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Jelinkova K, Charabin E, Miller C, Climie EA. Self-Stigma of Canadian Youth With ADHD and Their Parents. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:1598-1611. [PMID: 39219408 PMCID: PMC11403931 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241273161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD is subject to stigma from the general population. Exposure to stigma poses the risk of developing self-stigma of youth and parents, but few studies have focused on self-stigma of ADHD. Furthermore, parental factors have been implicated in self-stigma of youth, but no previous research has assessed the association between self-stigma of parents and youth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to better understand the experience of self-stigma of youth and their parents in the context of ADHD. METHOD Fifty-five youth with ADHD (aged 8-17) and one parent reporter per youth completed surveys to report their experiences. RESULTS The results of this study found that both youth and parents reported significantly lower self-stigma scores compared to most previously published research. Parents of boys reported higher self-stigma scores compared to parents of girls. Youth who reported higher self-stigma also reported lower self-esteem. Self-stigma scores in youth were predicted by inattentive symptoms but not hyperactive/impulsive symptoms or parental self-stigma. CONCLUSION Results emphasize the importance of understanding self-stigma of ADHD, symptom severity, and the need for interventions for families with ADHD.
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Saalim K, Kraemer JD, Boafo N, Stockton MA, Owusu NAV, Troutman Adams E, Stelmach R, Birdsey B, Alberg J, Vormawor R, Mankattah E, Akrong R, Boateng K, Nyblade L. Preliminary Validation of Stigma Measures Among Parents of Children Who Are d/Deaf or Hard of Hearing in the United States and Ghana. Ear Hear 2024; 45:26S-34S. [PMID: 39298627 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parents are integral to the development and overall well-being of their child. Previous research has studied the emotional effects parenting experiences have on parents. However, parents caring for children with disabilities have unique parenting experiences, filled with both victories and challenges. Parenting a child with disabilities can bring additional responsibilities as parents respond to their child's special needs. Specifically, parents of children who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing (d/DHH) are required to make ongoing life-changing decisions about their child's life, including mode of communication, medical care, and education. Across the world, many adults who are d/DHH experience stigma. However, less is known about the stigma faced by children who are d/DHH and their parents. Measuring the nature and magnitude of stigma-affecting parents of children who are d/DHH could offer insights into how to additionally support these parents. Nonetheless, there is a gap in validated scales to measure stigma among parents of children who are d/DHH. In response, we developed and preliminarily validated five measures of stigma among parents of children who are d/DHH. DESIGN Measures were developed through a mixed-method process: (1) a scoping literature review, (2) a modified Delphi process consisting of two group discussions (n = 3, n = 4) and two individual discussions with parents of children who are d/DHH from high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), (3) cognitive interviews with parents of children who are d/DHH in the United States (U.S.) (n = 5) and Ghana (n = 5), and (4) a pretest of the survey in the U.S. (n = 28) and Ghana (n = 30). Modifications to the measures were made after each stage. This article focuses on evaluating the psychometric performance of the developed measures. Parents were recruited in the U.S. (n = 100) and Ghana (n = 173). Convenience sampling was used in both countries. In Ghana, survey administration was in-person with trained interviewers collecting data on tablets. In the U.S. data were collected online through self-administered surveys. RESULTS The final five scales measured: (1) parental observation of stigma their child experiences (seven items), (2) parental perceptions of stigma toward their child (eight items), (3) parental secondary experienced stigma (eight items), (4) perceived parental secondary stigma (five items), and (5) parental internalized stigma (seven items). All scales performed strongly and similarly across both country samples. The scales had ordinal αs ranging from 0.864 to 0.960, indicating strong reliability. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a set of preliminarily validated stigma measures to capture the experience of parents of children who are d/DHH. Measuring stigma among parents is critical to understanding parental mental health, as parental well-being affects the health and development of their child. Furthermore, measuring observed stigma by parents can allow the researcher to gain an understanding of the stigma experienced by children who are d/DHH that they may not be able to communicate. Further studies testing these measures across other countries and with more diverse samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Saalim
- International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John D Kraemer
- International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Melissa A Stockton
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Troutman Adams
- Social, Statistical, and Environmental Sciences business unit, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rachel Stelmach
