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Toro JE, Oyarzún PA, Toledo FE, Navarro JM, Illesca AF, Gardner JPA. Genetic structure and diversity of the Chilean flat oyster Ostrea chilensis (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) along its natural distribution from natural beds subject to different fishing histories. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210214. [PMID: 35266950 PMCID: PMC8908350 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrea chilensis (Küster, 1844), the flat oyster, is native to
Chile and New Zealand. In Chile, it occurs in a few natural beds, from the
northern part of Chiloé Island (41 ºS) to the Guaitecas Archipelago (45 ºS).
This bivalve is slow growing, broods its young, and has very limited dispersal
potential. The Ostrea chilensis fishery has been over-exploited
for a number of decades such that in some locations oysters no longer exist. The
aim of this study was to study the genetic diversity of the Chilean flat oyster
along its natural distribution to quantify the possible impact of the dredge
fishery on wild populations. The genetic structure and diversity of
Ostrea chilensis from six natural beds with different
histories of fishing activity were estimated. Based on mitochondrial (Cytb) and
nuclear (ITS1) DNA sequence variation, our results provide evidence that genetic
diversity is different among populations with recent history of wild dredge
fishery efforts. We discuss the possible causes of these results. Ultimately,
such new information may be used to develop and apply new management measures to
promote the sustainable use of this valuable marine resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Toro
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo A Oyarzún
- Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Quintay, Chile
| | - Felipe E Toledo
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alex F Illesca
- Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jonathan P A Gardner
- Victoria University of Wellington, School of Biological Sciences, Wellington, New Zealand
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Hornick KM, Plough LV. Genome-wide analysis of natural and restored eastern oyster populations reveals local adaptation and positive impacts of planting frequency and broodstock number. Evol Appl 2022; 15:40-59. [PMID: 35126647 PMCID: PMC8792482 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of captive-bred plants and animals has increased worldwide to augment declining species. However, insufficient attention has been given to understanding how neutral and adaptive genetic variation are partitioned within and among proximal natural populations, and the patterns and drivers of gene flow over small spatial scales, which can be important for restoration success. A seascape genomics approach was used to investigate population structure, local adaptation, and the extent to which environmental gradients influence genetic variation among natural and restored populations of Chesapeake Bay eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. We also investigated the impact of hatchery practices on neutral genetic diversity of restored reefs and quantified the broader genetic impacts of large-scale hatchery-based bivalve restoration. Restored reefs showed similar levels of diversity as natural reefs, and striking relationships were found between planting frequency and broodstock numbers and genetic diversity metrics (effective population size and relatedness), suggesting that hatchery practices can have a major impact on diversity. Despite long-term restoration activities, haphazard historical translocations, and high dispersal potential of larvae that could homogenize allele frequencies among populations, moderate neutral population genetic structure was uncovered. Moreover, environmental factors, namely salinity, pH, and temperature, play a major role in the distribution of neutral and adaptive genetic variation. For marine invertebrates in heterogeneous seascapes, collecting broodstock from large populations experiencing similar environments to candidate sites may provide the most appropriate sources for restoration and ensure population resilience in the face of rapid environmental change. This is one of a few studies to demonstrate empirically that hatchery practices have a major impact on the retention of genetic diversity. Overall, these results contribute to the growing body of evidence for fine-scale genetic structure and local adaptation in broadcast-spawning marine species and provide novel information for the management of an important fisheries resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Hornick
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceHorn Point LaboratoryCambridgeMarylandUSA
| | - Louis V. Plough
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental ScienceHorn Point LaboratoryCambridgeMarylandUSA
