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Zhang T, Li HZ, Li WT, Tian D, Ning YN, Liang X, Tan J, Zhao YH, Luo XM, Feng JX, Zhao S. Kinase POGSK-3β modulates fungal plant polysaccharide-degrading enzyme production and development. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3605-3620. [PMID: 37119203 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum secretes integrative plant polysaccharide-degrading enzymes (PPDEs) applicable to biotechnology. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) mediates various cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, but the regulatory mechanisms of PPDE biosynthesis in filamentous fungi remain poorly understood. In this study, POGSK-3β (POX_c04478), a homolog of GSK-3β in P. oxalicum, was characterised using biochemical, microbiological and omics approaches. Knockdown of POGSK-3β in P. oxalicum using a copper-responsive promoter replacement system led to 53.5 - 63.6%, 79.0 - 92.8% and 76.8 - 94.7% decreases in the production of filter paper cellulase, soluble starch-degrading enzyme and raw starch-degrading enzyme, respectively, compared with the parental strain ΔKu70. POGSK-3β promoted mycelial growth and conidiation. Transcriptomic profiling and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses revealed that POGSK-3β dynamically regulated the expression of genes encoding major PPDEs, as well as fungal development-associated genes. The results broadened our understanding of the regulatory functions of GKS-3β and provided a promising target for genetic engineering to improve PPDE production in filamentous fungi. KEY POINTS: • The roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3β were investigated in P. oxalicum. • POGSK-3β regulated PPDE production, mycelial growth and conidiation. • POGSK-3β controlled the expression of major PPDE genes and regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
- College of Food and Quality Engineering, Nanning University, Nanning, 530200, Guangxi, China
| | - Han-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wen-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Di Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan-Ni Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xue Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Wang Y, Zhu X, Wang J, Shen C, Wang W. Identification of Mycoparasitism-Related Genes against the Phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea via Transcriptome Analysis of Trichoderma harzianum T4. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030324. [PMID: 36983492 PMCID: PMC10055783 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a well-known biological control agent (BCA) that is effective against a variety of plant pathogens. In previous studies, we found that T. harzianum T4 could effectively control the gray mold in tomatoes caused by Botrytis cinerea. However, the research on its biocontrol mechanism is not comprehensive, particularly regarding the mechanism of mycoparasitism. In this study, in order to further investigate the mycoparasitism mechanism of T. harzianum T4, transcriptomic sequencing and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of T. harzianum T4 at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of growth in the cell wall of B. cinerea (BCCW) or a sucrose medium. A total of 2871 DEGs and 2148 novel genes were detected using transcriptome sequencing. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, we identified genes associated with mycoparasitism at specific time periods, such as encoding kinases, signal transduction proteins, carbohydrate active enzymes, hydrolytic enzymes, transporters, antioxidant enzymes, secondary metabolite synthesis, resistance proteins, detoxification genes and genes associated with extended hyphal longevity. To validate the transcriptome data, RT-qCPR was performed on the transcriptome samples. The RT-qPCR results show that the expression trend of the genes was consistent with the RNA-Seq data. In order to validate the screened genes associated with mycoparasitism, we performed a dual-culture antagonism test on T. harzianum and B. cinerea. The results of the dual-culture RT-qPCR showed that 15 of the 24 genes were upregulated during and after contact between T. harzianum T4 and B. cinerea (the same as BCCW), which further confirmed that these genes were involved in the mycoparasitism of T. harzianum T4. In conclusion, the transcriptome data provided in this study will not only improve the annotation information of gene models in T. harzianum T4 genome, but also provide important transcriptome information regarding the process of mycoparasitism at specific time periods, which can help us to further understand the mechanism of mycoparasitism, thus providing a potential molecular target for T. harzianum T4 as a biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaochong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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3