- International Development Group, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bianca Birdsey
- The Global Coalition of Parents of Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing (GPODHH)
| | - Joni Alberg
- Duke Hearing Center for Children and Families, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kwaku Boateng
- Educational Assessment Research Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Laura Nyblade
- Social, Statistical, and Environmental Sciences business unit, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
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Yasumitsu-Lovell K, Thompson L, Fernell E, Eitoku M, Suganuma N, Gillberg C. Validity of the ESSENCE-Q neurodevelopmental screening tool in Japan. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38760958 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM To assess the validity of the Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations-Questionnaire (ESSENCE-Q), a simple screening tool for neurodevelopmental problems, in Japan. METHOD Parents/caregivers completed the 11-item ESSENCE-Q for 77 612 children aged 2 years 6 months included in a national birth cohort study. Information about neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs: autism spectrum disorder; intellectual disability and/or developmental language disorder; motor delay/motor disorder) was collected at age 3 years. Each ESSENCE-Q item was scored on a binary (0,1) scale, with a total score range of 0 to 11. Total scores and individual items were compared across children with and without NDDs. RESULTS NDDs were recorded in 854 children (1.1%). With a total ESSENCE-Q score cut-off of ≥3, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.91, with sensitivity 84.9%, specificity 84.8%, positive predictive value 5.9%, and negative predictive value 99.8%. The proportion of parental concerns at 2 years 6 months differed significantly by NDD status for communication (89.5% vs 14.2%) and general development (80.2% vs 7.4%). ESSENCE-Q total scores were moderately negatively correlated (-0.36, p < 0.001) with Japanese Ages and Stages Questionnaire scores. INTERPRETATION The parent/caregiver-completed ESSENCE-Q is useful as a tool for screening out children with neurotypical development at this early age. Further research into longer-term predictive validity will be possible as more NDD diagnoses are given as the children grow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahoko Yasumitsu-Lovell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Kochi Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Kochi Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Zhang X, Wu M, Zeng T, Cai C. "I am not a good enough parent": The experience of self-stigma in parents of children with mental illness in China. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2024; 37:e12466. [PMID: 38649333 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PROBLEM Self-stigma in parents of children with mental illness is an area easily overlooked by mental health providers. Many studies have shown that self-stigma in parents may result in social interaction avoidance, lower self-esteem, increased psychological pressure, and so on. However, a comprehensive picture of how parents of children with mental illness in China experience self-stigma is lacking. METHODS Individual semistructured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 20 parents from China during their child's psychiatric hospitalization. We followed the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist. FINDINGS Four main themes were identified that captured the experience of self-stigma in parents of children with mental illness: (1) losing face and fear, (2) internalizing affiliate stigma, (3) feeling of self-blame and self-doubt, and (4) keeping oneself away from society. CONCLUSIONS These findings explain how Chinese parents of children with mental illness experience self-stigma. To better effect the treatment and rehabilitation of children with mental illness, it is necessary to recognize this self-stigma in parents and take action to improve their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meiliyang Wu
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tieying Zeng
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunfeng Cai
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ye Y, Deng T, Chen M, Huang B, Ji Y, Feng Y, Liu S, Zhang T, Zhang L. Relationship between affiliate stigma and family quality of life among parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: The mediating role of parenting self-efficacy. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2024; 49:23-31. [PMID: 38734451 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are under great pressure and experience discrimination in their daily lives, which affects their family quality of life (FQOL). OBJECTIVE METHODS: A total of 237 parents of children with ASD were recruited in a university-affiliated hospital in Guangzhou, China, from October 2020 to April 2021 by convenience sampling. The Affiliate Stigma Scale, Parenting Sense of Competence Scale and Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale were employed for data collection. RESULTS The results showed that affiliate stigma negatively predicts total FQOL and the dimensions of FQOL through both a direct effect and an indirect effect through parenting self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that affiliate stigma is an important predictor of FQOL, and interventions to reduce affiliate stigma and strengthen parenting self-efficacy might be effective in improving FQOL in the parents of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ye