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Rose JM, Gosnell JS, Bricker S, Brush MJ, Colden A, Harris L, Karplus E, Laferriere A, Merrill NH, Murphy TB, Reitsma J, Shockley J, Stephenson K, Theuerkauf S, Ward D, Fulweiler RW. Opportunities and Challenges for Including Oyster-Mediated Denitrification in Nitrogen Management Plans. ESTUARIES AND COASTS : JOURNAL OF THE ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION 2021; 44:2041-2055. [PMID: 35340553 PMCID: PMC8942081 DOI: 10.1007/s12237-021-00936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen pollution is one of the primary threats to coastal water quality globally, and governmental regulations and marine policy are increasingly requiring nitrogen remediation in management programs. Traditional mitigation strategies (e.g., advanced wastewater treatment) are not always enough to meet reduction goals. Novel opportunities for additional nitrogen reduction are needed to develop a portfolio of long-term solutions. Increasingly, in situ nitrogen reduction practices are providing a complementary management approach to the traditional source control and treatment, including recognition of potential contributions of coastal bivalve shellfish. While policy interest in bivalves has focused primarily on nitrogen removal via biomass harvest, bivalves can also contribute to nitrogen removal by enhancing denitrification (the microbial driven process of bioavailable nitrogen transformation to di-nitrogen gas). Recent evidence suggests that nitrogen removed via enhanced denitrification may eclipse nitrogen removal through biomass harvest alone. With a few exceptions, bivalve-enhanced denitrification has yet to be incorporated into water quality policy. Here, we focus on oysters in considering how this issue may be addressed. We discuss policy options to support expansion of oyster-mediated denitrification, describe the practical considerations for incorporation into nitrogen management, and summarize the current state of the field in accounting for denitrification in oyster habitats. When considered against alternative nitrogen control strategies, we argue that enhanced denitrification associated with oysters should be included in a full suite of nitrogen removal strategies, but with the recognition that denitrification associated with oyster habitats will not alone solve our excess nitrogen loading problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Rose
- NOAA Fisheries, NEFSC Milford Laboratory, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| | - J. Stephen Gosnell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College and the PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 17 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Suzanne Bricker
- NOAA NCCOS Oxford Laboratory, 904 South Morris Street, Oxford, MD 21654, USA
| | - Mark J. Brush
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, 1370 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Allison Colden
- Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 6 Herndon Avenue, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA
| | - Lora Harris
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD 20688, USA
| | - Eric Karplus
- Science Wares, Inc., 87 Hamlin Ave, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
| | - Alix Laferriere
- The Nature Conservancy, New Hampshire Chapter, 112 Bay Road, Newmarket, NH 03857, USA
| | - Nathaniel H. Merrill
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tammy B. Murphy
- NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Joshua Reitsma
- Cape Cod Cooperative Extension, County of Barnstable, P.O. Box 367, Barnstable, MA 02630, USA
| | - Johnny Shockley
- Blue Oyster Environmental, LLC, 541 Poplar Street, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Kurt Stephenson
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Seth Theuerkauf
- The Nature Conservancy Provide Food and Water Sustainably Team, 4245 Fairfax Drive, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Present address: Office of Aquaculture, NOAA Fisheries, SSMC3, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Dan Ward
- Ward Aquafarms, 51 N Falmouth Hwy, North Falmouth, MA 02556, USA
| | - Robinson W. Fulweiler
- Department of Biology and Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Room 101, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
In this paper, the different possibilities and innovations related to sustainable aquaculture in the Mediterranean area are discussed, while different maricultural methods, and the role of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in supporting the exploitation of the ocean’s resources, are also reviewed. IMTA, and mariculture in general, when carefully planned, can be suitable for environmental restoration and conservation purposes. Aquaculture, especially mariculture, is a sector that is progressively increasing in parallel with the increase in human needs; however, several problems still affect its development, mainly in relation to the choice of suitable sites, fodder production, and the impact on the surrounding environment. A current challenge that requires suitable solutions is the implementation of IMTA. Unfortunately, some criticisms still affect this approach, mostly concerning the commercialization of new products such as invertebrates and seaweeds, notwithstanding their environmentally friendly character. Regarding the location of a suitable site, mariculture plans are currently displaced from inshore to offshore, with the aim of reducing the competition for space with other human activities carried out within coastal waters. Moreover, in open water, waste loading does not appear to be a problem, but high-energy waters increase maintenance costs. Some suggestions are given for developing sustainable mariculture in the Mediterranean area, where IMTA is in its infancy and where the scarce nutrients that characterize offshore waters are not suitable for the farming of both filter feeder invertebrates and macroalgae. From the perspective of coupling mariculture activity with restoration ecology, the practices suggested in this review concern the implementation of inshore IMTA, creating artificially controlled gardens, as well as offshore mussel farming coupled with artificial reefs, while also hypothesizing the possibility of the use of artificially eutrophized areas.
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