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Moghtaderi A, Shahidi-Pourakbari M, Izadi S, Khosravi A, Hashemzehi Z. Ongoing increase in incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in south-eastern Iran: A three decade study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 71:104557. [PMID: 36857854 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of multiple sclerosis has been increased during the last decades throughout the world. Epidemiological studies could improve our understanding relating to its intrinsic and extrinsic causes. OBJECTIVES The current study has been conducted to determine the epidemiological features of MS in south-eastern Iran which is a semi-tropical area with different ethnicities. METHODS This longitudinal descriptive study was carried out in south-eastern Iran, based on information of MS patients registered at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences database from 1990 to 2020. RESULTS A total of 1045 cases were enrolled into the study. The age-standardized prevalence ratio of MS increased to 42.2/100,000 population by 2020. These figures showed increasing trends both in females and males and reached to 61.5 and 22.6 per 100,000 population, respectively by the year 2020. Likewise, the total incidence rate grew to its maximum amount of 4.5 in 2015. Female incidence also revealed an upward trend and peaked in 2016 to 6.4 while male incidence rate reached at its highest level of 1.8 in 2009. CONCLUSION MS prevalence ratios and incidence rates in south-eastern Iran have been increasing steadily, especially in women during the last three decades. The south-eastern part of Iran should be considered a high-risk region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moghtaderi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | | | - Shahrokh Izadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Hashemzehi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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2
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CD4+ Cytotoxic T Cells Involved in the Development of EBV-Associated Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080831. [PMID: 35894054 PMCID: PMC9330826 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated cytotoxic CD4 T cells (HLA-DR+) play an important role in the control of EBV infection, especially in cells with latency I (EBNA-1). One of the evasion mechanisms of these latency cells is generated by gp42, which, via peripherally binding to the β1 domain of the β chain of MHC class II (HLA-DQ, -DR, and -DP) of the infected B lymphocyte, can block/alter the HLA class II/T-cell receptor (TCR) interaction, and confer an increased level of susceptibility towards the development of EBV-associated autoimmune diseases or cancer in genetically predisposed individuals (HLA-DRB1* and DQB1* alleles). The main developments predisposing the factors of these diseases are: EBV infection; HLA class II risk alleles; sex; and tissue that is infiltrated with EBV-latent cells, forming ectopic lymphoid structures. Therefore, there is a need to identify treatments for eliminating cells with EBV latency, because the current treatments (e.g., antivirals and rituximab) are ineffective.
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Abedini F, Rahmanian N, Heidari Z, Feizi A, Sherkat R, Rezaei M. Diversity of HLA class I and class II alleles in Iran populations: Systematic review and Meta-Analaysis. Transpl Immunol 2021; 69:101472. [PMID: 34555503 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays an essential role in the peptides antigen presentation and more regulation of immune responses. Regarding all HLA molecules' associations with various diseases and their clinical utilities in understanding drug reactions or prediction of transplantation outcome, there is a need for much more extensive HLA data generated from Asian countries. METHOD A comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases between 1990 and 2021 to identify relevant articles to HLA frequency in the normal Iranian population. Two independent reviewers screened and selected the eligible studies. After data extraction, the meta-analysis was performed using STATA version 14. The overall frequencies and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using the random-effects model. RESULTS Among 1141 studies 78 were eligible for this study and the sample sizes varied from 14 to 15,600. The most frequent alleles of HLA class I were HLA-A*02 (22%; 95%CI: 20-24%; I2 = 88.63%), -B*35 (18%; 95%CI: 16-21%; I2 = 90.95%), -C*12 (18%; 95%CI: 13-22%; I2 = 89.51%). HLA-DQA1*01 (42%; 95%CI: 40-44%; I2 = 56.80%), -DQB1*03 (38%; 95%CI: 35-42%; I2 = 92.38%), and -DRB1*11 (24%; 95%CI: 22-26%; I2 = 90.72%) were the most frequent alleles of HLA class II in Iran. DISCUSSION Our meta-analysis results point out that the comprehensive report of HLA allele frequency in the Iranian population could be helpful as reference data for planning and managing transplantation and immune disease treatment in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Abedini
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Narges Rahmanian
