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Gong L, Lin Y. Microfluidics in smart food safety. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 111:305-354. [PMID: 39103216 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of food safety practices is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by a growing global population and increasingly complex food supply chains. Traditional methods are often labor-intensive, time-consuming, and susceptible to human error. This chapter explores the transformative potential of integrating microfluidics into smart food safety protocols. Microfluidics, involving the manipulation of small fluid volumes within microscale channels, offers a sophisticated platform for developing miniaturized devices capable of complex tasks. Combined with sensors, actuators, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, smart microfluidic systems enable real-time data acquisition, analysis, and decision-making. These systems enhance control, automation, and adaptability, making them ideal for detecting contaminants, pathogens, and chemical residues in food products. The chapter covers the fundamentals of microfluidics, its integration with smart technologies, and its applications in food safety, addressing the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Gong
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States.
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Ajalik RE, Alenchery RG, Cognetti JS, Zhang VZ, McGrath JL, Miller BL, Awad HA. Human Organ-on-a-Chip Microphysiological Systems to Model Musculoskeletal Pathologies and Accelerate Therapeutic Discovery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:846230. [PMID: 35360391 PMCID: PMC8964284 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.846230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Microphysiological Systems (hMPS), otherwise known as organ- and tissue-on-a-chip models, are an emerging technology with the potential to replace in vivo animal studies with in vitro models that emulate human physiology at basic levels. hMPS platforms are designed to overcome limitations of two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems by mimicking 3D tissue organization and microenvironmental cues that are physiologically and clinically relevant. Unlike animal studies, hMPS models can be configured for high content or high throughput screening in preclinical drug development. Applications in modeling acute and chronic injuries in the musculoskeletal system are slowly developing. However, the complexity and load bearing nature of musculoskeletal tissues and joints present unique challenges related to our limited understanding of disease mechanisms and the lack of consensus biomarkers to guide biological therapy development. With emphasis on examples of modeling musculoskeletal tissues, joints on chips, and organoids, this review highlights current trends of microphysiological systems technology. The review surveys state-of-the-art design and fabrication considerations inspired by lessons from bioreactors and biological variables emphasizing the role of induced pluripotent stem cells and genetic engineering in creating isogenic, patient-specific multicellular hMPS. The major challenges in modeling musculoskeletal tissues using hMPS chips are identified, including incorporating biological barriers, simulating joint compartments and heterogenous tissue interfaces, simulating immune interactions and inflammatory factors, simulating effects of in vivo loading, recording nociceptors responses as surrogates for pain outcomes, modeling the dynamic injury and healing responses by monitoring secreted proteins in real time, and creating arrayed formats for robotic high throughput screens. Overcoming these barriers will revolutionize musculoskeletal research by enabling physiologically relevant, predictive models of human tissues and joint diseases to accelerate and de-risk therapeutic discovery and translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E. Ajalik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rahul G. Alenchery
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - John S. Cognetti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Victor Z. Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Hani A. Awad,
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Abstract
Microfluidic devices developed over the past decade feature greater intricacy, increased performance requirements, new materials, and innovative fabrication methods. Consequentially, new algorithmic and design approaches have been developed to introduce optimization and computer-aided design to microfluidic circuits: from conceptualization to specification, synthesis, realization, and refinement. The field includes the development of new description languages, optimization methods, benchmarks, and integrated design tools. Here, recent advancements are reviewed in the computer-aided design of flow-, droplet-, and paper-based microfluidics. A case study of the design of resistive microfluidic networks is discussed in detail. The review concludes with perspectives on the future of computer-aided microfluidics design, including the introduction of cloud computing, machine learning, new ideation processes, and hybrid optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elishai Ezra Tsur
- Neuro-Biomorphic Engineering Lab (NBEL), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel;
