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Burda J, Burda R. Ischemic tolerance - blessing or curse. Physiol Res 2021; 70:661-670. [PMID: 34505532 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of knowledge about ischemic tolerance to clinic requires the solid understanding of mechanism of creation of this phenomenon. This review summarizes research that has been carried out in many laboratories over a long period of time, but the main focus will be on own experimental research. The main emphasis is devoted to the possibility of preparing full tolerance in the donor's body and its transfer to the patient in the form of activated blood plasma. Such plasma could be administered as soon as the patient is transported to the hospital and would take effect immediately after administration to the patient's bloodstream. One chapter is also devoted to anticonditioning, i.e. the possibility of preventing the activation of tolerance. Anticonditioning could be used to treat oncologic patients. We expect that this method could increase effectiveness of cancer treatment. Cross-tolerance with a wide range of diverse stressors gives us the courage to assume that activated plasma can significantly help with a wide range of pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burda
- Institute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic. Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Trauma Surgery, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Liu C, Jiang W, Tian X, Yang P, Xiao L, Li J, Qiu L, Tu H, Tan W. Identification of Vigilin as a Potential Ischemia Biomarker by Brain Slice-Based Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6675-6681. [PMID: 30993971 PMCID: PMC6625766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death among adults worldwide and results in numerous biochemical alterations. However, few efficient biomarkers are clinically available to diagnose stroke because of the limitations of biomarkers and their probes. In this work, we utilized frozen brain slices of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in a mouse model of ischemia to select a specific binding aptamer, termed LCW17, by tissue-based SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). LCW17 was enhanced in binding in ischemic brain slices compared to sham control. We identified the binding target of LCW17 as vigilin. Vigilin is increased in ischemia brain slices and exhibits enhanced release from cultured hippocampal neurons after oxygen glucose deprivation in vitro. Taken together, ischemic brain slice-based aptamer selection will enable identification of more probes and potential target molecules for diagnosis and therapy of ischemic stroke. Aptamer LCW17 and vigilin may potentially be applied to define the molecular mechanism underlying ischemic stroke, as well as its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Xibin Tian
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Le Xiao
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Jianglin Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Haijun Tu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Flesarova S, Mazensky D, Supuka P. Study of possible anatomical arrangement of the vertebral artery in guinea pig. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nash KM, Shah ZA. Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE INSIGHTS 2015; 10:1-9. [PMID: 26604665 PMCID: PMC4640423 DOI: 10.4137/imi.s25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract is an alternative medicine available as a standardized formulation, EGb 761®, which consists of ginkgolides, bilobalide, and flavonoids. The individual constituents have varying therapeutic mechanisms that contribute to the pharmacological activity of the extract as a whole. Recent studies show anxiolytic properties of ginkgolide A, migraine with aura treatment by ginkgolide B, a reduction in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity by bilobalide, and an alternative antihypertensive property of quercetin, among others. These findings have been observed in EGb 761 as well and have led to clinical investigation into its use as a therapeutic for conditions such as cognition, dementia, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. This review explores the therapeutic mechanisms of the individual EGb 761 constituents to explain the pharmacology as a whole and its clinical application to cardiovascular and neurological disorders, in particular ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA. ; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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Ahn JY, Yan BC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Lee DH, Kim IH, Cho JH, Chen BH, Lee JC, Cho YS, Shin MC, Cho JH, Hong S, Won MH, Kim SK. Novel antiepileptic drug lacosamide exerts neuroprotective effects by decreasing glial activation in the hippocampus of a gerbil model of ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2007-2014. [PMID: 26668588 PMCID: PMC4665641 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacosamide, which is a novel antiepileptic drug, has been reported to exert various additional therapeutic effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of lacosamide against transient cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal cell damage in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA)-1 region of a gerbil model. Neuronal Nuclei immunohistochemistry demonstrated that pre- and post-surgical treatment (5 min ischemia) with 25 mg/kg lacosamide protected CA1 pyramidal neurons in the lacosamide-treated-ischemia-operated group from ischemic injury 5 days post-ischemia, as compared with gerbils in the vehicle-treated-ischemia-operated group. Furthermore, treatment with 25 mg/kg lacosamide markedly attenuated the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the ischemic CA1 region at 5 days post-ischemia. The results of the present study suggested that pre- and post-surgical treatment of the gerbils with lacosamide was able to protect against transient cerebral ischemic injury-induced CA1 pyramidal neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of lacosamide may be associated with decreased activation of glial cells in the ischemic CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi 431796, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative Traditional and Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Lee