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Effects of Lactobacillus casei Strain T2 (IBRC-M10783) on the Modulation of Th17/Treg and Evaluation of miR-155, miR-25, and IDO-1 Expression in a Cuprizone-Induced C57BL/6 Mouse Model of Demyelination. Inflammation 2020; 44:334-343. [PMID: 32914363 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory disease in which demyelination occurs in the central nervous system affecting approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. Recent reports have shown that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the functioning of the immune system in inflammatory diseases such as MS. In this study, the cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model was used to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus casei strain T2 (IBRC-M10783) on the alleviation of these mice. Female C57BL/6 mice (8-10 weeks old) were divided into 6 groups: group 1, normal control; group 2, cuprizone control (oral administration of cuprizone 0.2% w/w for 4 weeks); group 3, probiotic control (oral administration of 1 × 109 CFU/ml probiotic for 4 weeks); group 4, treatment 1 (probiotic for 4 weeks then cuprizone for 4 weeks); group 5, treatment 2 (cuprizone for 4 weeks then probiotic for 4 weeks); and group 6, treatment 3 (cuprizone for 4 weeks then probiotic for 4 weeks with vitamin D3 at a dose of 20 IU/day). Then, TGF-β and IL-17 were measured by ELISA, and the expression of miR-155, miR-25, and IDO-1 was evaluated by real-time PCR. Among the measured microRNAs, the results showed that there was a significant decrease in miR-155 expression between the treatment 1 group and the cuprizone group. In the case of IL-17, the results also showed a significant reduction between the three treatment groups and the cuprizone group. These observations suggest that L. casei can reduce proinflammatory cytokines and reduce demyelinating symptoms in the mouse model.
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Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Naser Moghadasi A. Multiple sclerosis and human leukocyte antigen genotypes: Focus on the Middle East and North Africa region. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2020; 6:2055217319881775. [PMID: 31976083 PMCID: PMC6956601 DOI: 10.1177/2055217319881775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing in the Middle East and North Africa region. There is also emerging evidence regarding the genetic components of MS risk. This review provides an overview of the role of genetic factors in MS susceptibility by examining human leukocyte antigen loci in patients within the Middle East and North Africa region. Most of the genetic studies conducted in the Middle East and North Africa region have been based on case–control designs, which cannot confirm direct causality of genetic variants on MS susceptibility. Moreover, there are very limited and inconsistent studies on human leukocyte antigen class I and II (DQA and DQB) in MS patients of the Middle East and North Africa region. To identify common risk haplotypes in the Middle East and North Africa region or its sub-populations, further longitudinal studies will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Immunomodulatory function of Treg-derived exosomes is impaired in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Immunol Res 2019; 66:513-520. [PMID: 29882035 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which is characterized by neuroaxonal degeneration in the central nervous system. Impaired function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is believed to be an underlying pathogenic mechanism in MS. Tregs is able to release exosomes, which contain a considerable amount of protein and RNA. Exosomes are capable of transporting their content to other cells where the released content exerts biological functions. Here, we investigated whether Tregs exosomes of RRMS patients or healthy controls might regulate the proliferation or survival of T lymphocytes. Regulatory T cells derived from MS patients or healthy controls were cultured for 3 days and exosomes were purified from supernatants. Treg-derived exosomes were co-cultured with conventional T cells (Tconv). The percentages of Tconv proliferation and apoptosis were measured. Our findings showed that the percentage of proliferation suppression induced by exosomes in patients compared to healthy controls was 8.04 ± 1.17 and 12.5 ± 1.22, respectively, p value = 0.035. Moreover, the rate of Tconv apoptosis induced by exosome of MS patient was less than healthy controls (0.68 ± 0.12 vs. 1.29 ± 0.13; p value = 0.015). Overall, Treg-derived exosomes from MS patients and healthy controls suppressed the proliferation and induced apoptosis in Tconv. However, the effect of MS-derived exosomes was significantly less than healthy controls. Our results point to an alternative Treg inhibitory mechanism which might be important in immunopathogenesis of MS. Although, the cause of the exosomal defect in MS patients is unclear, manipulation of patients' Treg-derived exosomes to restore their suppressive activity might be considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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da Silva Bernardes M, Antão Paiva CL, Ribeiro Paradela E, Papais Alvarenga M, Ferreira Pereira F, Vasconcelos CC, Papais Alvarenga RM. Familial multiple sclerosis in a Brazilian sample: Is HLA-DR15 involved in susceptibility to the disease? J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:74-80. [PMID: 30836273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HLA-DR15 extended haplotype HLA-DRB1*15:01-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02 comprises the strongest genetic risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this work was to investigate whether HLA-DR15 alleles were significantly associated with the susceptibility to MS familial forms (MSf) in an admixed Brazilian population. METHODS Association analyses between DR15 and the clinical and demographic variables were made. RESULTS We have genotyped 25 familial cases. The DR15 was detected in 11/25 (44%) of them and in none of controls (P < .00001). DR15 was significantly associated to a foreign ancestor background (P = .029) and later age of onset (P = .018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina da Silva Bernardes
- Graduate Progam in Neurology (PPGNEURO), Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20270-004, Brazil.
