1
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Korf HW. Photoneuroendocrine, circadian and seasonal systems: from photoneuroendocrinology to circadian biology and medicine. Cell Tissue Res 2024:10.1007/s00441-024-03913-7. [PMID: 39264444 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
This contribution highlights the scientific development of two intertwined disciplines, photoneuroendocrinology and circadian biology. Photoneuroendocrinology has focused on nonvisual photoreceptors that translate light stimuli into neuroendocrine signals and serve rhythm entrainment. Nonvisual photoreceptors first described in the pineal complex and brain of nonmammalian species are luminance detectors. In the pineal, they control the formation of melatonin, the highly conserved hormone of darkness which is synthesized night by night. Pinealocytes endowed with both photoreceptive and neuroendocrine capacities function as "photoneuroendocrine cells." In adult mammals, nonvisual photoreceptors controlling pineal melatonin biosynthesis and pupillary reflexes are absent from the pineal and brain and occur only in the inner layer of the retina. Encephalic photoreceptors regulate seasonal rhythms, such as the reproductive cycle. They are concentrated in circumventricular organs, the lateral septal organ and the paraventricular organ, and represent cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons. Nonvisual photoreceptors employ different photopigments such as melanopsin, pinopsin, parapinopsin, neuropsin, and vertebrate ancient opsin. After identification of clock genes and molecular clockwork, circadian biology became cutting-edge research with a focus on rhythm generation. Molecular clockworks tick in every nucleated cell and, as shown in mammals, they drive the expression of more than 3000 genes and are of overall importance for regulation of cell proliferation and metabolism. The mammalian circadian system is hierarchically organized; the central rhythm generator is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei which entrain peripheral circadian oscillators via multiple neuronal and neuroendocrine pathways. Disrupted molecular clockworks may cause various diseases, and investigations of this interplay will establish a new discipline: circadian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst-Werner Korf
- Institute Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany.
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2
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Yamamoto H, Okada M, Sawaguchi Y, Yamada T. Expression of opsin and visual cycle-related enzymes in fetal rat skin keratinocytes and cellular response to blue light. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101789. [PMID: 39104840 PMCID: PMC11298612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the skin, a non-visual tissue, responds to light remains unknown. To date, opsin expression has been demonstrated in keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts, all of which are skin-derived cells. In this study, we examined whether the visual cycle, by which opsin activity is maintained, is present in skin keratinocytes. We also identified the wavelengths of light to which opsin in keratinocytes responds and explored their effects on skin keratinocytes. The fetal rat skin keratinocytes used in this study expressed OPN2, 3, and 5 in addition to enzymes involved in the visual cycle, and all-trans-retinal, which is produced by exposure to light, was reconverted to 11-cis-retinal, resulting in opsin activation. Using the production of all-trans-retinal after light exposure as an indicator, we discovered that keratinocytes responded to light at 450 nm. Furthermore, actin alpha cardiac muscle 1 expression in keratinocytes was enhanced and cell migration was suppressed by exposure to light at these wavelengths. These results indicate that keratinocytes express various opsins and have a visual cycle that keeps opsin active. Moreover, keratinocytes were shown to respond to the blue/UV region of the light spectrum, suggesting that opsin plays a role in the light response of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Nagakute City, Aichi, 480-1197, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Momo Okada
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sawaguchi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamada
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
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3
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Domínguez-Valdés T, Bonnin-Arias C, Alvarez-Peregrina C, Galvez BG, Sanchez-Tena MA, Germain F, de la Villa P, Sánchez-Ramos C. Violet Light Effects on the Circadian Rest-Activity Rhythm and the Visual System. Clocks Sleep 2024; 6:433-445. [PMID: 39189196 PMCID: PMC11348119 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep6030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rooms illuminated by "black light" (<400 nm wavelength) has become popular, but there is not enough scientific evidence to support its implementation. This study aims to assess the effects of violet light (392 nm) on the circadian rest-activity rhythm and the visual system through animal experimentation. MATERIALS AND RESULTS Five groups of four mice were exposed to different white light, violet light, and dark periods, and their circadian rhythm was analyzed by measuring the circadian period using rest-activity cycles. Electroretinographic recordings and structural analysis of the retina were also performed on experimental animals. RESULTS Our study demonstrates that mice present normal circadian activity during exposure to violet light, taking rest not only under white light but under violet lighting periods. However, mice suffered a decrease in electrical retinal response after exposure to violet light as measured by electroretinography. Nevertheless, no structural changes were observed in the retinas of the animals under different lighting conditions. CONCLUSIONS Violet light elicits circadian rest-activity rhythm in mice but alters their visual function, although no structural changes are observed after short periods of violet light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Domínguez-Valdés
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (T.D.-V.); (C.B.-A.); (C.A.-P.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Cristina Bonnin-Arias
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (T.D.-V.); (C.B.-A.); (C.A.-P.); (C.S.-R.)