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Mercer C, Bennett R, Conghaile PÓ, Rusling JF, Leech D. Glucose biosensor based on open-source wireless microfluidic potentiostat. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2019; 290:616-624. [PMID: 32395016 PMCID: PMC7213535 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wireless potentiostats capable of cyclic voltammetry and amperometry that connect to the Internet are emerging as key attributes of future point-of-care devices. This work presents an "integrated microfluidic electrochemical detector" (iMED) three-electrode multi-potentiostat designed around operational amplifiers connected to a powerful WiFi-based microcontroller as a promising alternative to more expensive and complex strategies reported in the literature. The iMED is integrated with a microfluidic system developed to be controlled by the same microcontroller. The iMED is programmed wirelessly over a standard WiFi network and all electrochemical data is uploaded to an open-source cloud-based server. A wired desktop computer is not necessary for operation or program uploading. This method of integrated microfluidic automation is simple, uses common and inexpensive materials, and is compatible with commercial sample injectors. An integrated biosensor platform contains four screen-printed carbon arrays inside 4 separate microfluidic detection chambers with Pt counter and pseudo Ag/AgCl reference electrodes in situ. The iMED is benchmarked with K3[Fe(CN)6] against a commercial potentiostat and then as a glucose biosensor using glucose-oxidising films of [Os(2,2'-bipyridine)2(polyvinylimidazole)10Cl] prepared on screen-printed electrodes with multi walled carbon nanotubes, poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Potential application of this cost-effective wireless potentiostat approach to modern bioelectronics and point-of-care diagnosis is demonstrated by production of glucose oxidation currents, under pseudo-physiological conditions, using mediating films with lower redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan Mercer
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Bennett
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Ó. Conghaile
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - James F. Rusling
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Centre, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Dónal Leech
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Nesakumar N, Kesavan S, Li CZ, Alwarappan S. Microfluidic Electrochemical Devices for Biosensing. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ezra Tsur E, Zimerman M, Maor I, Elrich A, Nahmias Y. Microfluidic Concentric Gradient Generator Design for High-Throughput Cell-Based Studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28447031 PMCID: PMC5388772 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gradients of diffusible signaling molecules play important role in various processes, ranging from cell differentiation to toxicological evaluation. Microfluidic technology provides an accurate control of tempospatial conditions. However, current microfluidic platforms are not designed to handle multiple gradients and cell populations simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a rapidly adaptable microfluidic design able to expose multiple cell populations to an array of chemical gradients. Our design is based on pressure-equilibrated concentric channels and a pressure-dissipating control layer, facilitating the seeding of multiple cell populations in a single device. The design was numerically evaluated and experimentally validated. The device consists of 8 radiating stimuli channels and 12 circular cell culture channels, creating an array of 96 different continuous gradients that can be simultaneously monitored over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elishai Ezra Tsur
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Neuro-Biomorphic Engineering Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Zimerman
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Idan Maor
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avner Elrich
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Real-time monitoring of metabolic function in liver-on-chip microdevices tracks the dynamics of mitochondrial dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2231-40. [PMID: 27044092 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522556113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology aims to replace animal toxicity testing, but thus far has demonstrated few advantages over traditional methods. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the development of chemical and pharmaceutical toxicity, as well as pluripotency and disease processes. However, current methods to evaluate mitochondrial activity still rely on end-point assays, resulting in limited kinetic and prognostic information. Here, we present a liver-on-chip device capable of maintaining human tissue for over a month in vitro under physiological conditions. Mitochondrial respiration was monitored in real time using two-frequency phase modulation of tissue-embedded phosphorescent microprobes. A computer-controlled microfluidic switchboard allowed contiguous electrochemical measurements of glucose and lactate, providing real-time analysis of minute shifts from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis, an early indication of mitochondrial stress. We quantify the dynamics of cellular adaptation to mitochondrial damage and the resulting redistribution of ATP production during rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and troglitazone (Rezulin)-induced mitochondrial stress. We show troglitazone shifts metabolic fluxes at concentrations previously regarded as safe, suggesting a mechanism for its observed idiosyncratic effect. Our microfluidic platform reveals the dynamics and strategies of cellular adaptation to mitochondrial damage, a unique advantage of organ-on-chip technology.
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