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Niu X, Utayde MF, Sanders KEG, Cunningham TJ, Zhang G, Kensinger EA, Payne JD. The effects of shared, depression-specific, and anxiety-specific internalizing symptoms on negative and neutral episodic memories following post-learning sleep. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024:10.3758/s13415-024-01209-5. [PMID: 39138784 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Emotional memory bias is a common characteristic of internalizing symptomatology and is enhanced during sleep. The current study employs bifactor S-1 modeling to disentangle depression-specific anhedonia, anxiety-specific anxious arousal, and the common internalizing factor, general distress, and test whether these internalizing symptoms interact with sleep to influence memory for emotional and neutral information. Healthy adults (N = 281) encoded scenes featuring either negative objects (e.g., a vicious looking snake) or neutral objects (e.g., a chipmunk) placed on neutral backgrounds (e.g., an outdoor scene). After a 12-hour period of daytime wakefulness (n = 140) or nocturnal sleep (n = 141), participants judged whether objects and backgrounds were the same, similar, or new compared with what they viewed during encoding. Participants also completed the mini version of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Higher anxious arousal predicted worse memory across all stimuli features, but only after a day spent being awake-not following a night of sleep. No significant effects were found for general distress and anhedonia in either the sleep or wake condition. In this study, internalizing symptoms were not associated with enhanced emotional memory. Instead, memory performance specifically in individuals with higher anxious arousal was impaired overall, regardless of emotional valence, but this was only the case when the retention interval spanned wakefulness (i.e., not when it spanned sleep). This suggests that sleep may confer a protective effect on general memory impairments associated with anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Niu
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, E466 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Mia F Utayde
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, E466 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kristin E G Sanders
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, E466 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Tony J Cunningham
- The Center for Sleep & Cognition, Harvard Medical School & Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, E466 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, E466 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Morina E, Harris DA, Hayes-Skelton SA, Ciaramitaro VM. Altered mechanisms of adaptation in social anxiety: differences in adapting to positive versus negative emotional faces. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:727-747. [PMID: 38427396 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2314987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Social anxiety is characterised by fear of negative evaluation and negative perceptual biases; however, the cognitive mechanisms underlying these negative biases are not well understood. We investigated a possible mechanism which could maintain negative biases: altered adaptation to emotional faces. Heightened sensitivity to negative emotions could result from weakened adaptation to negative emotions, strengthened adaptation to positive emotions, or both mechanisms. We measured adaptation from repeated exposure to either positive or negative emotional faces, in individuals high versus low in social anxiety. We quantified adaptation strength by calculating the point of subjective equality (PSE) before and after adaptation for each participant. We hypothesised: (1) weaker adaptation to angry vs happy faces in individuals high in social anxiety, (2) no difference in adaptation to angry vs happy faces in individuals low in social anxiety, and (3) no difference in adaptation to sad vs happy faces in individuals high in social anxiety. Our results revealed a weaker adaptation to angry compared to happy faces in individuals high in social anxiety (Experiment 1), with no such difference in individuals low in social anxiety (Experiment 1), and no difference in adaptation strength to sad vs happy faces in individuals high in social anxiety (Experiment 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinda Morina
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Harris
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hayes-Skelton
- Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian M Ciaramitaro
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Qian Z, Yang Y, Domschke K, Gerlach AL, Hamm A, Richter J, Herrmann MJ, Deckert J, Arolt V, Zwanzger P, Lotze M, Pfleiderer B, Wittchen HU, Lang T, Ströhle A, Konrad C, Rief W, Suslow T, Jansen A, Kircher T, Straube B. Elevated accuracy in recognition of subliminal happy facial expressions in patients with panic disorder after psychotherapy. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1375751. [PMID: 38938460 PMCID: PMC11209896 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1375751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with anxiety disorders (ADs) often display hypervigilance to threat information, although this response may be less pronounced following psychotherapy. This study aims to investigate the unconscious recognition performance of facial expressions in patients with panic disorder (PD) post-treatment, shedding light on alterations in their emotional processing biases. Methods Patients with PD (n=34) after (exposure-based) cognitive behavior therapy and healthy controls (n=43) performed a subliminal affective recognition task. Emotional facial expressions (fearful, happy, or mirrored) were displayed for 33 ms and backwardly masked by a neutral face. Participants completed a forced choice task to discriminate the briefly presented facial stimulus and an uncovered condition where only the neutral mask was shown. We conducted a secondary analysis to compare groups based on their four possible response types under the four stimulus conditions and examined the correlation of the false alarm rate for fear responses to non-fearful (happy, mirrored, and uncovered) stimuli with clinical anxiety symptoms. Results The patient group showed a unique selection pattern in response to happy expressions, with significantly more correct "happy" responses compared to controls. Additionally, lower severity of anxiety symptoms after psychotherapy was associated with a decreased false fear response rate with non-threat presentations. Conclusion These data suggest that patients with PD exhibited a "happy-face recognition advantage" after psychotherapy. Less symptoms after treatment were related to a reduced fear bias. Thus, a differential facial emotion detection task could be a suitable tool to monitor response patterns and biases in individuals with ADs in the context of psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Qian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yunbo Yang