| | - Carmen Lucia Antão Paiva
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20211-040, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ribeiro Paradela
- Graduate Progam in Neurology (PPGNEURO), Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20270-004, Brazil
| | - Marcos Papais Alvarenga
- Graduate Progam in Neurology (PPGNEURO), Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20270-004, Brazil; Department of Neurology, Hospital da Lagoa, Ministry of Health, Rua Jardim Botânico 501, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 22470-050, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Pereira
- Graduate Progam in Neurology (PPGNEURO), Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20270-004, Brazil
| | - Claudia Cristina Vasconcelos
- Graduate Progam in Neurology (PPGNEURO), Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20270-004, Brazil; Department of Neurology, Hospital da Lagoa, Ministry of Health, Rua Jardim Botânico 501, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 22470-050, Brazil
| | - Regina Maria Papais Alvarenga
- Graduate Progam in Neurology (PPGNEURO), Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rua Mariz e Barros 775, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 20270-004, Brazil; Department of Neurology, Hospital da Lagoa, Ministry of Health, Rua Jardim Botânico 501, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 22470-050, Brazil
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Shahbazi M, Abadi JSA, Roshandel D, Koochaki M, Amiri H, Kohansal R, Baghbanian SM, Zamani M. Combination of interleukin-10 gene promoter polymorphisms with HLA-DRB1*15 allele is associated with multiple sclerosis. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:746-752. [PMID: 29067976 PMCID: PMC5674544 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1225_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is common in some ethnic groups. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine that may be an important regulator in MS disease pathogenesis. IL-10 promoter includes several single nucleotide polymorphisms and the level of IL-10 expression is related to these polymorphisms. Furthermore, loci within the histocompatibility regions are responsible for susceptibility to MS. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of IL-10 gene promoter polymorphisms and HLA-DRB1*15 allele frequencies with MS susceptibility in an Iranian population. METHODS In this study 336 MS patients and 454 healthy controls were included. Genomic DNA was purified from peripheral blood samples by a standard protocol. Genotyping was performed by the sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS IL-10 -1082 G/G and IL-10 -819 C/C genotypes were more frequent in MS patients than healthy individuals. DRB1*15 allele showed a higher frequency among MS patients compared to controls. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The IL-10 and HLA-DRB1*15 polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility to MS in Iranian patients. Our results suggest that gene-gene interaction of IL-10 polymorphisms and HLA-DRB1*15 alleles may be important factors in the development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | | - Maryam Koochaki
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hosein Amiri
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Department of Neurology, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Rahim Kohansal
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Department of Neurology, 5th Azar Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Zamani
- Department of Neurogenetics, ian Centre of Neurological Research, Tehran, Iran
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Mohajer B, Abbasi N, Pishgar F, Abdolalizadeh A, Ebrahimi H, Razaviyoun T, Mohebbi F, Eskandarieh S, Sahraian MA. HLA-DRB1 polymorphism and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in the Middle East North Africa region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 321:117-124. [PMID: 29957381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis explores association of HLA-DRB1 alleles with MS risk in the Middle-east North Africa (MENA) countries. Divided into two groups of alleles (10 studies, 899 cases/1457 controls) and phenotypes (8 studies, 1,040 cases/1,256 controls), Odds ratios (ORs) of DRB1 distribution in MS subjects were assessed using Cochrane RevMan software. DRB1*15 demonstrated significant association with MS in both groups (OR=1.6 and OR=2.51, respectively). In phenotypes, DRB1*03 and DRB1*04 had predisposing role (OR=1.8 and OR=1.9), while DRB1*07 and DRB1*11 were protective (OR=0.56 and OR=0.67). Similar but non-significant trends were seen among alleles, which in sum coincides with a Caucasian-like pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Mohajer
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Abbasi
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Pishgar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhussein Abdolalizadeh
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Ebrahimi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Razaviyoun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnam Mohebbi