- School of Nursing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Deng
- School of Nursing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaoying Chen
- Child Development and Behavior Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqin Huang
- Gynecology and Pediatrics Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Child Development and Behavior Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshen Feng
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong
| | - Shaofei Liu
- School of Nursing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- School of Nursing, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Armstrong-Gallegos S, Van Herwegen J, Ipinza VF. Neuromyths about neurodevelopmental disorders in Chilean teachers. Trends Neurosci Educ 2023; 33:100218. [PMID: 38049290 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2023.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Misconceptions about how the brain works (neuromyths) are shown to be common among educators, but little is known about neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) neuromyths. Here, we explored the prevalence of both general and neurodevelopmental disorders neuromyths in Chilean teachers and other educational professionals. One hundred forty-four participants answered an online neuroscience knowledge, interest, and training questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that both teachers and non-teachers endorsed more neuromyths related to NDDs compared to general neuromyths and that familiarity with the NDDs but not necessarily neuroscience training or interest plays an important role in the endorsement of these neuromyths. The findings indicate that dyscalculia is the least known neurodevelopmental disorder. Although inclusion politics demand training for all educational actors, the current findings suggest effective translational efforts between neuroscience and education fields should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Van Herwegen
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - Vania Figueroa Ipinza
- Centro de Transversalización de Género en I+D+i+e, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
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Chan KKS, Fung WTW, Leung DCK. Self-compassion mitigates the cognitive, affective, and social impact of courtesy stigma on parents of autistic children. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1649-1660. [PMID: 36566467 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to the courtesy stigma of autism spectrum disorder, many parents of autistic children are devaluated and discriminated against by the public. Despite the high prevalence of this courtesy stigma, very few studies have examined its negative effects on parents of autistic children and explored the factors that may protect the parents from these negative effects. The present study utilized a 2-year, two-wave prospective longitudinal design to examine the associations of courtesy stigma with adverse cognitive (self-stigma), affective (depressive and anxiety symptoms), and social (parent-child and inter-parental conflicts) consequences for parents of autistic children and to test whether these associations would be moderated and mitigated by self-compassion. METHODS A total of 381 parents of autistic children completed questionnaires about courtesy stigma, self-compassion, self-stigma, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and parent-child and inter-parental conflicts at time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2). RESULTS Courtesy stigma interacted with self-compassion at T1 in predicting self-stigma, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and parent-child and inter-parental conflicts at T2. Specifically, the associations of courtesy stigma with the adverse psychological consequences were weaker for parents with high self-compassion than for those with low self-compassion. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the prospective associations of courtesy stigma with adverse cognitive, affective, and social consequences for parents of autistic children, as well as the protective effects of self-compassion against such associations. These results highlight the importance of increasing parents' self-compassion to help them cope with courtesy stigma and improve their psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ka Shing Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Winnie Tsz Wa Fung
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donald Chi Kin Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Draeger-Muenke R. The "well-sibling" syndrome: hypnosis for the siblings of special needs children. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37856370 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2023.2249059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Often overlooked by caregivers because of their ability to adapt to a challenging home life by making few demands themselves, the siblings of special needs children have unacknowledged needs of their own. They often are reluctant to participate in therapy because of their self-concept of having to be the "normal" or "perfect" child. Therapy with these children requires non-pathologizing and attuned rapport building focused on creative self-exploration without requests for change. Two composite case vignettes illustrate the power and versatility of clinical hypnosis to facilitate new learning about becoming visible in the therapeutic relationship and beyond.
