, Li Y, Chaurasia B, Kaddai VA, Summers SA. Dihydroceramides: From Bit Players to Lead Actors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15371-15379. [PMID: 25947377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.653204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid synthesis involves a highly conserved biosynthetic pathway that produces fundamental precursors of complex sphingolipids. The final reaction involves the insertion of a double bond into dihydroceramides to generate the more abundant ceramides, which are converted to sphingomyelins and glucosylceramides/gangliosides by the addition of polar head groups. Although ceramides have long been known to mediate cellular stress responses, the dihydroceramides that are transiently produced during de novo sphingolipid synthesis were deemed inert. Evidence published in the last few years suggests that these dihydroceramides accumulate to a far greater extent in tissues than previously thought. Moreover, they have biological functions that are distinct and non-overlapping with those of the more prevalent ceramides. Roles are being uncovered in autophagy, hypoxia, and cellular proliferation, and the lipids are now implicated in the etiology, treatment, and/or diagnosis of diabetes, cancer, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. This minireview summarizes recent findings on this emerging class of bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Li
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Vincent A Kaddai
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Scott A Summers
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Vitamin A, cancer treatment and prevention: the new role of cellular retinol binding proteins. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:624627. [PMID: 25879031 PMCID: PMC4387950 DOI: 10.1155/2015/624627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinol and vitamin A derivatives influence cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis and play an important physiologic role in a wide range of biological processes. Retinol is obtained from foods of animal origin. Retinol derivatives are fundamental for vision, while retinoic acid is essential for skin and bone growth. Intracellular retinoid bioavailability is regulated by the presence of specific cytoplasmic retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins (CRBPs and CRABPs). CRBP-1, the most diffuse CRBP isoform, is a small 15 KDa cytosolic protein widely expressed and evolutionarily conserved in many tissues. CRBP-1 acts as chaperone and regulates the uptake, subsequent esterification, and bioavailability of retinol. CRBP-1 plays a major role in wound healing and arterial tissue remodelling processes. In the last years, the role of CRBP-1-related retinoid signalling during cancer progression became object of several studies. CRBP-1 downregulation associates with a more malignant phenotype in breast, ovarian, and nasopharyngeal cancers. Reexpression of CRBP-1 increased retinol sensitivity and reduced viability of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Further studies are needed to explore new therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring CRBP-1-mediated intracellular retinol trafficking and the meaning of CRBP-1 expression in cancer patients' screening for a more personalized and efficacy retinoid therapy.
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Association study between novel CYP26 polymorphisms and the risk of betel quid-related malignant oral disorders. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:160185. [PMID: 25839051 PMCID: PMC4369936 DOI: 10.1155/2015/160185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BQ chewing may produce significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oral mucosa damage, and ROS may be metabolized by CYP26 families. Because the CYP26 polymorphisms associated with malignant oral disorders are not well known, we conducted an association study on the associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of CYP26 families and the risks of malignant oral disorders. BQ chewers with the CYP26A1 rs4411227 C/C+C/G genotype and C allele showed an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.30 and 1.93, respectively). The CYP26B1 rs3768647 G allele may be associated with oral and pharyngeal cancer (aOR = 3.12) and OPMDs (aOR = 2.23). Subjects with the rs9309462 CT genotype and C allele had an increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer (aOR = 9.24 and 8.86, respectively) and OPMDs (aOR = 8.17 and 7.87, respectively). The analysis of joint effects between the CYP26A1 rs4411227 and CYP26B1 rs3768647/rs9309462 polymorphisms revealed statistical significance (aOR = 29.91 and 10.03, respectively). Additionally, we observed a significant mRNA expression of CY26A1 and CYP26B1 in cancerous tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Our findings suggest that novel CYP26 polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of malignant oral disorders, particularly among BQ chewers.