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Chen J, Ye Y, Chi Y, Hao X, Zhao Q. Transcriptomics and co-expression network analysis revealing candidate genes for the laccase activity of Trametes gibbosa. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:29. [PMID: 36703110 PMCID: PMC9878871 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trametes gibbosa, which is a white-rot fungus of the Polyporaceae family found in the cold temperate zone, causes spongy white rot on wood. Laccase can oxidize benzene homologs and is one of the important oxidases for white rot fungi to degrade wood. However, the pathway of laccase synthesis in white rot fungi is unknown. RESULTS The peak value of laccase activity reached 135.75 U/min/L on the 9th day. For laccase activity and RNA-seq data, gene expression was segmented into 24 modules. Turquoise and blue modules had greater associations with laccase activity (positively 0.94 and negatively -0.86, respectively). For biology function, these genes were concentrated on the cell cycle, citrate cycle, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism, succinate dehydrogenase activity, flavin adenine dinucleotide binding, and oxidoreductase activity which are highly related to the laccase synthetic pathway. Among them, gene_8826 (MW199767), gene_7458 (MW199766), gene_61 (MW199765), gene_1741 (MH257605), and gene_11087 (MK805159) were identified as central genes. CONCLUSION Laccase activity steadily increased in wood degradation. Laccase oxidation consumes oxygen to produce hydrogen ions and water during the degradation of wood. Some of the hydrogen ions produced can be combined by Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to form reduced Flavin dinucleotide (FADH2), which can be transmitted. Also, the fungus was starved of oxygen throughout fermentation, and the NADH and FADH2 are unable to transfer hydrogen under hypoxia, resulting in the inability of NAD and FAD to regenerate and inhibit the tricarboxylic acid cycle of cells. These key hub genes related to laccase activity play important roles in the molecular mechanisms of laccase synthesis for exploring industrial excellent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- grid.412246.70000 0004 1789 9091Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China ,grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yi Ye
- grid.412246.70000 0004 1789 9091Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujie Chi
- grid.412246.70000 0004 1789 9091Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Hao
- grid.412246.70000 0004 1789 9091Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingquan Zhao
- grid.412246.70000 0004 1789 9091Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Xiao J, Zhang Y, Yang K, Tang Y, Wei L, Liu E, Liang Z. Protein kinase Ime2 is associated with mycelial growth, conidiation, osmoregulation, and pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:455. [PMID: 35788908 PMCID: PMC9252944 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum is one of the most serious diseases impairing watermelon yield and quality. Inducer of meiosis 2 (Ime2) is the founding member of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases and plays important roles in yeasts and other filamentous fungi. In this study, we analyzed the functions of FoIme2, the ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ime2 in F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum. The FoIme2-deleted mutants exhibited obvious morphological abnormalities, including slower vegetative growth, more branches in the edge hyphae and a reduction in conidia production. Compared to the wild type, the mutants were hypersensitive to the osmotic stressor NaCl but were more insensitive to the membrane stressor SDS. The deletion of FoIme2 also caused a reduction in pathogenicity. Transcriptional analysis revealed that FoIme2 acts downstream of FoOpy2 which is an upstream sensor of the MAPK kinase cascade. These results indicate that FoIme2 is important in the development and pathogenicity of F. oxysporum, and provide new insight for the analysis of the pathogenic mechanism of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China.,Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yanying Tang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Erming Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Zhihuai Liang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Changsha, 410125, China.