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 712-714, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Hospital, College of Medicine, Sooncheonhyang University, Seoul, Gyeonggi 140-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chul Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkweon Hong
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Koo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445-907, Republic of Korea
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Wang J, Jahn-Eimermacher A, Brückner M, Werner C, Engelhard K, Thal SC. Comparison of different quantification methods to determine hippocampal damage after cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 240:67-76. [PMID: 25445060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental stroke studies use multiple techniques to evaluate histopathological damage. Unfortunately, sensitivity and reproducibility of these techniques are poorly characterized despite pivotal influence on results. METHOD The present study compared several quantification methods to differentiate between two severities of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to moderate (10min) or severe (14min) ischemia by bilateral carotid occlusion (BCAO) with hemorrhagic hypotension. Neuronal cell count was determined in hippocampus at bregma -3.14mm and -3.8mm on day 3 and 28 post insult by counting neurons in the whole CA1 or in one to three defined regions of interest (ROI) placed in NeuN and Fluoro-Jade B stained sections. RESULTS In healthy rats hippocampal neurons were arranged uniformly, while distribution became inhomogeneous after ischemia. The number of NeuN and Fluoro-Jade B positive cells was dependent on localization. Differences between ischemia severities became more prominent at 28 days compared to 3 days. Fluoro-Jade B positive cell count increased at 28 days, staining rather injured not dying neurons. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Placement of counting windows has a major influence on extent of differences between degree of neuronal injury and variations within groups. CONCLUSIONS The investigated quantification methods result in inconsistent information on the degree of damage. To obtain consistent and reliable results observation period should be extended beyond 3 days. Due to inhomogeneous distribution of viable neurons in CA1 after ischemia neuronal counting should not be performed in a single ROI window, but should be performed in multiple ROIs or the whole CA1 band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Antje Jahn-Eimermacher
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Brückner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristin Engelhard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Zhang X, Zhang Q, Tu J, Zhu Y, Yang F, Liu B, Brann D, Wang R. Prosurvival NMDA 2A receptor signaling mediates postconditioning neuroprotection in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:286-96. [PMID: 25271147 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning (Post C), which involves administration of a brief ischemia after the initial ischemic event, has been demonstrated to be strongly neuroprotective against global cerebral ischemia (GCI) and to improve cognitive outcome. To enhance understanding of the underlying mechanisms, the current study examined the role of NMDA receptors in mediating the beneficial effects of Post C (3 min ischemia) administered 2 days after GCI in adult male rats. The results revealed that Post C was strongly neuroprotective against GCI, and that this effect was blocked by administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Further work revealed that the NR2A-type NMDA receptors mediate the Post C beneficial effects as administration of a NR2A-preferring antagonist (NVP-A) blocked Post C neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement, while administration of a NR2B-preferring antagonist (Ro25) was without effect. Post C significantly up-regulated NR2A levels and phosphorylation of NR2A in the hippocampal CA1 region after Post C. Post C also increased Ca(2+) influx and activation/phosphorylation of CamKIIα at Thr(286), effects that were NR2A mediated as they were blocked by NVP-A. Phosphorylation of ERK and CREB was also increased by Post C, as were two downstream CREB-dependent prosurvival factors, brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and Bcl2, effects that were blocked by the NR2A antagonist, NVP-A. Taken as a whole, the current study provides evidence that NR2A-activation and downstream prosurvival signaling is a critical mediator of Post C-induced neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement following GCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Neurobiology Institute of Medical Research Center, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
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Biological networks in ischemic tolerance - rethinking the approach to clinical conditioning. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 4:114-29. [PMID: 24223074 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive response (conditioning) to environmental stressors evokes evolutionarily conserved programs in uni- and multicellular organisms that result in increased fitness and resistance to stressor induced injury. Although the concept of conditioning has been around for a while, its translation into clinical therapies targeting neurovascular diseases has only recently begun. The slow pace of clinical adoption might be partially explained by our poor understanding of underpinning mechanisms and of the complex responses of the organism to the stressor. At the 2(nd) Translational Preconditioning Meeting participants engaged in an intense discussion addressing whether the time has come to more aggressively implement clinical conditioning protocols in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases or whether it would be better to wait until preclinical data would help to minimize clinical empiricism. This review addresses the complex involvement of biological networks in establishing ischemic tolerance at the organism level using two clinically promising conditioning modalities, namely remote ischemic preconditioning, and per- or post-conditioning, as examples.