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Hao Y, Wu Q, Wang X, Ma Y, Wang Y, Peng P, Wang X, Yang Q, Liu Y, Li M, He L, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Liu T, Chen S. Stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness among caregivers of patients with mental disorders in China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1071954. [PMID: 37427283 PMCID: PMC10325790 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1071954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate stigmatizing attitudes toward depression, schizophrenia, and general anxiety disorder (GAD) among caregivers of patients with mental disorders in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 607 caregivers in China, using vignettes that described three mental illnesses. Data on the caregivers' attitudes and other people's attitudes toward individuals with mental disorders and their willingness to come in contact with people with mental disorders were collected. Results In the three vignettes, caregivers agreed that positive outcomes outnumbered negative outcomes. The top two statements endorsing the stigma were "the person could snap out of the problem" and "people with this problem are dangerous." In the section for perceived stigma, caregivers in the GAD vignette agreed that most people believed this problem is not a real medical illness, compared to schizophrenia. The rates of the statement endorsing unpredictability were significantly different in the schizophrenia (57.2%) and depression (45.5%) vignette, in comparison to the GAD (45.6%) vignette. For personal stigma, the caregivers tended to avoid people described in the depression vignette more often than in the GAD vignette. The caregivers were most unwilling to let the person described in the vignettes marry into their family, especially in the schizophrenia vignette. Conclusion Despite the stigma and desire for social distance associated with schizophrenia, depression, and GAD, caregivers often expect positive outcomes. Actions should be taken to improve caregivers' knowledge about mental health and reduce the stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Hao
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuyi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuejiao Ma
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pu Peng
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Yang
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yueheng Liu
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Manyun Li
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li He
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital (Hunan Second People’s Hospital), Changsha, China
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shubao Chen
- National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Douet Vannucci V, Marchand T, Hennequin A, Caci H, Staccini P. The EPIDIA4Kids protocol for a digital epidemiology study on brain functioning in children, based on a multimodality biometry tool running on an unmodified tablet. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1185565. [PMID: 37325324 PMCID: PMC10267880 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurodevelopment and related mental disorders (NDDs) are one of the most frequent disabilities among young people. They have complex clinical phenotypes often associated with transnosographic dimensions, such as emotion dysregulation and executive dysfunction, that lead to adverse impacts in personal, social, academic, and occupational functioning. Strong overlap exists then across NDDs phenotypes that are challenging for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Recently, digital epidemiology uses the rapidly growing data streams from various devices to advance our understanding of health's and disorders' dynamics, both in individuals and the general population, once coupled with computational science. An alternative transdiagnostic approach using digital epidemiology may thus better help understanding brain functioning and hereby NDDs in the general population. Objective The EPIDIA4Kids study aims to propose and evaluate in children, a new transdiagnostic approach for brain functioning examination, combining AI-based multimodality biometry and clinical e-assessments on an unmodified tablet. We will examine this digital epidemiology approach in an ecological context through data-driven methods to characterize cognition, emotion, and behavior, and ultimately the potential of transdiagnostic models of NDDs for children in real-life practice. Methods and analysis The EPIDIA4Kids is an uncontrolled open-label study. 786 participants will be recruited and enrolled if eligible: they are (1) aged 7 to 12 years and (2) are French speaker/reader; (3) have no severe intellectual deficiencies. Legal representative and children will complete online demographic, psychosocial and health assessments. During the same visit, children will perform additionally a paper/pencil neuro-assessments followed by a 30-min gamified assessment on a touch-screen tablet. Multi-stream data including questionnaires, video, audio, digit-tracking, will be collected, and the resulting multimodality biometrics will be generated using machine- and deep-learning algorithms. The trial will start in March 2023 and is expected to end by December 2024. Discussion We hypothesize that the biometrics and digital biomarkers will be capable of detecting early onset symptoms of neurodevelopment compared to paper-based screening while as or more accessible in real-life practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Douet Vannucci
- R&D Lab, O-Kidia, Nice, France
- URE Risk Epidemiology Territory INformatics Education and Health (URE RETINES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Théo Marchand
- R&D Lab, O-Kidia, Nice, France
- Bioelectronic Lab, Ecole des Mines de Saint-Étienne, Gardanne, France
| | | | - Hervé Caci
- Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU Lenval, Nice, France
- Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie and Santé des Populations (CESP), INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascal Staccini
- URE Risk Epidemiology Territory INformatics Education and Health (URE RETINES), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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McLeod JD. Invisible Disabilities and Inequality. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/01902725231153307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In this address, I consider the realized and potential contributions of sociological social psychology to research on inequality based on invisible disabilities and the challenges that invisible disabilities pose to current social psychological theories. Drawing from the social structure and personality framework, I advance the general notion of invisible disability as a dimension of inequality, consider how four basic social psychological processes (social categorization, identity, status, and stigmatization) have and can help us understand how invisible disabilities shape outcomes over the life course, and suggest new lines of research social psychologists could pursue. I close with brief comments about the benefits of such an agenda for sociological social psychology as well as how these lines of research can inform theories of stratification.