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- MS Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Amri Saroukolaei S, Ghabaee M, Shokri H, Khosravi A, Badiei A. Evaluation of APR1 Gene Expression in Candida albicans Strains Isolated From Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e33292. [PMID: 27540458 PMCID: PMC4976647 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.33292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular aspartic proteinase A enzyme is expressed by the APR1 gene and is one of the important factors in the development of systemic candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the APR1 gene in C. albicans isolates obtained from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and from controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS The samples were obtained from 135 MS patients with candidiasis and 100 matched controls of healthy individuals during 2010 - 2011. The clinical and control isolates of C. albicans obtained from individuals were cultured onto sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The evaluation of APR1 gene expression was performed using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in APR1 gene expression of C. albicans strains between MS patients (mean ± SD: 0.5208 ± 0.11518) and the control group (mean ± SD: 0.7603 ± 0.11405) (P = 0.000). Significant correlations were found between the APR1 gene expression of C. albicans strains from MS patients with regard to age and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) (P = 0.000). The mean values of EDSS were 1.6074 ± 0.1081 after antifungal treatment and 2.2519 ± 0.1323 before antifungal treatment (P = 0.000). No significant correlation was observed between the APR1 gene expression with regard to sex and MS subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that APR1 gene expression in C. albicans strains isolated from MS patients may be an important factor for invasive C. albicans strains in the progression of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Amri Saroukolaei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mojdeh Ghabaee
- Neurology Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hojjatollah Shokri, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-1144271054, Amol, E-mail:
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Mazdeh M, Taheri M, Sayad A, Bahram S, Omrani MD, Movafagh A, Inoko H, Akbari MT, Noroozi R, Hajilooi M, Solgi G. HLA genes as modifiers of response to IFN-β-1a therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:489-98. [PMID: 27020477 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.16.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the influence of HLA class-I and -II genes in the response to IFN-β in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. PATIENTS & METHODS In this cohort, 231 relapsing-remitting MS patients who are classified into IFN-β responders (n = 146) and nonresponders (n = 85) and 180 ethnic-matched healthy controls were analyzed. Clinical outcome of IFN-β therapy particularly Expanded Disability Status Scale scores were evaluated in relation to HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 alleles and haplotypes. RESULTS Increased frequencies of HLA-DRB1*04 allele and HLA-A*03-B*44-DRB1*04 haplotype, and decreased frequency of HLA-B*15 were associated with better response to IFN-β treatment. CONCLUSION The possibility of genetic screening particularly HLA typing prior to starting IFN-β therapy for MS may permit the identification of likely responders or nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- Department of Neuroogy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Bahram
- Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hidetoshi Inoko
- Department of Genetic Information, Division of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hajilooi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Mahdieh Ave, Lona Park, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Mahdieh Ave, Lona Park, Hamadan, Iran.,Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Sh Fahmideh Blv, Lona Park, Hamadan, Iran
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Sadeghian H, Motiei-Langroudi R. Comparison of Levetiracetam and sodium Valproate in migraine prophylaxis: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2015; 18:45-8. [PMID: 25745310 PMCID: PMC4350213 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.144290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Migraine is a chronic and disabling disorder. Treatment of migraine often comprises of symptomatic (abortive) and preventive (prophylactic) treatment. The current drugs used in migraine prophylaxis include antidepressant drugs (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Tricyclic antidepressants), and anti-epileptic drugs (valproate, gabapentin, etc). Objective: The objective of our study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in adult migraine prophylaxis, compared to valproate and placebo. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. A total of 85 patients were randomized to receive levetiracetam 500 mg/d (n = 27), valproate 500 mg/d (n = 32) or placebo (n = 26). The patients were evaluated for treatment efficacy after 6 months. Efficacy was assessed as a more than 50% decrease in headache frequency. Results: In levetiracetam group, 17 (63.0%) patients experienced a more than 50% decrease in headache frequency, while this efficacy number was 21 (65.6%) for valproate group and 4 (15.4%) for placebo group. The difference was not statistically significant between levetiracetam and valproate, while it was significant when comparing either levetiracetam or valproate to placebo. Conclusion: Compared to placebo, levetiracetam offers improvement in headache frequency in patients with migraine. The efficacy of levetiracetam in migraine prophylaxis is comparable to currently used drugs such as valproate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Sadeghian