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Gao C, Wang C, Liu B, Wu H, Yang Q, Jin J, Li H, Dong S, Gao G, Zhang H. Intermittent hypoxia preconditioning-induced epileptic tolerance by upregulation of monocarboxylate transporter 4 expression in rat hippocampal astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2160-9. [PMID: 25146899 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Noxious stimuli applied at doses close to but below the threshold of cell injury induce adaptive responses that provide a defense against additional stress. Epileptic preconditioning protects neurons against status epilepticus and ischemia; however, it is not known if the converse is true. During hypoxia/ischemia (H/I), lactate released from astrocytes is taken up by neurons and is stored for energy, a process mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) in astroglia. The present study investigated whether H/I preconditioning can provide protection to neurons against epilepsy through upregulation of MCT4 expression in astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. An oxygen/glucose deprivation protocol was used in primary astrocyte cultures, while rats were subjected to an intermittent hypoxia preconditioning (IHP) paradigm followed by lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy as well as lactate transportation inhibitor injection, with a subsequent evaluation of protein expression as well as behavior. H/I induced an upregulation of MCT4 expression, while an IHP time course of 5 days provided the greatest protection against epileptic seizures, which was most apparent by 3 days after IHP. However, lactate transport function disturbances can block the protective effect induced by IHP. These findings provide a potential basis for the clinical treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shanxi Province, China
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Burda R, Danielisova V, Gottlieb M, Nemethova M, Bonova P, Matiasova M, Morochovic R, Burda J. Delayed remote ischemic postconditioning protects against transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion as well as kainate-induced injury in rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1062-7. [PMID: 24935779 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To test the appropriateness of using delayed remote ischemic postconditioning against damage caused to the hippocampus by ischemia or apoptosis inducing intoxication, we chose 10-min normothermic ischemia induced by four-vessel occlusion or kainate injection (8 mg/kg i.p.) in rats. Ischemia alone caused the number of degenerated CA1 neurons after 7 days lasting reperfusion to be significantly (p<0.001) increased by 72.77%. Delayed remote ischemic postconditioning lasting 20 min was able to prevent massive increase in the neurodegeneration. The group with 10 min of ischemia and postconditioning after 2 days of reperfusion had only 15.87% increase in the number of apoptotic neurons. Seven days after kainic acid injection the number of surviving neurons was 42.8% (p<0.001), but the portion of surviving pyramidal cells in the postconditioning group is more than 98%. Our data show that remote postconditioning, performed with 20 min of tourniquet ischemia applied to the hind limb, is a simple method able to effectively stop the onset of neurodegeneration and prevent occurrence of massive muscle cell necrosis, even when used 2 days after the end of the adverse event. Surviving neurons retained a substantial part of their learning and memory ability.
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Funatsu S, Kondoh T, Kawase T, Ikeda H, Nagasawa M, Denbow DM, Furuse M. Long-term consumption of dried bonito dashi (a traditional Japanese fish stock) reduces anxiety and modifies central amino acid levels in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:256-64. [PMID: 24701973 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Dried bonito dashi, a traditional Japanese fish stock, enhances palatability of various dishes because of its specific flavor. Daily intake of dashi has also been shown to improve mood status such as tension-anxiety in humans. This study aimed at investigating beneficial effects of dashi ingestion on anxiety/depression-like behaviors and changes in amino acid levels in the brain and plasma in rats. Male Wistar rats were given either dried bonito dashi or water for long-term (29 days; Experiment 1) or single oral administration (Experiment 2). Anxiety and depression-like behaviors were tested using the open field and forced swimming tests, respectively. Concentrations of amino acids were measured in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and jugular vein. During the long-term (29 days) consumption, rats given 2% dashi frequently entered the center zone and spent more time compared with the water controls in the open field test. However, the dashi was ineffective on depression-like behavior. In the hippocampus, concentrations of hydroxyproline, anserine, and valine were increased by dashi while those of asparagine and phenylalanine were decreased. In the hypothalamus, the methionine concentration was decreased. In a single oral administration experiment, the dashi (1%, 2% or 10%) showed no effects on behaviors. Significance was observed only in the concentrations of α-aminoadipic acid, cystathionine, and ornithine in the hippocampus. Dried bonito dashi is a functional food having anxiolytic-like effects. Daily ingestion of the dashi, even at lower concentrations found in the cuisine, reduces anxiety and alters amino acid levels in the brain.