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Li Y, Yu J, Zhang P, Long T, Mo Y, Li J, Li Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Trichoderma reesei reveals different gene regulatory networks induced by synthetic mixtures of glucose and β-disaccharide. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:57. [PMID: 38650287 PMCID: PMC10991369 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mixture of glucose and β-disaccharide (MGD) synthesized by transglycosylation of glucose as a low-cost soluble carbon source can efficiently induce cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei, which holds potential for the biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass. However, it is not yet fully understood how MGD induces T. reesei cellulase. In this study, transcriptomic analyses were conducted to investigate the molecular basis of MGD for lignocellulose-degrading enzyme production of T. reesei Rut C30 compared with that on lactose. Particular attention was paid to CAZymes, transcription factors, transporters and other protein processing pathways related to lignocellulose degradation. As a result, MGD can elicit transcription of GH5-, GH6- and GH7-encoding cellulases that is up to 1.4-fold higher than that induced by lactose, but GH11- and GH74-encoding xylanases are downregulated by 1.7- and 4.4-fold, respectively. Gene expression profiles suggest that the transcription activators xyr1 and vib1 are significantly upregulated and that the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is strengthened compared to the case of lactose induction. In addition, hac1-encoding UPR-specific transcription factors are significantly upregulated by MGD, which may be enhanced due to proper folding and processing of nascent proteins. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the characterization of efficient cellulase production using MGD as an inducer in T. reesei and offer potential strategies for strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jingze Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Tingting Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yi Mo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Jianghong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qian Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Pedersoli WR, de Paula RG, Antoniêto ACC, Carraro CB, Taveira IC, Maués DB, Martins MP, Ribeiro LFC, Damasio ARDL, Silva-Rocha R, Filho AR, Silva RN. Analysis of the phosphorylome of trichoderma reesei cultivated on sugarcane bagasse suggests post-translational regulation of the secreted glycosyl hydrolase Cel7A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 31:e00652. [PMID: 34258241 PMCID: PMC8254082 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylome of Trichoderma reesei reveals phosphosites in some glycosyl hydrolases. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine is the major phosphosites identified. Protein Kinase C is the most frequently predicted kinase in phosphorylome. The cellulase Cel7A activity is affected by dephosphorylation.
Trichoderma reesei is one of the major producers of holocellulases. It is known that in T. reesei, protein production patterns can change in a carbon source-dependent manner. Here, we performed a phosphorylome analysis of T. reesei grown in the presence of sugarcane bagasse and glucose as carbon source. In presence of sugarcane bagasse, a total of 114 phosphorylated proteins were identified. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine corresponded to 89.6% of the phosphosites and 10.4% were related to phosphotyrosine. Among the identified proteins, 65% were singly phosphorylated, 19% were doubly phosphorylated, 12% were triply phosphorylated, and 4% displayed even higher phosphorylation. Seventy-five kinases were predicted to phosphorylate the sites identified in this work, and the most frequently predicted serine/threonine kinase was PKC1. Among phosphorylated proteins, four glycosyl hydrolases were predicted to be secreted. Interestingly, Cel7A activity, the most secreted protein, was reduced to approximately 60% after in vitro dephosphorylation, suggesting that phosphorylation might alter Cel7A structure, substrate affinity, and targeting of the substrate to its carbohydrate-binding domain. These results suggest a novel post-translational regulation of Cel7A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Ramos Pedersoli
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29047-105, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Campos Antoniêto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Batista Carraro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Iasmin Cartaxo Taveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - David Batista Maués
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maíra Pompeu Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Liliane Fraga Costa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - André Ricardo de Lima Damasio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva-Rocha
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antônio Rossi Filho
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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Sukumaran RK, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Sreeja-Raju A, Mathew RM, Sankar M, Puthiyamadam A, Adarsh VP, Aswathi A, Rebinro V, Abraham A, Pandey A. Addressing challenges in production of cellulases for biomass hydrolysis: Targeted interventions into the genetics of cellulase producing fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124746. [PMID: 33610429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are the favoured feedstock for biorefineries due to their abundant availability and non-completion with food. Biobased technologies for refining these materials are limited mainly by the cost of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes, typically sourced from filamentous fungi. Therefore, considerable efforts have been directed at improving the quantity and quality of secreted lignocellulose degrading enzymes from fungi in order to attain overall economic viability. Process improvements and media engineering probably have reached their thresholds and further production enhancements require modifying the fungal metabolism to improve production and secretion of these enzymes. This review focusses on the types and mechanisms of action of known fungal biomass degrading enzymes, our current understanding of the genetic control exerted on their expression, and possible routes for intervention, especially on modulating catabolite repression, transcriptional regulators, signal transduction, secretion pathways etc., in order to improve enzyme productivity, activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