- Department of Radiology, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Karimi P, Peters KO, Bidad K, Strickland PT. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30:91-101. [PMID: 25600297 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-9988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic illness in children living in developed countries and the leading cause of childhood hospitalization and school absenteeism. Prevalence rates of asthma are increasing and show disparities across gender, geographic regions, and ethnic/racial groups. Common risk factors for developing childhood asthma include exposure to tobacco smoke, previous allergic reactions, a family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis or eczema, living in an urban environment, obesity and lack of physical exercise, severe lower respiratory tract infections, and male gender. Asthma exacerbation in children can be triggered by a variety of factors, including allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites, and animal dander), viral and bacterial infections, exercise, and exposure to airway irritants. Recent studies have shown that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a major component of fine particulate matter from combustion sources, is also associated with onset of asthma, and increasing asthmatic symptoms. In this paper, we review sources of childhood PAH exposure and the association between airborne PAH exposure and childhood asthma prevalence and exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Karimi
- Program in Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E7535, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Karimi P, Shahrokni A, Ranjbar MRN. Implementation of proteomics for cancer research: past, present, and future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:2433-8. [PMID: 24761843 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of the death, accounts for about 13% of all annual deaths worldwide. Many different fields of science are collaborating together studying cancer to improve our knowledge of this lethal disease, and find better solutions for diagnosis and treatment. Proteomics is one of the most recent and rapidly growing areas in molecular biology that helps understanding cancer from an omics data analysis point of view. The human proteome project was officially initiated in 2008. Proteomics enables the scientists to interrogate a variety of biospecimens for their protein contents and measure the concentrations of these proteins. Current necessary equipment and technologies for cancer proteomics are mass spectrometry, protein microarrays, nanotechnology and bioinformatics. In this paper, we provide a brief review on proteomics and its application in cancer research. After a brief introduction including its definition, we summarize the history of major previous work conducted by researchers, followed by an overview on the role of proteomics in cancer studies. We also provide a list of different utilities in cancer proteomics and investigate their advantages and shortcomings from theoretical and practical angles. Finally, we explore some of the main challenges and conclude the paper with future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Karimi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA E-mail :
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Abolfazli R, Samadzadeh S, Sabokbar T, Siroos B, Armaki SA, Aslanbeiki B, Ghelman M, Taheri T, Shakoori A. Relationship between HLA-DRB1* 11/15 genotype and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in IRAN. J Neurol Sci 2014; 345:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Guimond C, Lee JD, Ramagopalan SV, Dyment DA, Hanwell H, Giovannoni G, Criscuoli M, Yee IM, Vorobeychik G, Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD. Multiple sclerosis in the Iranian immigrant population of BC, Canada: prevalence and risk factors. Mult Scler 2014; 20:1182-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513519179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: There is a well-documented increase in the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) when migrating from a region of low prevalence to one of high prevalence. Objective: We present here an investigation of MS prevalence and candidate environmental and genetic risk factors among Iranian immigrants to British Columbia (BC), Canada. Methods: MS cases of Iranian ancestry were ascertained from a population-based Canadian study. We collected blood samples for genetic and serological analyses, and administered a personal history questionnaire to the cases. Results: The crude prevalence of MS in this population of Iranian ancestry was 287/100,000 (95% CI: 229 – 356/100,000). MS cases were more likely to have a history of infectious mononucleosis (odds ratio (OR) = 7.5; p = 0.005) and smoking (OR = 17.0; p < 0.0001), as compared to healthy controls from previous studies in Iran. Cases were also more likely than controls to have been born between April and September (OR = 2.1; p = 0.019). Conclusion: The prevalence of MS among Iranian immigrants to Canada is greater than the overall prevalence of MS in Iran by a factor of at least four, and is similar to that recently observed among Iranian immigrants in other western nations. No major genetic susceptibility variants were identified, suggesting the environment in Canada may be what is increasing the risk of MS in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Guimond