- Vision and Ophthalmology Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (T.D.-V.); (C.B.-A.); (C.A.-P.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Beatriz G. Galvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miguel Angel Sanchez-Tena
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (T.D.-V.); (C.B.-A.); (C.A.-P.); (C.S.-R.)
- ISEC LISBOA-Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Germain
- Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (F.G.); (P.d.l.V.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of System Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (F.G.); (P.d.l.V.)
- Visual Neurophysiology Group, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Sánchez-Ramos
- Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (T.D.-V.); (C.B.-A.); (C.A.-P.); (C.S.-R.)
- Vision and Ophthalmology Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Inda A, Martinez S, Bessone C, Rios M, Guido M, Herrero-Vanrell R, Luna JD, Allemandi D, Ravetti S, Quinteros D. Evidence of the protective role of Carvacrol in a retinal degeneration animal model. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109938. [PMID: 38789020 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative pathologies affecting the posterior segment of the eye, are characterized by being devastating and responsible for the majority of visual dysfunctions worldwide. These diseases are primarily degenerative, progressing chronically, and can inflict gradual harm to the optic nerve, retinal ganglion cells (RGC), photoreceptors, and other retinal cells. This retinal damage leads to a progressive loss of vision, marking these conditions as a significant health concern worldwide. The intravitreal administration of the phytochemical Carvacrol (CAR) is expected to demonstrate a neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effect on retinal cells, with a specific focus on RGC. This effect will be observed in a retinal degeneration model (RDM) in rabbits induced by cytotoxic and oxidative agents, namely glutamate (GLUT) and L-buthionine-S, R-sulfoximine (BSO). An in vivo study was conducted using New Zealand rabbits in which retinal damage was created to evaluate the effectiveness of CAR. The effectiveness of CAR on the functionality of retinal neuronal cells in RDM was evaluated using pupillary light reflection (PLR). Furthermore, the phytotherapeutic's influence on cell viability was determined through flow cytometry analysis. Finally, the neuroprotective and antiapoptotic capabilities of CAR were specifically scrutinized in RGC through histological studies, quantifying cell survival, and employing immunohistochemical assays to detect the apoptotic index (%) using the TUNEL technique. Our results demonstrated that CAR promoted the recovery of the pupillary contraction profile over time, maintaining the functionality of retinal cells as healthy controls. Additionally, it showed increased cell viability under oxidative and cytotoxic conditions given by GLUT-BSO agents. Finally, we found that CAR protects the survival of RGC and decreases the percentage of apoptotic cells when compared to RDM. CAR demonstrated to have positive effects on the functionality of photoreceptive nerve cells by restoring pupillary contraction. Likewise, it was shown to have neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects when evaluated in a general and specific way on retinal nerve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen Inda
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT VM), 5900, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofía Martinez
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Bessone
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Villa Mercedes (UNVIME), 5730, Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario Guido
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Grupo de Investigación en Innovación, Terapia y Desarrollo Farmacéutico en Oftalmología (UCM 920415), Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Domingo Luna
- Área de Cirugía Vítreo y Retina, Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa S.A. y Fundación VER, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Allemandi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Soledad Ravetti
- Centro de Investigación y Transferencia (CIT VM), 5900, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, 5900, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela Quinteros
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET y Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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5
