Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis Supported Ionic Liquid as a Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3-Aryl-2-oxazolidinones from Carbon Dioxide, Epoxide, Anilines

Sulfonated magnetic spirulina nanobiomaterial as a novel and environmentally friendly catalyst for the synthesis of dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones in aqueous medium

Spirulina algae is an excellent candidate for catalyst preparation due to its reactive functional groups, cost-effectiveness, widespread commercial accessibility, and biodegradability. In this study, magnetized Spirulina was used for the synthesis of dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones (DHQZs) as catalyst. Magnetized Spirulina was produced by CoFe2O4 and sulfonation method using chlorosulfonic acid to create the catalyst [CoFe2O4-Sp-SO3H]. It was affirmed by various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and elemental mapping techniques. DHQZs synthesis was accomplished through a concise one-pot, three-component reaction involving a range of diverse aldehydes, isatoic anhydride, and primary aromatic amine, within an aqueous medium. The method offers several advantages, including using green conditions, the generation of several new 2-furan-quinazolinone derivatives, chromatography-free purification, short reaction times, appropriate yield of product (75-96%), and catalyst recyclability. The proposed catalyst and water as solvent demonstrated a strong synergistic effect, leading to the prosperous synthesis of various novel dihydroquinazolinones at 60 °C. These numerous benefits make our approach highly attractive for academic research and industrial applications.

Cooperative Catalysis of Ru(III)-Porphyrin in CO2 -Involved Synthesis of Oxazolidinones

CO₂ -transformations into high value-added products have become a fascinating area in green chemistry. Herein, a Ru(III)-porphyrin catalyst (RuCl₃  ⋅ 3H₂ O-H₂ TPP) was found highly efficient in the three-component reaction of CO₂ , aliphatic amines and dichloroethane (or its derivative) for synthesis of oxazolidinones in the yields of 71∼91%. It was indicated by means of the control experiments and UV-vis spectra that CO₂ was stoichiometrically activated by the involved aliphatic amine substrates to form a stable carbamate salt while 1,2-dichloroethane (or its derivative) was independently activated by the involved Ru(III)-porphyrin catalyst. The combination of CO₂ -activation by aliphatic amines with 1,2-dichloroethane activation by Ru(III)-porphyrin catalyst cooperatively contributed to this successful transformation.

Dendritic fibrous nanosilica-supported dendritic IL/Ru(ii) as photocatalysts for the dicarbofunctionalization of styrenes with carbon dioxide and amines

The effectual utilization of heterogeneous catalysts from nano sources through chemical moderation for the α-aminomethylcarboxylation of alkenes with carbon dioxide and amines is an attractive area to study. Dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS) is a cost-effective, resistant, plenteous, and reproducible source with dandelion-like fibrous anatomy. The present paper is a report on an easy method to provide a family of new DFNS-supported dendritic imidazolium IL/Ru(ii) heterogeneous catalysts DFNS/IL/Ru (1-3) with high ionic density from DFNS. A positive dendritic effect was perceived in the chemical stabilization performance of CO2. DFNS/IL/Ru(ii) was appropriately identified by UV-vis spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, TEM, FT-IR spectroscopy, and TGA. It was discovered that DFNS/IL/Ru(ii) has high catalytic activity for the synthesis of quinoline-2-one through the annulation of ortho-heteroaryl anilines and CO2. DFNS/IL/Ru (3) could be reutilized ten continuous times with no notable reduction in the catalytic activity. Notably, the coveted quinoline-2-one was prepared on a multi-gram scale by deploying DFNS/IL/Ru (3) as a green heterogeneous catalyst. Owing to the attendance of the zwitterionic liquid functional groups on the exterior layer of the bio-based DFNS/IL/Ru (3) catalyst, DFNS/IL/Ru (3) expressed the highest catalytic activity. This approach provides highly functional γ-amino acids in proper yields with great selective power. This paper announces the first nanocatalyst for this transformation, comprising the DFNS-supported Ru N-heterocyclic carbine complex.

Control of the synthesis and morphology of nano dendritic CuAl2O4 as a nanocatalyst for photoredox-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of styrenes with amines and CO2

Various morphologies of a nano CuAl₂O₄ fiber microsphere were produced through diverse synthesis situations.

Reaction Mechanism of CO2 and Styrene Oxide Catalyzed by Ionic Liquids: A Combined DFT Calculation and Experimental Study

Bioactive compound 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinone could be synthesized by a green method mixing carbon dioxide, aniline, and ethylene oxide. Our group previously proposed a parallel mechanism for this conversion catalyzed by ionic liquids. Recently, a new study on a similar reaction system of styrene oxide, carbon dioxide, and aniline under the catalysis of K₃PO₄ gave a different serial mechanism. In order to explore the mechanism of reaction, we conducted a combined theoretical and experimental study on a one-pot conversion of styrene oxide, carbon dioxide, and aniline. In experiments, two isomer products, 3,5-diphenyl-l,3-oxazolidin-2-one and 3,4-diphenyl-l,3-oxazolidin-2-one, were observed. The computational results show that the parallel mechanism is more favored in thermodynamics and in kinetics due to the instability of isocyanate and hardness of its generation. Hence, we believe the previous parallel mechanism is more reasonable under our catalysts and conditions.

Bifunctional organocatalysts for the conversion of CO2, epoxides and aryl amines to 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones

A route to synthesize 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones is developed, which is achieved through a three component reaction between CO₂, aryl amines, and epoxides with a binary organocatalytic system composed of organocatalysts and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Solvent-free incorporation of CO2 into 2-oxazolidinones: a review

This review is an attempt to give an overview on the recent advances and developments in the synthesis of 2-oxazolidinone frameworks through carbon dioxide (CO₂) fixation reactions under solvent-free conditions. The cycloaddition of CO₂ to aziridine derivatives is discussed first. This is followed by carboxylative cyclization of N-propargylamines with CO₂ and three-component coupling of epoxides, amines, and CO₂. Finally, cycloaddition of CO₂ to propargylic alcohols and amines will be covered at the end of the review. The literature has been surveyed up until the end of 2018.

This review is an overview on the recent advances in the synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones through CO₂ fixation reactions under solvent-free conditions.

Advances in the use of CO2 as a renewable feedstock for the synthesis of polymers

Carbon dioxide offers an accessible, cheap and renewable carbon feedstock for synthesis. Current interest in the area of carbon dioxide valorisation aims at new, emerging technologies that are able to provide new opportunities to turn a waste into value. Polymers are among the most widely produced chemicals in the world greatly affecting the quality of life. However, there are growing concerns about the lack of reuse of the majority of the consumer plastics and their after-life disposal resulting in an increasing demand for sustainable alternatives. New monomers and polymers that can address these issues are therefore warranted, and merging polymer synthesis with the recycling of carbon dioxide offers a tangible route to transition towards a circular economy. Here, an overview of the most relevant and recent approaches to CO2-based monomers and polymers are highlighted with particular emphasis on the transformation routes used and their involved manifolds.

Synthesis of N-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)carbonyl]glycine from carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, and α-amino acid by ionic gelation of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and spirulina supported on magnetic KCC-1 in aqueous solution

Ionic gelation supported on Fe₃O₄/KCC-1 has been developed for the synthesis of N-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)carbonyl]glycine from carbon dioxide, ethylene oxide, and α-amino acid.