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Tabatabaee M, Yousefi Nooraie R, Mohammad Aghaei A, Rostam-Abadi Y, Ansari M, Sharifi S, Sharifi V. Loneliness in the presence of others: A mixed-method study of social networks of caregivers of patients with severe mental disorders. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:190-199. [PMID: 35148620 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221077580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One in four families has at least one member with a mental disorder and families are the main caregivers in most patients in low and middle-income countries. Caregivers experience disruption in their routine lives, increased responsibilities, increased need for support, and changes in their network. The role of personal support networks in the health and burden of the caregivers is complex and depends on the context, cultural and socioeconomical variables. In this study, we aimed to investigate the personal support network of caregivers of patients with severe mental illness in Iran. METHODS By using a mixed-methods design, we focused on the structure and composition of caregiver networks, as well as self-perceived caregiver support. RESULTS We found that the support network of caregivers was mostly composed of immediate family members whom themselves were selectively chosen as a result of the multidimensional process of interaction between stigma, availability, and the perceived needs of caregivers. The participants mentioned economic and instrumental supports more frequently than emotional support, probably reflecting their unmet basic needs. Advocacy for providing formal systemic supports to caregivers, as well as interventions that expand caregivers personal support network is recommended. CONCLUSIONS Most participants of the study were relatively isolated and had a small network of support, mostly composed of immediate family members. Stigma was a serious source of family distress for caregivers and a limiting factor in social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tabatabaee
- Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yousefi Nooraie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Yasna Rostam-Abadi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Ansari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamim Sharifi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vandad Sharifi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chan KKS, Leung DCK, Fung WTW. Longitudinal impact of parents' discrimination experiences on children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms: A 2-year study of families of autistic children. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 27:296-308. [PMID: 35585707 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221093110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Although many parents of autistic children are routinely discriminated against, the potential impact of this discrimination on their parenting processes and child-rearing outcomes has seldom been investigated. The present study addressed this gap in the literature by examining the longitudinal associations of parents' discrimination experiences with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms among families of autistic children and testing whether these associations would be mediated by parental depression, harsh parenting, and coparenting conflict. On three occasions across 2 years (i.e. T1, T2, and T3), 441 parents of autistic children from Hong Kong, China, provided questionnaire data. Path analyses showed that parents' discrimination experiences at T1 had significant direct effects on parental depression, harsh parenting, and coparenting conflict at T2, which, in turn, had significant direct effects on children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms at T3. Bootstrap analyses further demonstrated that parents' discrimination experiences at T1 had significant indirect effects on children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms at T3 via parental depression, harsh parenting, and coparenting conflict at T2. Our findings have important theoretical contributions and significant practical implications. Theoretically, our findings elucidate how parents' discrimination experiences may longitudinally heighten children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms by adversely affecting parental well-being and parent-child and inter-parental relationships. Practically, our findings highlight the importance of designing and implementing community-based stigma reduction programs and family-based stigma coping interventions to reduce parents' discrimination experiences and associated adverse outcomes on well-being, parenting, marriage, and child development.