| | - Meera Christopher
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Reshma M Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Velayudhanpillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Aswathi Aswathi
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Valan Rebinro
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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8
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Liu KH, Shen WC. Sexual Differentiation Is Coordinately Regulated by Cryptococcus neoformans CRK1 and GAT1. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060669. [PMID: 32575488 PMCID: PMC7349709 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterothallic basidiomycetous fungus Cryptococcus neoformans has two mating types, MATa and MATα. Morphological progression of bisexual reproduction in C. neoformans is as follows: yeast to hyphal transition, filament extension, basidium formation, meiosis, and sporulation. C. neoformans Cdk-related kinase 1 (CRK1) is a negative regulator of bisexual mating. In this study, we characterized the morphological features of mating structures in the crk1 mutant and determined the genetic interaction of CRK1 in the regulatory networks of sexual differentiation. In the bilateral crk1 mutant cross, despite shorter length of filaments than in the wild-type cross, dikaryotic filaments and other structures still remained intact during bisexual mating, but the timing of basidium formation was approximately 18 h earlier than in the cross between wild type strains. Furthermore, gene expression analyses revealed that CRK1 modulated the expression of genes involved in the progression of hyphal elongation, basidium formation, karyogamy and meiosis. Phenotypic results showed that, although deletion of C. neoformans CRK1 gene increased the efficiency of bisexual mating, filamentation in the crk1 mutant was blocked by MAT2 or ZNF2 mutation. A bioinformatics survey predicted the C. neoformans GATA transcriptional factor Gat1 as a potential substrate of Crk1 kinase. Our genetic and phenotypic findings revealed that C. neoformansGAT1 and CRK1 formed a regulatory circuit to negatively regulate MAT2 to control filamentation progression and transition during bisexual mating.
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Xie M, Bai N, Yang J, Jiang K, Zhou D, Zhao Y, Li D, Niu X, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Protein Kinase Ime2 Is Required for Mycelial Growth, Conidiation, Osmoregulation, and Pathogenicity in Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3065. [PMID: 31993040 PMCID: PMC6971104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducer of meiosis 2 (Ime2), a protein kinase that has been identified in diverse fungal species, functions in the regulation of various cellular processes, such as ascospore formation, pseudohyphal growth, and sexual reproduction. In this study, AoIme2, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ime2, was characterized in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Disruption of the gene Aoime2 caused defective growth, with slower mycelial growth in ΔAoime2 mutants than the wild type (WT) strain, and in the mutants, the number of hyphal septa in mycelia was higher and the number of cell nuclei in mycelia and conidia was considerably lower than in the WT strain. The conidial yields of the ΔAoime2 mutants were decreased by ∼33% relative to the WT strain, and the transcription of several sporulation-related genes, including abaA, fluG, rodA, aspB, velB, and vosA, was markedly downregulated during the conidiation stage. The ΔAoime2 mutants were highly sensitive to the osmotic stressors NaCl and sorbitol, and the cell wall of partial hyphae in the mutants was deformed. Further examination revealed that the cell wall of the traps produced by ΔAoime2 mutants became loose, and that the electron-dense bodies in trap cells were also few than in the WT strain. Moreover, Aoime2 disruption caused a reduction in trap formation and serine-protease production, and most hyphal traps produced by ΔAoime2 mutants did not form an intact hyphal loop; consequently, substantially fewer nematodes were captured by the mutants than by the WT strain. In summary, an Ime2-MAPK is identified here for the first time from a nematode-trapping fungus, and the kinase is shown to be involved in the regulation of mycelial growth and development, conidiation, osmolarity, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong, China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangliu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Duanxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Dongni Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Lin L, Wang S, Li X, He Q, Benz JP, Tian C. STK-12 acts as a transcriptional brake to control the expression of cellulase-encoding genes in Neurospora crassa. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008510. [PMID: 31765390 PMCID: PMC6901240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulolytic fungi have evolved a complex regulatory network to maintain the precise balance of nutrients required for growth and hydrolytic enzyme production. When fungi are exposed to cellulose, the transcript levels of cellulase genes rapidly increase and then decline. However, the mechanisms underlying this bell-shaped expression pattern are unclear. We systematically screened a protein kinase deletion set in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa to search for mutants exhibiting aberrant expression patterns of cellulase genes. We observed that the loss of stk-12 (NCU07378) caused a dramatic increase in cellulase production and an extended period of high transcript abundance of major cellulase genes. These results suggested that stk-12 plays a critical role as a brake to turn down the transcription of cellulase genes to repress the overexpression of hydrolytic enzymes and