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Boppana NB, Stochaj U, Kodiha M, Bielawska A, Bielawski J, Pierce JS, Korbelik M, Separovic D. Enhanced killing of SCC17B human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells after photodynamic therapy plus fenretinide via the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway and apoptosis. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2003-10. [PMID: 25739041 PMCID: PMC4383026 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because photodynamic therapy (PDT) alone is not always effective as an anticancer treatment, PDT is combined with other anticancer agents for improved efficacy. The clinically-relevant fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide; 4HPR], was combined with the silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc4-mediated PDT to test for their potential to enhance killing of SCC17B cells, a clinically-relevant model of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Because each of these treatments induces apoptosis and regulates the de novo sphingolipid (SL) biosynthesis pathway, the role of ceramide synthase, the pathway-associated enzyme, in PDT+4HPR-induced apoptotic cell death was determined using the ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1 (FB). PDT+4HPR enhanced loss of clonogenicity. zVAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, and FB, protected cells from death post-PDT+4HPR. In contrast, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 inhibitor ABT199 enhanced cell killing after PDT+4HPR. Combining PDT with 4HPR led to FB-sensitive, enhanced Bax associated with mitochondria and cytochrome c redistribution. Mass spectrometry data showed that the accumulation of C16-dihydroceramide, a precursor of ceramide in the de novo SL biosynthesis pathway, was enhanced after PDT+4HPR. Using quantitative confocal microscopy, we found that PDT+4HPR enhanced dihydroceramide/ceramide accumulation in the ER, which was inhibited by FB. The results suggest that SCC17B cells are sensitized to PDT by 4HPR via the de novo SL biosynthesis pathway and apoptosis, and imply potential clinical relevance of the combination for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin B Boppana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1YC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Kodiha
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1YC, Canada
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jason S Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mladen Korbelik
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Duska Separovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Muñiz-Hernández S, Hernández-Pedro N, Macedo-Pérez OE, Arrieta O. Alterations in Retinoic Acid Receptors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Their Clinical Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2015.68072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Barbarroja N, Vidal-Puig A. Dihydroceramide desaturase 1, the gatekeeper of ceramide induced lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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The bioactive lipid 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide inhibits flavivirus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:85-95. [PMID: 25313218 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04177-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a mosquito-borne pathogen and the cause of dengue fever. The increasing prevalence of DENV worldwide heightens the need for an effective vaccine and specific antivirals. Due to the dependence of DENV upon the lipid biosynthetic machinery of the host cell, lipid signaling and metabolism present unique opportunities for inhibiting viral replication. We screened a library of bioactive lipids and modulators of lipid metabolism and identified 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide (4-HPR) (fenretinide) as an inhibitor of DENV in cell culture. 4-HPR inhibits the steady-state accumulation of viral genomic RNA and reduces viremia when orally administered in a murine model of DENV infection. The molecular target responsible for this antiviral activity is distinct from other known inhibitors of DENV but appears to affect other members of the Flaviviridae, including the West Nile, Modoc, and hepatitis C viruses. Although long-chain ceramides have been implicated in DENV replication, we demonstrate that DENV is insensitive to the perturbation of long-chain ceramides in mammalian cell culture and that the effect of 4-HPR on dihydroceramide homeostasis is separable from its antiviral activity. Likewise, the induction of reactive oxygen species by 4-HPR is not required for the inhibition of DENV. The inhibition of DENV in vivo by 4-HPR, combined with its well-established safety and tolerability in humans, suggests that it may be repurposed as a pan-Flaviviridae antiviral agent. This work also illustrates the utility of bioactive lipid screens for identifying critical interactions of DENV and other viral pathogens with host lipid biosynthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction.
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Mody N, Mcilroy GD. The mechanisms of Fenretinide-mediated anti-cancer activity and prevention of obesity and type-2 diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:277-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Expression of a splice variant of CYP26B1 in betel quid-related oral cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:810561. [PMID: 25114974 PMCID: PMC4119653 DOI: 10.1155/2014/810561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) is a psychostimulant, an addictive substance, and a group 1 carcinogen that exhibits the potential to induce adverse health effects. Approximately, 600 million users chew a variety of BQ. Areca nut (AN) is a necessary ingredient in BQ products. Arecoline is the primary alkaloid in the AN and can be metabolized through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Full-length CYP26B1 is related to the development of oral pharyngeal cancers. We investigated whether a splice variant of CYP26B1 is associated with the occurrence of ROS related oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cytotoxicity assays were used to measure the effects of arecoline on cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant. The CYP26B1 splice variant exhibited lower expression than did full-length CYP26B1 in the human gingival fibroblast-1 and Ca9-22 cell models. Increased expression of the CYP26B1 splice variant was observed in human oral cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue, and increased expression was observed in patients at a late tumor stage. Our results suggested that the CYP26B1 splice variant is associated with the occurrence of BQ-related oral cancer.
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Ulukaya E, Sarimahmut M, Cevatemre B, Ari F, Yerlikaya A, Dimas K. Additive enhancement of apoptosis by TRAIL and fenretinide in metastatic breast cancer cells in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:477-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Du Y, Xia Y, Pan X, Chen Z, Wang A, Wang K, Li J, Zhang J. Fenretinide targets chronic myeloid leukemia stem/progenitor cells by regulation of redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1866-80. [PMID: 24021153 PMCID: PMC3967369 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have recently shown that fenretinide preferentially targets CD34(+) cells of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and here, we test whether this agent exerts the effect on CD34(+) cells of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), which are refractory to imatinib. RESULTS As tested by colony-forming cell assays using clinical specimens, both number and size of total colonies derived from CD34(+) CML cells were significantly reduced by fenretinide, and by combining fenretinide with imatinib. In particular, colonies derived from erythroid progenitors and more primitive pluripotent/multipotent progenitors were highly sensitive to fenretinide/fenretinide plus imatinib. Accordantly, fenretinide appeared to induce apoptosis in CD34(+) CML cells, particularly with regard to the cells in the subpopulation of CD34(+)CD38(-). Through cell quiescent assays, including Ki-67 negativity test, we added evidence that nonproliferative CD34(+) CML cells were largely eliminated by fenretinide. Transcriptome and molecular data further showed that mechanisms underlying the apoptosis in CD34(+) CML cells were highly complex, involving multiple events of oxidative stress responses. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION As compared with CD34(+) AML cells, the apoptotic effects of fenretinide on CD34(+) CML cells were more prominent whereas less varied among the samples of different patients, and also various stress-responsive events appeared to be more robust in fenretinide-treated CD34(+) CML cells. Thus, the combination of fenretinide with imatinib may represent a more sophisticated strategy for CML treatment, in which imatinib mainly targets leukemic blast cells through the intrinsic pathway of apopotosis, whereas fenretinide primarily targets CML stem/progenitor cells through the oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Du
- 1 Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM) , Shanghai, China
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