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Barrionuevo PA, Sandoval Salinas ML, Fanchini JM. Are ipRGCs involved in human color vision? Hints from physiology, psychophysics, and natural image statistics. Vision Res 2024; 217:108378. [PMID: 38458004 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Human photoreceptors consist of cones, rods, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). First studied in circadian regulation and pupillary control, ipRGCs project to a variety of brain centers suggesting a broader involvement beyond non-visual functions. IpRGC responses are stable, long-lasting, and with a particular codification of photoreceptor signals. In comparison with the transient and adaptive nature of cone and rod signals, ipRGCs' signaling might provide an ecological advantage to different attributes of color vision. Previous studies have indicated melanopsin's influence on visual responses yet its contribution to color perception in humans remains debated. We summarized evidence and hypotheses (from physiology, psychophysics, and natural image statistics) about direct and indirect involvement of ipRGCs in human color vision, by first briefly assessing the current knowledge about the role of melanopsin and ipRGCs in vision and codification of spectral signals. We then approached the question about melanopsin activation eliciting a color percept, discussing studies using the silent substitution method. Finally, we explore various avenues through which ipRGCs might impact color perception indirectly, such as through involvement in peripheral color matching, post-receptoral pathways, color constancy, long-term chromatic adaptation, and chromatic induction. While there is consensus about the role of ipRGCs in brightness perception, confirming its direct contribution to human color perception requires further investigation. We proposed potential approaches for future research, emphasizing the need for empirical validation and methodological thoroughness to elucidate the exact role of ipRGCs in human color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Barrionuevo
- Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany; Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión (ILAV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - María L Sandoval Salinas
- Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión (ILAV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (PIDBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - José M Fanchini
- Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión (ILAV), CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina; Departamento de Luminotecnia, Luz y Visión, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
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6
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Kusumoto J, Akashi M, Terashi H, Sakakibara S. Differential Photosensitivity of Fibroblasts Obtained from Normal Skin and Hypertrophic Scar Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2126. [PMID: 38396801 PMCID: PMC10889571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether normal human skin tissue or abnormal scarring are photoreceptive. Therefore, this study investigated photosensitivity in normal skin tissue and hypertrophic scars. The expression of opsins, which are photoreceptor proteins, in normal dermal fibroblasts (NDFs) and hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs) was examined. After exposure to blue light (BL), changes in the expression levels of αSMA and clock-related genes, specifically PER2 and BMAL1, were examined in both fibroblast types. Opsins were expressed in both fibroblast types, with OPN3 exhibiting the highest expression levels. After peripheral circadian rhythm disruption, BL induced rhythm formation in NDFs. In contrast, although HSFs showed changes in clock-related gene expression levels, no distinct rhythm formation was observed. The expression level of αSMA was significantly higher in HSFs and decreased to the same level as that in NDFs upon BL exposure. When OPN3 knocked-down HSFs were exposed to BL, the reduction in αSMA expression was inhibited. This study showed that BL exposure directly triggers peripheral circadian synchronization in NDFs but not in HSFs. OPN3-mediated BL exposure inhibited HSFs. Although the current results did not elucidate the relationship between peripheral circadian rhythms and hypertrophic scars, they show that BL can be applied for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Kusumoto
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (H.T.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Masaya Akashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Hiroto Terashi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (H.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Shunsuke Sakakibara
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; (H.T.); (S.S.)