prevent energy wastage. Transcriptional profiling analyses revealed that cellulase gene expression levels were maintained at high levels for 56 h in the Δstk-12 mutant, compared to only 8 h in the wild-type (WT) strain. After growth on cellulose for 3 days, the transcript levels of cellulase genes in the Δstk-12 mutant were 3.3-fold over WT, and clr-2 (encoding a transcriptional activator) was up-regulated in Δstk-12 while res-1 and rca-1 (encoding two cellulase repressors) were down-regulated. Consequently, total cellulase production in the Δstk-12 mutant was 7-fold higher than in the WT. These results strongly suggest that stk-12 deletion results in dysregulation of the cellulase expression machinery. Further analyses showed that STK-12 directly targets IGO-1 to regulate cellulase production. The TORC1 pathway promoted cellulase production, at least partly, by inhibiting STK-12 function, and STK-12 and CRE-1 functioned in parallel pathways to repress cellulase gene expression. Our results clarify how cellulase genes are repressed at the transcriptional level during cellulose induction, and highlight a new strategy to improve industrial fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - J. Philipp Benz
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz, Freising, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Advanced Study, Lichtenbergstr, Garching, Germany
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Novy V, Nielsen F, Seiboth B, Nidetzky B. The influence of feedstock characteristics on enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei: a review on productivity, gene regulation and secretion profiles. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:238. [PMID: 31624500 PMCID: PMC6781402 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biorefineries, designed for the production of lignocellulose-based chemicals and fuels, are receiving increasing attention from the public, governments, and industries. A major obstacle for biorefineries to advance to commercial scale is the high cost of the enzymes required to derive the fermentable sugars from the feedstock used. As summarized in this review, techno-economic studies suggest co-localization and integration of enzyme manufacturing with the cellulosic biorefinery as the most promising alternative to alleviate this problem. Thus, cultivation of Trichoderma reesei, the principal producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes, on the lignocellulosic biomass processed on-site can reduce the cost of enzyme manufacturing. Further, due to a complex gene regulation machinery, the fungus can adjust the gene expression of the lignocellulolytic enzymes towards the characteristics of the feedstock, increasing the hydrolytic efficiency of the produced enzyme cocktail. Despite extensive research over decades, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not fully elucidated. One aspect that has received relatively little attention in literature is the influence the characteristics of a lignocellulosic substrate, i.e., its chemical and physical composition, has on the produced enzyme mixture. Considering that the fungus is dependent on efficient enzymatic degradation of the lignocellulose for continuous supply of carbon and energy, a relationship between feedstock characteristics and secretome composition can be expected. The aim of this review was to systematically collect, appraise, and aggregate data and integrate results from studies analyzing enzyme production by T. reesei on insoluble cellulosic model substrates and lignocellulosic biomass. The results show that there is a direct effect of the substrate's complexity (rated by structure, composition of the lignin-carbohydrate complex, and recalcitrance in enzymatic saccharification) on enzyme titers and the composition of specific activities in the secretome. It further shows that process-related factors, such as substrate loading and cultivation set-up, are direct targets for increasing enzyme yields. The literature on transcriptome and secretome composition further supports the proposed influence of substrate-related factors on the expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes. This review provides insights into the interrelation between the characteristics of the substrate and the enzyme production by T. reesei, which may help to advance integrated enzyme manufacturing of substrate-specific enzymes cocktails at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fredrik Nielsen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) GmbH, Graz, Austria
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12
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Zhang F, Bunterngsook B, Li JX, Zhao XQ, Champreda V, Liu CG, Bai FW. Regulation and production of lignocellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei for biofuels production. ADVANCES IN BIOENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aibe.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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The Duality of the MAPK Signaling Pathway in the Control of Metabolic Processes and Cellulase Production in Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14931. [PMID: 30297963 PMCID: PMC6175961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, through global transcriptional analysis by RNA-Sequencing, we identified the main changes in gene expression that occurred in two functional mutants of the MAPK genes tmk1 and tmk2 in Trichoderma reesei during sugarcane bagasse degradation. We found that the proteins encoded by these genes regulated independent processes, sometimes in a cross-talk manner, to modulate gene expression in T. reesei. In the Δtmk2 strain, growth in sugarcane bagasse modulated the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth and development, and G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated cell signaling. On the other hand, deletion of tmk1 led to decreased expression of the major genes for cellulases and xylanases. Furthermore, TMK1 found to be involved in the regulation of the expression of major facilitator superfamily transporters. Our results revealed that the MAPK signaling pathway in T. reesei regulates many important processes that allow the fungus to recognize, transport, and metabolize different carbon sources during plant cell wall degradation.