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Pre-/perinatal reduced optimality and neurodevelopment at 1 month and 3 years of age: Results from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280249. [PMID: 36630408 PMCID: PMC9833583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in children are associated with a complex combination of genetic and/or environmental factors. Pre-/perinatal events are major known environmental suboptimal factors, and their individual and combined contributions vary. This study investigated the association between pre-/perinatal reduced optimality and child development observed by parents at 1 month, as well as NDDs at 3 years of age (i.e., motor delay, intellectual disability, developmental language disorder, and autism spectrum disorder), in the context of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. The study also assessed whether child development at 1 month predicted NDDs at 3 years of age. Associations between 25 pre-/perinatal factors and (a) developmental concerns at 1 month of age and (b) NDDs at 3 years were analyzed (n = 71,682). Binomial regression models were used to investigate risk ratios of the developmental outcome at each time point for total pre-/perinatal reduced optimality scale scores, as well as for individual pre-/perinatal factors of the reduced optimality scale. Finally, we assessed the ability of parental observations of offspring development at 1 month to predict NDDs at 3 years. Total reduced optimality scores were positively associated with 1-month developmental concerns and 3-year NDDs, with higher scores (i.e., a reduction in optimality) associated with an increased risk of both NDDs and earlier parental concerns. Neonatal transportation, epidural analgesia, advanced maternal age, cesarean section delivery, Apgar score ≤8, and hyperbilirubinemia were identified as individual risk factors for 3-year NDDs, overlapping with 14 risk factors for 1-month developmental concerns except Apgar score ≤8. Among six developmental items assessed at 1 month of age, concerns about gross motor function and difficulty holding/trouble calming down had the strongest associations with later-diagnosed motor delay and autism spectrum disorder, respectively. Five perinatal factors and advanced maternal age were associated with NDD at 3 years of age, as were early parental developmental concerns regarding their offspring's overall development, indicating the importance of careful follow-up of offspring born with pre-/perinatal reduced optimality. The results also implicated early parental concerns, as early as 1 month, may also be a useful indicator of later NDD status.
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Wong TSM, Shorey S. Experiences of peer support amongst parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders: A qualitative systematic review. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 67:e92-e99. [PMID: 36115753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Peer support is a form of social support that can address the complexities of support needs and challenges of parenting children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs). However, there is paucity of research on the roles and influences of peer support experienced amongst parents of neurodivergent children. This qualitative systematic review therefore aimed to consolidate and synthesize the experiences of peer support amongst parents caring for neurodivergent children. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Articles were selected if they reported primary qualitative findings on the experiences of peer-support amongst parents of children diagnosed with at least one NDD as classified by DSM-5. SAMPLE Eleven articles were finalised and included in the review. RESULTS Four themes emerged: (1) reasons for seeking peer support, (2) different roles of peer support, (3) contributing elements of successful peer support, and (4) barriers against facilitating peer support. The findings of this review revealed that peer support was a valuable social support resource that met the complex support needs of parents. It enabled parents to provide quality care for their children whilst living with quality of life for themselves. CONCLUSIONS Peer support could be a valuable resource for parents of neurodivergent children as it could potentially enhance quality of life for parents while providing quality care for their children with complex needs. IMPLICATIONS Healthcare providers should integrate peer support as an adjunct resource of social support to help ease caregiver burdens of parents with neurodivergent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Shi Min Wong
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD11,10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore
| | - Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD11,10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore.