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7
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Jeong H, Lee D, Jiang X, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Opsin 5 mediates violet light-induced early growth response-1 expression in the mouse retina. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17861. [PMID: 37857760 PMCID: PMC10587185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is an abnormal vision condition characterized by difficulties in seeing distant objects. Myopia has become a public health issue not only in Asian countries but also in Western countries. Previously, we found that violet light (VL, 360-400 nm wavelength) exposure effectively suppressed myopia progression in experimental chick and mice models of myopia. The inhibitory effects of VL on myopia progression are reduced in retina-specific opsin 5 (Opn5) knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, VL exposure upregulated early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression in the chorioretinal tissues of chicks. However, the expression of EGR-1 and role of OPN5 in mice following VL exposure remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether VL exposure-induced EGR-1 upregulation depends on Opn5 expression in the mouse retina. EGR-1 mRNA and protein expressions increased in the mouse retina and mouse retinal 661W cells following VL exposure. These increases were consistently reduced in retina specific Opn5 conditional KO mice and Opn5 KO 661W cells. Our results suggest that OPN5 mediates VL-induced EGR-1 upregulation in mice. These molecular targets could be considered for the prevention and treatment of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Deokho Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 304 Toshin Shinanomachi-ekimae Bldg., 34 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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8
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Man LLH, Storey SS, Bertolesi GE, McFarlane S. Cell-type expression and activation by light of neuropsins in the developing and mature Xenopus retina. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1266945. [PMID: 37799826 PMCID: PMC10547888 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1266945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosensitive opsins detect light and perform image- or nonimage-forming tasks. Opsins such as the "classical" visual opsins and melanopsin are well studied. However, the retinal expression and functions of a novel family of neuropsins are poorly understood. We explored the developmental time-course and cell-type specificity of neuropsin (opn5, 6a, 6b, and 8) expression in Xenopus laevis by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We compared the Xenopus results with publicly available single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from zebrafish, chicken, and mouse. Additionally, we analyzed light-activation of neuropsin-expressing cells through induction of c-fos mRNA. opn5 and opn8 expression begins at stage 37/38 when the retinal circuits begin to be activated. Once retinal circuits connect to the brain, opn5 mRNA is distributed across multiple retinal cell types, including bipolar (~70%-75%), amacrine (~10%), and retinal ganglion (~20%) cells, with opn8 present in amacrine (~70%) and retinal ganglion (~30%) cells. opn6a and opn6b mRNAs emerge in newborn-photoreceptors (stage 35), and are colocalized in rods and cones by stage 37/38. Interestingly, in the mature larval retina (stage 43/44), opn6a and opn6b mRNAs become preferentially localized to rods and cones, respectively, while newborn photoreceptors bordering the proliferative ciliary marginal zone express both genes. In zebrafish, opn6a and opn6b are also expressed in photoreceptors, while Müller glia and amacrine cells express opn8c. Most neuropsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells display c-fos expression in response to light, as do over half of the neuropsin-expressing interneurons. This study gave a better understanding of retinal neuropsin-expressing cells, their developmental onset, and light activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel E. Bertolesi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah McFarlane
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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9
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Bhoi JD, Goel M, Ribelayga CP, Mangel SC. Circadian clock organization in the retina: From clock components to rod and cone pathways and visual function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 94:101119. [PMID: 36503722 PMCID: PMC10164718 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian (24-h) clocks are cell-autonomous biological oscillators that orchestrate many aspects of our physiology on a daily basis. Numerous circadian rhythms in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas have been observed and the presence of an endogenous circadian clock has been demonstrated. However, how the clock and associated rhythms assemble into pathways that support and control retina function remains largely unknown. Our goal here is to review the current status of our knowledge and evaluate recent advances. We describe many previously-observed retinal rhythms, including circadian rhythms of morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and gene expression. We evaluate evidence concerning the location and molecular machinery of the retinal circadian clock, as well as consider findings that suggest the presence of multiple clocks. Our primary focus though is to describe in depth circadian rhythms in the light responses of retinal neurons with an emphasis on clock control of rod and cone pathways. We examine evidence that specific biochemical mechanisms produce these daily light response changes. We also discuss evidence for the presence of multiple circadian retinal pathways involving rhythms in neurotransmitter activity, transmitter receptors, metabolism, and pH. We focus on distinct actions of two dopamine receptor systems in the outer retina, a dopamine D4 receptor system that mediates circadian control of rod/cone gap junction coupling and a dopamine D1 receptor system that mediates non-circadian, light/dark adaptive regulation of gap junction coupling between horizontal cells. Finally, we evaluate the role of circadian rhythmicity in retinal degeneration and suggest future directions for the field of retinal circadian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Bhoi
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Honors Research Program, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manvi Goel
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christophe P Ribelayga
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Honors Research Program, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Stuart C Mangel
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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10
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Lan Y, Zeng W, Wang Y, Dong X, Shen X, Gu Y, Zhang W, Lu H. Opsin 3 mediates UVA-induced keratinocyte supranuclear melanin cap formation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:238. [PMID: 36869204 PMCID: PMC9984416 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA damage is a major risk factor for skin cancer development. UV-induced redistribution of melanin near keratinocyte nuclei leads to the formation of a supranuclear cap, which acts as a natural sunscreen and protects DNA by absorbing and scattering UV radiation. However, the mechanism underlying the intracellular movement of melanin in nuclear capping is poorly understood. In this study, we found that OPN3 is an important photoreceptor in human epidermal keratinocytes and is critical for UVA-mediated supranuclear cap formation. OPN3 mediates supranuclear cap formation via the calcium-dependent G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway and ultimately upregulates Dync1i1 and DCTN1 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes via activating calcium/CaMKII, CREB, and Akt signal transduction. Together, these results clarify the role of OPN3 in regulating melanin cap formation in human epidermal keratinocytes, greatly expanding our understanding of the phototransduction mechanisms involved in physiological function in skin keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xian Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Yangguang Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 550001, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China.