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14
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New Genomic Approaches to Enhance Biomass Degradation by the Industrial Fungus Trichoderma reesei. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:1974151. [PMID: 30345291 PMCID: PMC6174759 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1974151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei is one of the most well-studied cellulolytic microorganisms. It is the most important fungus for the industrial production of enzymes to biomass deconstruction being widely used in the biotechnology industry, mainly in the production of biofuels. Here, we performed an analytic review of the holocellulolytic system presented by T. reesei as well as the transcriptional and signaling mechanisms involved with holocellulase expression in this fungus. We also discuss new perspectives about control of secretion and cellulase expression based on RNA-seq and functional characterization data of T. reesei growth in different carbon sources, which comprise glucose, cellulose, sophorose, and sugarcane bagasse.
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15
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Gao F, Hao Z, Sun X, Qin L, Zhao T, Liu W, Luo H, Yao B, Su X. A versatile system for fast screening and isolation of Trichoderma reesei cellulase hyperproducers based on DsRed and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:261. [PMID: 30258495 PMCID: PMC6151939 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the biofuel industry, cellulase plays an indispensable role in hydrolyzing cellulose into fermentable glucose. Trichoderma reesei is a popular filamentous fungus with prominent ability to produce cellulase. While classical mutagenesis and modern multiplex genome engineering are both effective ways to improve cellulase production, successful obtaining of strains with improved cellulase-producing ability requires screening a large number of strains, which is time-consuming and labor intensive. RESULTS Herein, we developed a versatile method coupling expression of the red fluorescence protein (DsRed) in T. reesei and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) of germinated spores. This method was first established by expressing DsRed intracellularly under the control of the major cellulase cbh1 promoter in T. reesei, which allowed us to rapidly isolate cellulase hyperproducers from T. reesei progenies transformed with a dedicated transcriptional activator ace3 and from an atmospheric and room temperature plasma-created mutant T. reesei library. Since intracellularly expressed DsRed was expected to isolate mutations mainly affecting cellulase transcription, this method was further improved by displaying DsRed on the T. reesei cell surface, enabling isolation of strains with beneficial genetic alterations (overexpressing hac1 and bip1) affecting regulatory stages beyond transcription. Using this method, T. reesei cellulase hyperproducers were also successfully isolated from an Agrobacterium-mediated random insertional mutant library. CONCLUSIONS The coupled DsRed-FACS high-throughput screening method proved to be an effective strategy for fast isolation of T. reesei cellulase hyperproducers and could also be applied in other industrially important filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenzhen Hao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Sun
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Qin
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Weiquan Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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16
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Wang M, Zhang M, Li L, Dong Y, Jiang Y, Liu K, Zhang R, Jiang B, Niu K, Fang X. Role of Trichoderma reesei mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in cellulase formation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:99. [PMID: 28435444 PMCID: PMC5397809 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being the most important cellulase producer, the cellulase-regulating carbon source signal transduction processes in Trichoderma reesei are largely unknown. Elucidating these processes is the key for unveiling how external carbon sources regulate cellulase formation, and ultimately for the improvement of cellulase production and biofuel production from lignocellulose. RESULTS In this work, the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways on cellulase formation was investigated. The deletion of yeast FUS3-like tmk1 in T. reesei leads to improved growth and significantly improved cellulase formation. However, tmk1 deletion has no effect on the transcription of cellulase-coding genes. The involvement of the cell wall integrity maintenance governing yeast Slt2-like Tmk2 in cellulase formation was investigated by overexpressing tmk3 in T. reesei Δtmk2 to restore cell wall integrity. Transcriptional analysis found little changes in cellulase-coding genes between T. reesei parent, Δtmk2, and Δtmk2::OEtmk3 strains. Cell wall integrity decreased in T. reesei Δtmk2 over the parent strain and restored in Δtmk2::OEtmk3. Meanwhile, cellulase