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Yip CCH, Chan KKS. Longitudinal impact of public stigma and courtesy stigma on parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: The moderating role of trait mindfulness. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 127:104243. [PMID: 35661545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the public and courtesy stigma of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prevalent, there are very few studies examining their adverse psychological effects on parents of children with ASD or exploring plausible factors that can alleviate these adverse effects. The present study addressed these literature gaps by investigating the longitudinal linkages of public and courtesy stigma to detrimental cognitive (i.e., self-stigma content and process) and affective (i.e., perceived stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety) consequences for parents of children with ASD and testing if these linkages would be moderated by trait mindfulness. METHODS At two time points separated by 12 months, 372 Hong Kong parents of children with ASD provided questionnaire data on public and courtesy stigma, mindfulness, self-stigma content and process, perceived stress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS Hierarchical regressions showed that public and courtesy stigma interacted significantly with mindfulness at baseline in predicting self-stigma content and process, perceived stress, and symptoms of depression and anxiety at follow-up. Moreover, simple slope analyses showed that the linkages of public and courtesy stigma to the five detrimental psychological consequences were weaker in parents with high mindfulness than in those with low mindfulness. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the longitudinal linkages of public and courtesy stigma to detrimental cognitive and affective consequences for parents of children with ASD, and reveal the plausible protective effects of mindfulness against such linkages. These findings suggest the potential utility of increasing mindfulness in parents of children with ASD in coping with community stigma and improving mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Ka Shing Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Sociocultural insights on dementia care-giving in Arab and Muslim communities: the perspectives of family care-givers. AGEING & SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x22000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Little is known about the experiences of informal family care-giving for persons with ADRD in the context of Arab and Muslim communities. This paper offers fresh insight into the less-studied private sphere of the home, showing how families respond to the onset and long-term care of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). It considers the extent to which sociocultural and religious influences are appropriated by family care-givers as coping mechanisms and motivators for care. Drawing upon interviews with 32 family care-givers for older persons living with ADRD in Qatar, findings reveal the intersectionality of the care-giving experience with various sociocultural, religious and emotional influences through seven emergent themes: (a) reasons and motivations for care-giving; (b) role of the extended family; (c) socio-demographic attributes of care-givers, their allocated responsibilities and how these intersect; (d) socio-religious attitudes towards care-giving of older persons; (e) social stigma; (f) personal knowledge of ADRD; and (g) coping mechanisms. The paper is concluded with key implications of these sociocultural insights for theory, policy and practice, which could inform Qatar's health and social care provision sector as well as other Arab and Muslim communities that share similar cultural and religious belief systems.
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Graaf G, Annis I, Martinez R, Thomas KC. Predictors of Unmet Family Support Service Needs in Families of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1274-1284. [PMID: 33942229 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes rates of perceived and unmet need for family support services (care coordination, respite care, and family mental health care) among a national sample of children with special health care needs (CSHCN), distinguishing children with emotional, behavioral, or developmental problems (EBDPs) from children with primarily physical chronic conditions. It also examines if a child having EBDPs is associated with perceived and unmet family support service needs and investigates public versus private health insurance's moderating effect on this association. METHODS Using data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (2005/2006 and 2009/2010), this cross-sectional study uses multi-level, fixed effects logistic regression. RESULTS When compared to CSHCN with no EBDPs, parents of CSHCN with EBDPs report greater need for all family support services and greater rates of unmet need for all support services. This pattern of greater need for CSHCN with EBDPs versus those without is similar among those with public and private health insurance. Among CSHCN with family support needs, however, the pattern differs. For CSHCN with EBDPs, having public insurance is associated with lower probabilities of unmet needs compared to private insurance. For CSHCN without EBDPs, having public insurance has a mixed effect on probability of reporting unmet need. CONCLUSION Having EBDPs and public insurance is associated with increased perceived need, but public insurance also confers particular benefit for children with EBDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Graaf
- School of Social Work, University of Texas At Arlington, Social Work Complex-A, 112D 211 South Cooper Street, Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
| | - Izabela Annis
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Regina Martinez
- School of Social Work, University of Texas At Arlington, Social Work Complex-A, 112D 211 South Cooper Street, Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Kathleen C Thomas
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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