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11
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Zhang Q, Wu Y, Li W, Wang J, Zhou H, Zhang L, Liu Q, Ying L, Yan H. Retinal development and the expression profiles of opsin genes during larval development in Takifugu rubripes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:380-394. [PMID: 36371656 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The light-sensitive capacity of fish larvae is determined by the structure of the retina and the opsins expressed in the retinal and nonretinal photoreceptors. In this study, the retinal structure and expression of opsin genes during the early developmental stage of Takifugu rubripes larvae were investigated. Histological examination showed that at 1 days after hatching (dah), seven layers were observed in the retina of T. rubripes larva, including the pigment epithelial layer [retinal pigment epithelium layer (RPE)], photoreceptor layer (PRos/is), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). At 2 dah, optic fibre layer (OFL) can be observed, and all eight layers were visible in the retina. By measuring the thickness of each layer, opposing developmental trends were found in the thickness of ONL, OPL, INL, IPL, GCL and OFL. The nuclear density of ONL, INL and GCL and the ratios of ONL/INL, ONL/GCL and INL/GCL were also measured and the ratio of ONL/GCL ranged from 1.9 at 2 dah to 3.4 at 8 dah and no significant difference was observed between the different developmental stages (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed for the INL/GCL ratio between the different developmental stages, which ranged from 1.2 at 2 dah to 2.0 at 18 dah (P > 0.05). The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that the expression of RH1, LWS, RH2-1, RH2-2, SWS2, rod opsin, opsin3 and opsin5 could be detected from 1 dah. These results suggest that the well-developed retina and early expression of the opsins of T. rubripes during the period of transition from endogenous to mixed feeding might be critical for vision-based survival skills during the early life stages after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Weiyuan Li
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Liu Ying
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Hongwei Yan
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (Dalian Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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12
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Sun Y, Yang X, Xu L, Jia M, Zhang L, Li P, Yang P. The Role of Nrf2 in Relieving Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1405-1420. [PMID: 36453490 PMCID: PMC10324331 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221129100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke includes two related pathological damage processes: brain injury caused by primary ischemia and secondary ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. I/R injury has become a worldwide health problem. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of satisfactory drugs for ameliorating cerebral I/R damage. Nrf2 is a vital endogenous antioxidant protein, which combines with Keap1 to maintain a dormant state under physiological conditions. When pathological changes such as I/R occurs, Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1 and activates the expression of downstream antioxidant proteins to exert a protective effect. Recent research have shown that the activated Nrf2 not only effectively inhibits oxidative stress, but also performs the ability to repair the function of compromised mitochondria, alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress, eliminate inflammatory response, reduce blood-brain barrier permeability, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, enhance the neural network remolding, thereby exerting significant protective effects in alleviating the injuries caused by cell oxygen-glucose deprivation, or animal cerebral I/R. However, no definite clinical application report demonstrated the efficacy of Nrf2 activators in the treatment of cerebral I/R. Therefore, further efforts are needed to elaborate the role of Nrf2 activators in the treatment of cerebral I/R. Here, we reviewed the possible mechanisms underlying its potential pharmacological benefits in alleviating cerebral I/R injury, so as to provide a theoretical basis for studying its mechanism and developing Nrf2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Mengxiao Jia
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Limeng Zhang
- School of Nursing, Pingdingshan Polytenchnic College, Pingdingshan, 467001, China
| | - Peng Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Vascular Remodeling Intervention and Molecular Targeted Therapy Drug Development, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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13
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Marchese NA, Ríos MN, Guido ME. Müller glial cell photosensitivity: a novel function bringing higher complexity to vertebrate retinal physiology. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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14