formation is increased in T. reesei Δtmk2 and then decreased in T. reesei Δtmk2::OEtmk3. CONCLUSIONS These investigations elucidate the role of Tmk1 and Tmk2 on cellulase formation: they repress cellulase formation, respectively, by repressing growth and maintaining cell wall integrity, while neither MAPK regulates the transcription of cellulase-coding genes. This work, together with the previous investigations, suggests that all MAPKs are involved in cellulase formation, while Tmk3 is the only MAPK involved in signal transduction for the regulation of cellulase expression on the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kuimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baojie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kangle Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zhang F, Bai F, Zhao X. Enhanced cellulase production from Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 by engineering with an artificial zinc finger protein library. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1282-1290. [PMID: 27578229 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 is a well-known cellulase producer, and improvement of its cellulase production is of great interest. An artificial zinc finger protein (AZFP) library is constructed for expression in T. reesei Rut-C30, and a mutant strain T. reesei U3 is selected based on its enhanced cellulase production. The U3 mutant shows a 55% rise in filter paper activity and 8.1-fold increased β-glucosidase activity, when compared to the native strain T. reesei Rut-C30. It is demonstrated that enhanced β-glucosidase activity was due to elevated transcription level of β-glucosidase gene in the U3 mutant. Moreover, significant elevation in transcription levels of several putative Azfp-U3 target genes is detected in the U3 mutant, including genes encoding hypothetical transcription factors and a putative glycoside hydrolase. Furthermore, U3 cellulase shows 115% higher glucose yield from pretreated corn stover, when compared to the cellulase of T. reesei Rut-C30. These results demonstrate that AZFP can be used to improve cellulase production in T. reesei Rut-C30. Our current work offers the establishment of an alternative strategy to develop fungal cell factories for improved production of high value industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Fengwu Bai
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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The Post-genomic Era of Trichoderma reesei: What's Next? Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:970-982. [PMID: 27394390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ascomycete Trichoderma reesei is one of the most well studied cellulolytic microorganisms. This fungus is widely used in the biotechnology industry, mainly in the production of biofuels. Due to its importance, its genome was sequenced in 2008, opening new avenues to study this microorganism. In this 'post-genomic' era, a transcriptomic and proteomic era has emerged. Here, we present an overview of new findings in the gene expression regulation network of T. reesei. We also discuss new rational strategies to obtain mutants that produce hydrolytic enzymes with a higher yield, using metabolic engineering. Finally, we present how synthetic biology strategies can be used to create engineered promoters to efficiently synthesize enzymes for biomass degradation to produce bioethanol.
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Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP. Familiar Stranger: Ecological Genomics of the Model Saprotroph and Industrial Enzyme Producer Trichoderma reesei Breaks the Stereotypes. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 95:69-147. [PMID: 27261782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) has properties of an efficient cell factory for protein production that is exploited by the enzyme industry, particularly with respect to cellulase and hemicellulase formation. Under conditions of industrial fermentations it yields more than 100g secreted protein L(-1). Consequently, T. reesei has been intensively studied in the 20th century. Most of these investigations focused on the biochemical characteristics of its cellulases and hemicellulases, on the improvement of their properties by protein engineering, and on enhanced enzyme production by recombinant strategies. However, as the fungus is rare in nature, its ecology remained unknown. The breakthrough in the understanding of the fundamental biology of T. reesei only happened during 2000s-2010s. In this review, we compile the current knowledge on T. reesei ecology, physiology, and genomics to present a holistic view on the natural behavior of the organism. This is not only critical for science-driven further improvement of the biotechnological applications of this fungus, but also renders T. reesei as an attractive model of filamentous fungi with superior saprotrophic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Druzhinina
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - C P Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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