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Yin B, Liang H, Chen Y, Chu K, Huang L, Fang L, Matro E, Jiang W, Luo B. EGB1212 Post-treatment Ameliorates Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Death and Memory Impairment Induced by Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:1329-41. [PMID: 24228604 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of Ginkgo biloba have been used in traditional medicines for centuries, and have potential for clinical applications in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, standardized extracts have proven protective only as pre-treatments, and the major mechanisms of action remain unclear. We explored the potential of the novel extract EGB1212, which meets the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 31 standardization criteria for pharmaceutical use, as a post-treatment after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R) injury in a rat model. The pre-treated group was administered EGB1212 for 7 d prior to common carotid artery occlusion (i.e., ischemia, for 20 min). Post-treated rats received the same but starting 2 h after ischemia and continuing for 7 d. Seven days after GCI/R, brains of each group were processed for H&E staining of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Remaining rats underwent the Morris water maze and Y-maze tests of spatial learning and memory, beginning eight days after reperfusion. To assess hippocampal autophagy, light chain (LC)-3-I/LC3-II and Akt/pAkt were determined via a Western blot of rat hippocampi harvested 12, 24, or 72 h after reperfusion. EGB1212 pre- and post-treatments both improved neuronal survival and spatial learning and memory functions. Pre-treatment effectively reduced LC3-II levels and post-treatment resulted in significantly elevated pAkt levels. We conclude that EGB1212 exerted significant neuroprotection in GCI/R in both preventative and post-treatment settings. This extract shows great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yin
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yigang Chen
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Ketan Chu
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Li Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Erik Matro
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Weijian Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Mi XS, Zhong JX, Chang RCC, So KF. Research advances on the usage of traditional Chinese medicine for neuroprotection in glaucoma. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2013; 11:233-40. [DOI: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Effect of different mild hypoxia manipulations on kainic acid-induced seizures in the hippocampus of rats. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:123-32. [PMID: 23065181 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of the mild hypoxia to the epilepsy has been widely tested. Although it is found that the hypoxia protects the brain by up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, few focused on systematic comparisons between different mild hypoxia manipulations and their effects. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were observed following exposure to hypoxia before and after epilepsy for 3 days with 90 min per day. The effects of different mild hypoxia manipulations on kainic acid-induced epilepsy were compared from the perspective of morphology, molecular biology and behavioral test. Results showed that different mild hypoxia manipulations could inhibit the cell apoptosis of kainic acid-induced rat hippocampus and improve their physiological functions. The effect of preconditioning group was better than that of postconditioning group and that of preconditioning and postconditioning with mild hypoxia group was the best among all the groups. The result showed that the preconditioning and postconditioning of mild hypoxia was recommended pre- and post-epilepsy and exposure to mild hypoxia should be prolonged. These findings might provide new ideas and methods for the clinical treatment of epilepsy.