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Salgado D, Mariluz BR, Araujo M, Lorena J, Perez LN, Ribeiro RDL, Sousa JDF, Schneider PN. Light-induced shifts in opsin gene expression in the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:995469. [PMID: 36248668 PMCID: PMC9556854 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.995469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate eye is a complex process orchestrated by several conserved transcriptional and signaling regulators. Aside from partial or complete loss, examples of exceptional modifications to this intricate organ are scarce. The unique eye of the four-eyed fish Anableps anableps is composed of duplicated corneas and pupils, as well as specialized retina regions associated with simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision. In a previous transcriptomic study of the A. anableps developing eye we identified expression of twenty non-visual and eleven visual opsin genes. Here, we surveyed the expression territories of three non-visual melanopsins genes (opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3), one teleost multiple tissue opsin (tmt1b) and two visual opsins (lws and rh2-1) in dorsal and ventral retinas. Our data showed that asymmetry of non-visual opsin expression is only established after birth. During embryonic development, while inside pregnant females, the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, and tmt1b spans the whole retina. In juvenile fish (post birth), the expression of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, and tmt1b genes becomes restricted to the ventral retina, which receives aerial light. Raising juvenile fish in clear water instead of the murky waters found in its natural habitat is sufficient to change gene expression territories of opn4×1, opn4×2, opn4m3, tmt1b, and rh2-1, demonstrating that different lighting conditions can shift opsin expression and potentially contribute to changes in spectral sensitivity in the four eyed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Salgado
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Bertha R. Mariluz
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maysa Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jamily Lorena
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Louise N. Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Josane de F. Sousa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Patricia N. Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patricia N. Schneider,
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15
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Glial cell response to constant low light exposure in rat retina. Vis Neurosci 2022; 39:E005. [PMID: 36164752 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523822000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To study the macroglia and microglia and the immune role in long-time light exposure in rat eyes, we performed glial cell characterization along the time-course of retinal degeneration induced by chronic exposure to low-intensity light. Animals were exposed to light for periods of 2, 4, 6, or 8 days, and the retinal glial response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, western blot and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Retinal cells presented an increased expression of the macroglia marker GFAP, as well as increased mRNA levels of microglia markers Iba1 and CD68 after 6 days. Also, at this time-point, we found a higher number of Iba1-positive cells in the outer nuclear layer area; moreover, these cells showed the characteristic activated-microglia morphology. The expression levels of immune mediators TNF, IL-6, and chemokines CX3CR1 and CCL2 were also significantly increased after 6 days. All the events of glial activation occurred after 5-6 days of constant light exposure, when the number of photoreceptor cells has already decreased significantly. Herein, we demonstrated that glial and immune activation are secondary to neurodegeneration; in this scenario, our results suggest that photoreceptor death is an early event that occurs independently of glial-derived immune responses.
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16
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Zou H, Zhou H, Yan R, Yao Z, Lu Q. Chronotype, circadian rhythm, and psychiatric disorders: Recent evidence and potential mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:811771. [PMID: 36033630 PMCID: PMC9399511 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.811771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is crucial for physiological and behavioral functions. Chronotype, which represents individual preferences for activity and performance, is associated with human health issues, particularly psychiatric disorders. This narrative review, which focuses on the relationship between chronotype and mental disorders, provides an insight into the potential mechanism. Recent evidence indicates that (1) the evening chronotype is a risk factor for depressive disorders and substance use disorders, whereas the morning chronotype is a protective factor. (2) Evening chronotype individuals with bipolar disorder tend to have more severe symptoms and comorbidities. (3) The evening chronotype is only related to anxiety symptoms. (4) The relationship between chronotype and schizophrenia remains unclear, despite increasing evidence on their link. (5) The evening chronotype is significantly associated with eating disorders, with the majority of studies have focused on binge eating disorders. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms or influence factors are described in detail, including clock genes, brain characteristics, neuroendocrinology, the light/dark cycle, social factors, psychological factors, and sleep disorders. These findings provide the latest evidence on chronotypes and psychiatric disorders and serve as a valuable reference for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zou