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (BC), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joshua D Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (BC), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sreeram V Ramagopalan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - David A Dyment
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Heather Hanwell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Maria Criscuoli
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (BC), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Irene M Yee
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (BC), Vancouver, Canada
| | - Galina Vorobeychik
- Department of Neurology, Fraser Health Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Burnaby, Canada
| | - George C Ebers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - A Dessa Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (BC), Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of BC, Vancouver, Canada
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Kollaee A, Ghaffarpor M, Ghlichnia HA, Ghaffari SH, Zamani M. The influence of the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 allele heterogeneity on disease risk and severity in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:414-22. [PMID: 22404765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2012.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. Recent studies have shown that the HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 alleles are associated with MS susceptibility and severity. However, this is controversial in different population studies. In the present study, the roles of HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 alleles and the amino acids were investigated on disease risk and severity in 120 Iranian patients with MS and 120 controls. Our findings indicate that the DRB1*1501 allele (OR = 3.203 P = 0.001), the DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 haplotype (OR = 7.792 P = 0.003) and the DRB1*1501/0701- genotype (OR = 3.320 P = 0.006) and amino acid Leu26 (OR = 1.645 P = 0.005) and Phe9 (OR = 1.893 P = 0.009) on the DQβ1 chain are significantly associated with MS susceptibility. DRB1*1001 was the only allele that had a protective effect against MS (P = 0.0004). We also found that the DQB1*0303 allele was significantly associated with disease severity (mean Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score difference = 1.979, P = 0.002). However, protective effect of the DRB1*1001 against MS and also association of DQB1*0303 allele with MS severity need to be confirmed by larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kollaee
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Kouri I, Papakonstantinou S, Bempes V, Vasiliadis HS, Kyritsis AP, Pelidou SH. HLA associations with multiple sclerosis in Greece. J Neurol Sci 2011; 308:28-31. [PMID: 21741664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system originated by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. The association of MS with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles was investigated in MS patients in northwest Greece, in the geographical region of Epirus. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of the HLA-DRB1*1501, HLA-DQB1*0602 and HLA-DQA1*0102 alleles, consisting the most common susceptibility haplotype in North European and North American Caucasians. METHODS We studied 126 MS patients and 93 age and sex matched healthy controls. HLA typing was performed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) method. RESULTS We found that HLA-DRB1*1501, HLA-DQB1*0602 and HLA-DQA1*0102 alleles were significantly more frequent among patients (34% versus 11%, p=0.00015; 69% versus 51%, p=0.01; 76% versus 55%, p=0.002, respectively). HLA-DRB1*1501, HLA-DQB1*0602, HLA-DQA1*0102 haplotype was significantly more common among patients (p=0.00067). HLA-DRB1*1501 and HLA-DQB1*0602 alleles were more frequently detected in patients with initial symptoms from the brainstem or the cerebellum (p=0.024). No significant correlation was observed among these alleles with sex, disease clinical course, or age at onset. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate genetic susceptibility to MS in Greece. Our results are in line with previous reports in North European and North American patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Kouri
- Neurosurgery Institute, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Wang H, Dai Y, Qiu W, Zhong X, Wu A, Wang Y, Lu Z, Bao J, Hu X. HLA-DPB1 0501 is associated with susceptibility to anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies positive neuromyelitis optica in southern Han Chinese. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 233:181-4. [PMID: 21130504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the role of HLA-DRB1 and -DPB1 alleles in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis in Southern Han Chinese. METHODS Thirty serum anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab)-positive NMO patients, 53 conventional multiple sclerosis (C-MS) patients, and 93 controls (CTLs) were enrolled. The HLA-DRB1 and -DPB1 alleles of the subjects were determined by sequencing-based typing (SBT). RESULTS The frequency of the DRB1 0901 was lower in NMO patients than in CTLs (P(uncorr)=0.022, OR: 0.194, 95% CI: 0.043-0.876), and DRB1 1602 was higher in NMO patients than in C-MS (P(uncorr)=0.038, OR: 3.491, 95% CI: 1.024-11.896) and CTLs (P(uncorr)=0.051, OR: 2.711, 95% CI: 0.971-7.556). The frequency of DPB1 0501 was significant higher in NMO patients than in C-MS (P(uncorr)=0.018, OR: 4.629, 95% CI: 1.235-17.350) and CTLs (P(uncorr)=0.001, P(corr)=0.022, OR: 7.096, 95% CI: 2.011-25.044). CONCLUSIONS DPB1 0501 correlates with risk of AQP4-Ab positive NMO in Southern Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Wang