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Rau TF, Lu Q, Sharma S, Sun X, Leary G, Beckman ML, Hou Y, Wainwright MS, Kavanaugh M, Poulsen DJ, Black SM. Oxygen glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slice cultures results in alterations in carnitine homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40881. [PMID: 22984394 PMCID: PMC3439445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by depolarization of mitochondrial membranes and the initiation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis are pathological responses to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in the neonatal brain. Carnitine metabolism directly supports mitochondrial metabolism by shuttling long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for beta-oxidation. Our previous studies have shown that HI disrupts carnitine homeostasis in neonatal rats and that L-carnitine can be neuroprotective. Thus, this study was undertaken to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which HI alters carnitine metabolism and to begin to elucidate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effect of L-carnitine (LCAR) supplementation. Utilizing neonatal rat hippocampal slice cultures we found that oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) decreased the levels of free carnitines (FC) and increased the acylcarnitine (AC): FC ratio. These changes in carnitine homeostasis correlated with decreases in the protein levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) 1 and 2. LCAR supplementation prevented the decrease in CPT1 and CPT2, enhanced both FC and the AC∶FC ratio and increased slice culture metabolic viability, the mitochondrial membrane potential prior to OGD and prevented the subsequent loss of neurons during later stages of reperfusion through a reduction in apoptotic cell death. Finally, we found that LCAR supplementation preserved the structural integrity and synaptic transmission within the hippocampus after OGD. Thus, we conclude that LCAR supplementation preserves the key enzymes responsible for maintaining carnitine homeostasis and preserves both cell viability and synaptic transmission after OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Rau
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xutong Sun
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory Leary
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Beckman
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Yali Hou
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Wainwright
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Kavanaugh
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - David J. Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMB); (DJP)
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMB); (DJP)
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Lee TH, Park JH, Kim JD, Lee JC, Kim IH, Yim Y, Lee SK, Yan BC, Ahn JH, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Park JH, Won MH. Protective Effects of a Novel Synthetic Alpha-Lipoic Acid-Decursinol Hybrid Compound in Experimentally Induced Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1209-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Danielisova V, Burda J, Nemethova M, Gottlieb M, Burda R. An Effective Combination of Two Different Methods of Postconditioning. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2085-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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The effect of ischemic post-conditioning on hippocampal cell apoptosis following global brain ischemia in rats. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:570-3. [PMID: 22300791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of brain ischemic post-conditioning on cell apoptosis in the hippocampus following global brain ischemia in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=15/group): sham operation, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and ischemic post-conditioning (I PostC). Global brain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion. Ischemic post-conditioning consisted of six cycles of 10s/10s reperfusion/reocclusion at the onset of reperfusion. All rats were sacrificed 24 hours or 72 hours after reperfusion. The hippocampal CA1 regions were analysed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling (Tunel) staining technique for determining cell apoptosis. Levels of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were measured by Western blotting. After 72 hours, fewer Tunel-positive brain cells were observed in rats from the I PostC group than in rats from the I/R group (10.3 ± 2.7% versus 40.8 ± 6.2%, p<0.01). After reperfusion at 24 hours and 72 hours, expression of caspase-3 in the I PostC group was significantly decreased (p<0.01) and expression of Bcl-2 in the I PostC group was significantly increased (p<0.01) compared with the I/R group. We conclude that down-regulation of caspase-3 and up-regulation of Bcl-2 by ischemic post-conditioning may underlie the protective effects of post-conditioning.
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Zeng Z, Huang HF, Chen MQ, Song F, Zhang YJ. Contributions of heme oxygenase-1 in postconditioning-protected ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2012; 43:2517-23. [PMID: 21911116 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an oxidative stress-response gene up-regulated by various physiological and exogenous stimuli, has cytoprotective activities. Ischemic postconditioning (Postcon) can protect an organ from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In the present study, we investigated the potential contributions of HO-1 to Postcon-dependent protection against I/R injury in rat liver transplantation models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham group with laparotomy for liver exposure; I/R group with 24-hour cold ischemia of the donor liver; Postcon group with the same treatment as the I/R group plus ischemic Postcon; and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP HO-1 inhibitor) + Postcon group treated the same as the Postcon cohort with donors pretreated using ZnPP 24 hours before the I/R injury. We measured liver tissue and peripheral blood samples collected at 6 hours after reperfusion and serum transaminase levels, histopathology, liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and HO-1 expression in the liver. RESULTS Postcon significantly diminished the elevation of serum transaminases levels after I/R injury when compared with I/R and ZnPP+Postcon groups. Postcon treated rats showed significantly lower MDA production and higher SOD activity. HO-1 was induced in rat livers exposed to Postcon; its levels were obviously overexpressed after 6 hours in Postcon rats. Inhibiting the expression of HO-1, negated the protective effects of Postcon. CONCLUSIONS Induction of HO-1 in the Postcon condition played a protective role against hepatic I/R injury and enhanced the early antioxidative activity. The protective effects of Postcon were significantly associated with greater intrahepatic HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zeng
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China.
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Kuszczyk M, Słomka M, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Salińska E, Łazarewicz JW. 1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and established uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists induce tolerance to excitotoxicity. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:1041-50. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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