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijian Yao
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Lu
- School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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17
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Papaioannou S, Medini P. Advantages, Pitfalls, and Developments of All Optical Interrogation Strategies of Microcircuits in vivo. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:859803. [PMID: 35837124 PMCID: PMC9274136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.859803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The holy grail for every neurophysiologist is to conclude a causal relationship between an elementary behaviour and the function of a specific brain area or circuit. Our effort to map elementary behaviours to specific brain loci and to further manipulate neural activity while observing the alterations in behaviour is in essence the goal for neuroscientists. Recent advancements in the area of experimental brain imaging in the form of longer wavelength near infrared (NIR) pulsed lasers with the development of highly efficient optogenetic actuators and reporters of neural activity, has endowed us with unprecedented resolution in spatiotemporal precision both in imaging neural activity as well as manipulating it with multiphoton microscopy. This readily available toolbox has introduced a so called all-optical physiology and interrogation of circuits and has opened new horizons when it comes to precisely, fast and non-invasively map and manipulate anatomically, molecularly or functionally identified mesoscopic brain circuits. The purpose of this review is to describe the advantages and possible pitfalls of all-optical approaches in system neuroscience, where by all-optical we mean use of multiphoton microscopy to image the functional response of neuron(s) in the network so to attain flexible choice of the cells to be also optogenetically photostimulated by holography, in absence of electrophysiology. Spatio-temporal constraints will be compared toward the classical reference of electrophysiology methods. When appropriate, in relation to current limitations of current optical approaches, we will make reference to latest works aimed to overcome these limitations, in order to highlight the most recent developments. We will also provide examples of types of experiments uniquely approachable all-optically. Finally, although mechanically non-invasive, all-optical electrophysiology exhibits potential off-target effects which can ambiguate and complicate the interpretation of the results. In summary, this review is an effort to exemplify how an all-optical experiment can be designed, conducted and interpreted from the point of view of the integrative neurophysiologist.
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18
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Marchese NA, Ríos MN, Guido ME. The Intrinsic Blue Light Responses of Avian Müller Glial Cells Imply Calcium Release from Internal Stores. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221076698. [PMID: 35103506 PMCID: PMC8814826 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221076698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina of vertebrates is responsible for capturing light through visual
(cones and rods) and non-visual photoreceptors (intrinsically photosensitive
retinal ganglion cells and horizontal cells) triggering a number of essential
activities associated to image- and non-image forming functions (photic
entrainment of daily rhythms, pupillary light reflexes, pineal melatonin
inhibition, among others). Although the retina contains diverse types of
neuronal based-photoreceptors cells, originally classified as ciliary- or
rhabdomeric-like types, in recent years, it has been shown that the major glial
cell type of the retina, the Müller glial cells (MC), express blue photopigments
as Opn3 (encephalopsin) and Opn5 (neuropsin) and display light responses
associated to intracellular Ca2 + mobilization. These findings strongly propose
MC as novel retinal photodetectors (Rios et al., 2019). Herein, we further
investigated the intrinsic light responses of primary cultures of MC from
embryonic chicken retinas specially focused on Ca2 + mobilization by
fluorescence imaging and the identity of the internal Ca2 + stores responsible
for blue light responses. Results clearly demonstrated that light responses were
specific to blue light of long time exposure, and that the main Ca2 + reservoir
to trigger downstream responses came from intracellular stores localized in the
endoplasmic reticulum These observations bring more complexity to the intrinsic
photosensitivity of retinal cells, particularly with regard to the detection of
light in the blue range of visible spectra, and add novel functions to glial
cells cooperating with other photoreceptors to detect and integrate ambient
light in the retinal circuit and participate in cell to cell communication.