- Department of Experimental Psychopathology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Alfons Hamm
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Richter
- Department of Experimental Psychopathology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin J. Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Functional Imaging Unit, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Lang
- Christoph-Dornier-Foundation for Clinical Psychology, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Constructor University Bremen School of Business, Social & Decision Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum Rotenburg (Wümme), Rotenburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Rief
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core-Facility Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy & Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Greenaway AM, Hwang F, Nasuto S, Ho A. Webcam-Based Eye-Tracking of Attentional Biases in Alzheimer's Disease: A Proof-Of-Concept Study. Clin Gerontol 2024; 47:98-109. [PMID: 37515584 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2023.2240783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure home-based older adults' attentional biases (AB) using webcam-based eye-tracking (WBET) and examine internal consistency. METHODS Twelve participants with and without cognitive impairment completed online self-report anxiety and depression screens, and a 96-trial dot-probe task with eye-gaze tracking. For each trial, participants fixated on a cross, free-viewed sad-neutral, sad-angry, sad-happy, angry-neutral, angry-happy, and happy-neutral facial expression pairings, and then fixated on a dot. In emotional-neutral pairings, the time spent looking (dwell-time) at neutral was averaged and subtracted from the emotional average to indicate biases "away from" (negative score) and "toward" (positive score) each emotional face. Internal consistency was estimated for dwell-times and bias scores using Cronbach's alpha and Spearman - Brown corrected split-half coefficients. RESULTS The full-cohort and a comorbid anxious and depressed sub-group (n = 6) displayed AB away from sad faces, and toward angry and happy faces, with happy-face AB being more pronounced. AB indices demonstrated low reliability except sub-group happy-face indices. Happy-face AB demonstrated the highest reliability. CONCLUSIONS AB measures were in-line with lab-based eye-tracking literature, providing some support for WBET-based measurement. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Establishing the feasibility of WBET-based measures is a step toward an objective home-based clinical tool. Literature-based suggestions are provided to improve reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Greenaway
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Faustina Hwang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Slawomir Nasuto
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Aileen Ho
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
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Jiang J, Zhu Y, Rodriguez MA, Wen X, Qian M. Social anxiety does not impair attention inhibition: An emotion anti-saccade task. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2022; 77:101776. [PMID: 36113912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Attention avoidance and attention vigilance are two typical attentional biases in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Attention inhibition is a type of attention control, which may be the key factor affecting attention vigilance and attention avoidance. However, previous studies have not examined the difference between the attention inhibition in individuals with SAD and healthy controls. METHODS To further explore this question, the current study used the single anti-saccade task with emotional facial stimuli to assess attention inhibition in 27 individuals with SAD and 22 healthy controls. RESULTS Regardless of the emotional valence of the facial stimuli, error rates in the social anxiety group were lower than that of the healthy control group, but there was no significant group difference in the saccade latency. LIMITATIONS This research only examined the attentional inhibition process highly related to attention avoidance and attention vigilance. Future research may benefit from adopting different research paradigms for more robust and generalizable conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that individuals with SAD have better attention inhibition abilities than healthy control. Such enhanced attention inhibition may underlie their avoidance of threatening social cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Jiang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Yiqin Zhu
- Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Xu Wen
- Mental Health Research & Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mingyi Qian
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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6
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The Relationship Between Attention, Interpretation, and Memory Bias During Facial Perception in Social Anxiety. Behav Ther 2022; 53:701-713. [PMID: 35697432 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cognitive theories suggest the interactive nature of information processing biases in contributing to social anxiety, most studies to date have investigated these biases in isolation. This study aimed at (a) testing the association between social anxiety and each of the threat-related cognitive biases: attention, interpretation, and memory bias; and (b) examining the relationship between these cognitive biases in facial perception. We recruited an unselected sample of 188 adult participants and measured their level of social anxiety and cognitive biases using faces displaying angry, disgusted, happy, and ambiguous versions of these expressions. All bias tasks were assessed with the same set of facial stimuli. Regression analyses showed that social anxiety symptoms significantly predicted attention avoidance and poorer sensitivity in recognizing threatening faces. Social anxiety was, however, unrelated to interpretation bias in our sample. Results of path analysis suggested that attention bias influenced memory bias indirectly through interpretation bias for angry but not disgusted faces. Our findings suggest that, regardless of social anxiety level, when individuals selectively oriented to faces displaying anger, the faces were interpreted to be more negative. This, in turn, predicted better memory for the angry faces. The results provided further empirical support for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis.