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Shahbazi M, Roshandel D, Ebadi H, Fathi D, Zamani M, Boghaee M, Mohammadhoseeeni M, Rshaidbaghan A, Bakhshandeh A, Shahbazi S. High frequency of the IL-2 −330 T/HLA-DRB1*1501 haplotype in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2010; 137:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shahbazi M, Ebadi H, Fathi D, Roshandel D, Mohamadhosseni M, Tahmasebi A, Shahbazi S, Zamani M, Rashidbaghan A. HLA-DRB1*1501 intensifies the impact of IL-6 promoter polymorphism on the susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in an Iranian population. Mult Scler 2010; 16:1173-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458510376177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The multifunctional cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system. It is well documented that amount of IL-6 is increased in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis. A single nucleotide polymorphism at position -174 in the IL-6 gene promotor appears to influence IL-6 expression. Recently, several researchers have focused on HLA-DRB alleles, specifically HLA-DRB1*1501, as a potential risk allele in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Objective: To investigate the possible influence of IL-6/-174 polymorphisms on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and its integration with HLA-DRB1*1501. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 345 patients with multiple sclerosis and 426 control subjects. Method: The SSP-PCR method was used to determine genotypes and Fisher’s exact test was applied to determine differences between groups. HLA-DRB1*1501 was observed more frequently among multiple sclerosis patients compared with healthy subjects (45% and 34%, respectively; OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2—2.2, p = 0.0018). At the IL-6/-174 position, the G allele had higher frequency among multiple sclerosis patients compared with controls (77% and 70%, respectively; OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1—1.8, p = 0.0038). This difference was more significant among HLA-DRB1*1501-positive patients and controls (81% and 67%, respectively; OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5—2.5, p < 0.0001). Results: Our results have shown that the G allele at the IL-6/-174 promoter polymorphism may be associated with development of multiple sclerosis in this population, and may be strengthened by HLA-DRB1*1501. Conclusions: We suggest more studies to confirm these results in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,
| | - H. Ebadi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Neurology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - D. Fathi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Neurology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - D. Roshandel
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Genetics and Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M. Mohamadhosseni
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Genetics and Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - A. Tahmasebi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Genetics and Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - S. Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Genetics and Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M. Zamani
- Neurogenetics Division, Neurological Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Rashidbaghan
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Genetics and Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Mirshafiey A, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Prostaglandins in pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:543-54. [PMID: 20233088 DOI: 10.3109/08923971003667627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss, and gliosis. The inflammatory lesions are manifested by a large infiltration and a heterogeneous population of cellular and soluble mediators of the immune system, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and microglia, as well as a broad range of cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, complement, and other toxic substances. Prostaglandins (PGs) are arachidonic acid-derived autacoids that have a role in the modulation of many physiological systems including the CNS, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, endocrine, and immune systems. PG production is associated with inflammation, a major feature in MS that is characterized by the loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes in the CNS. With respect to the role of PGs in the induction of inflammation, they can be effective mediators in the pathophysiology of MS. Thus use of agonists or antagonists of PG receptors may be considered as a new therapeutic protocol in MS. In this review, we try to clarify the role of PGs in immunopathology and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran.
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HLA class II alleles in patients with multiple sclerosis in the Biscay province (Basque Country, Spain). J Neurol 2009; 256:1977-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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