Summary statement:
Non-neuronal cells in the vertebrate retina, Muller glial cells, express
non-canonical photopigments and sense blue light causing calcium release from
intracellular stores strongly suggesting a novel intrinsic photosensitivity and
new regulatory events mediating light-driven processes with yet unknown
physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Marchese
- 373607CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28217Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano N Ríos
- 373607CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28217Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mario E Guido
- 373607CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, 28217Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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19
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Guido ME, Monjes NM, Wagner PM, Salvador GA. Circadian Regulation and Clock-Controlled Mechanisms of Glycerophospholipid Metabolism from Neuronal Cells and Tissues to Fibroblasts. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:326-353. [PMID: 34697790 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Along evolution, living organisms developed a precise timekeeping system, circadian clocks, to adapt life to the 24-h light/dark cycle and temporally regulate physiology and behavior. The transcriptional molecular circadian clock and metabolic/redox oscillator conforming these clocks are present in organs, tissues, and even in individual cells, where they exert circadian control over cellular metabolism. Disruption of the molecular clock may cause metabolic disorders and higher cancer risk. The synthesis and degradation of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) is one of the most highly regulated metabolisms across the 24-h cycle in terms of total lipid content and enzyme expression and activity in the nervous system and individual cells. Lipids play a plethora of roles (membrane biogenesis, energy sourcing, signaling, and the regulation of protein-chromatin interaction, among others), making control of their metabolism a vital checkpoint in the cellular organization of physiology. An increasing body of evidence clearly demonstrates an orchestrated and sequential series of events occurring in GPL metabolism across the 24-h day in diverse retinal cell layers, immortalized fibroblasts, and glioma cells. Moreover, the clock gene Per1 and other circadian-related genes are tightly involved in the regulation of GPL synthesis in quiescent cells. However, under proliferation, the metabolic oscillator continues to control GPL metabolism of brain cancer cells even after molecular circadian clock disruption, reflecting the crucial role of the temporal metabolism organization in cell preservation. The aim of this review is to examine the control exerted by circadian clocks over GPL metabolism, their synthesizing enzyme expression and activities in normal and tumorous cells of the nervous system and in immortalized fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Guido
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
| | - Natalia M Monjes
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Paula M Wagner
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Salvador
- INIBIBB-UNS-CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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20
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Riddell N, Crewther SG, Murphy MJ, Tani Y. Long-Wavelength-Filtered Light Transiently Inhibits Negative Lens-Induced Axial Eye Growth in the Chick Myopia Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 34459859 PMCID: PMC8411858 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.9.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Eye growth and myopia development in chicks, and some other animal models, can be suppressed by rearing under near-monochromatic, short-wavelength blue light. We aimed to determine whether similar effects could be achieved using glass filters that transmit a broader range of short and middle wavelengths. Methods On day 6 or 7 post-hatch, 169 chicks were assigned to one of three monocular lens conditions (−10 D, +10 D, plano) and reared for 7 or 10 days under one of four 201-lux lighting conditions: (1) B410 long-wavelength–filtered light, (2) B460 long-wavelength–filtered light, (3) Y48 short-wavelength–filtered light, or (4) HA50 broadband light. Results At 7 days, B410 (but not B460) long-wavelength–filtered light had significantly inhibited negative lens induced axial growth relative to Y48 short-wavelength–filtered light (mean difference in experimental eye = −0.249 mm; P = 0.006) and HA50 broadband light (mean difference = −0.139 mm; P = 0.038). B410 filters also inhibited the negative lens-induced increase in vitreous chamber depth relative to all other filter conditions. Corresponding changes in refraction did not occur, and biometric measurements in a separate cohort of chicks suggested that the axial dimension changes were transient and not maintained at 10 days. Conclusions Chromatic effects on eye growth can be achieved using filters that transmit a broad range of wavelengths even in the presence of strong cues for myopia development. Translational Relevance Broad-wavelength filters that provide a more “naturalistic” visual experience relative to monochromatic light have potential to alter myopia development, although the effects shown here were modest and transient and require exploration in further species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie J Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuki Tani
- Technical Research & Development Department, Vision Care Section, HOYA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Opsins outside the eye and the skin: a more complex scenario than originally thought for a classical light sensor. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:519-538. [PMID: 34236517 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of melanopsin as a retinal non-visual photopigment, opsins have been described in several organs and cells. This distribution is strikingly different from the classical localization of photopigments in light-exposed tissues such as the eyes and the skin. More than 10 years ago, a new paradigm in the field was created as opsins were shown, to detect not only light, but also thermal energy in Drosophila. In agreement with these findings, thermal detection by opsins was also reported in mammalian cells. Considering the presence of opsins in tissues not reached by light, an intriguing question has emerged: What is the role of a classical light-sensor, and more recently appreciated thermo-sensor, in these tissues? To tackle this question, we address in this review the most recent studies in the field, with emphasis in mammals. We provide the present view about the role of opsins in peripheral tissues, aiming to integrate the current knowledge of the presence and function of opsins in organs that are not directly affected by light.
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