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Leung CJ, Yiend J, Trotta A, Lee TMC. The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 89:102575. [PMID: 35594749 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive theories have postulated the relational nature of different cognitive biases in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. To test this combined cognitive bias hypothesis, this review addressed the following questions: (i) whether different cognitive biases are associated with each other and (ii) whether one bias influences another bias. We identified 36 articles that studied the relationship between cognitive biases (attention, interpretation and memory bias). Of these, 31 studies were entered into two meta-analyses. Sixteen studies were included in the first meta-analysis of the correlation between cognitive bias indices. A further 15 studies were included in another meta-analysis to examine the transfer effects of cognitive bias modification (CBM) to another bias. Both meta-analyses yielded small but significant overall pooled effect sizes after the removal of outliers (r = 0.11 and g = 0.19 respectively). Moderator analyses revealed that the relationship between interpretation and memory bias was significantly stronger than other types of cognitive bias correlations and CBM is more potent in modifying biases when it was delivered in the laboratory compared with online. Our review quantifies the strength of the relationships between biases and transfer effects following CBM, which serves as a basis to further understand the mechanisms underlying biased information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel J Leung
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychosis Studies, London, UK
| | - Jenny Yiend
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychosis Studies, London, UK.
| | - Antonella Trotta
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Tony Hillis Unit, Lambeth Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China.
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8
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Predictors of social anxiety disorder with major depressive episodes among Japanese university students. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257793. [PMID: 34570818 PMCID: PMC8476026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) develops in the early teens and is a common disorder among university students. Understanding the predictive factors of SAD comorbid with major depressive episode (MDE) is important for student mental health care. The aim of this study was to identify the personality traits that predict SAD with MDE by analyzing longitudinal data of Japanese university students. Methods In this retrospective study, Japanese university students who visited the health care center of Hokkaido University for the first time were divided into the following four groups: “Control” (n = 43), “MDE” (n = 16), “SAD” (n = 28), and “SAD with MDE” (n = 61) based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and core anxiety symptoms for SAD in the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview during screening. Predictors for SAD with MDE were identified by a four-group comparison of the Temperament and Character Inventory and PHQ-9 data previously obtained at the enrollment using analysis of variance and post-hoc tests. Results Upon comparing the four groups using analysis of variance, there were significant differences in the baseline PHQ-9 summary score, Harm-Avoidance (HA), and Self-Directedness (SD). According to results of the post-hoc test, all three showed a significant difference between the “Control” and “SAD with MDE.” Furthermore, there was a significant difference in HA scores between “SAD” and “Control.” In all the groups, the mean time from enrollment to the first visit to the center was >2 years. Conclusion A higher HA score at baseline is a predictor of SAD with or without MDE. Higher PHQ-9 summary and lower SD scores at baseline are predictive factors of SAD with MDE.
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Tindall IK, Curtis GJ, Locke V. Can anxiety and race interact to influence face-recognition accuracy? A systematic literature review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254477. [PMID: 34358245 PMCID: PMC8345850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wrongful convictions continue to occur through eyewitness misidentification. Recognising what factors, or interaction between factors, affect face-recognition is therefore imperative. Extensive research indicates that face-recognition accuracy is impacted by anxiety and by race. Limited research, however, has examined how these factors interact to potentially exacerbate face-recognition deficits. Brigham (2008) suggests that anxiety exacerbates other-race face-recognition deficits. Conversely, Attentional Control Theory predicts that anxiety exacerbates deficits for all faces. This systematic review examined existing studies investigating the possible interaction between anxiety and face-race to compare these theories. Recent studies included in this review found that both anxiety and race influence face-recognition accuracy but found no interaction. Potential moderators existing in reviewed studies, however, might have influenced their results. Separately, in some studies reviewed, anxiety induced during retrieval impacted recognition, contrasting with the conclusions of previous reviews. Recommendations for future research are given to address moderators potentially impacting results observed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabeau K. Tindall
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Transformative Work Design, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Guy J. Curtis
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vance Locke
- Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Bergman MA, Vrijsen JN, Rinck M, van Oostrom I, Kan CC, Collard RM, van Eijndhoven P, Vissers CTWM, Schene AH. Is a Negative Attentional Bias in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Explained by Comorbid Depression? An Eye-Tracking Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:4213-4226. [PMID: 33491119 PMCID: PMC8510933 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heightened attention towards negative information is characteristic of depression. Evidence is emerging for a negative attentional bias in Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), perhaps driven by the high comorbidity between ASD and depression. We investigated whether ASD is characterised by a negative attentional bias and whether this can be explained by comorbid (sub) clinical depression. Participants (n = 116) with current (CD) or remitted depression (RD) and/or ASD, and 64 controls viewed positively and negatively valenced (non-)social pictures. Groups were compared on three components of visual attention using linear mixed models. Both CD individuals with and without ASD, but not remitted depressed and never-depressed ASD individuals showed a negative bias, suggesting that negative attentional bias might be a depressive state-specific marker for depression in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Annemiek Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboudumc, 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboudumc, 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Depression Expertise Center, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Rinck
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis C Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboudumc, 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rose M Collard
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboudumc, 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip van Eijndhoven
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboudumc, 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Constance Th W M Vissers
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Royal Dutch Kentalis, Kentalis Academy, Sint-Michielsgestel, The Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboudumc, 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Kishimoto T, Wen X, Li M, Zhang RY, Yao N, Huang Y, Qian M. Vigilance-Avoidance Toward Negative Faces in Social Anxiety With and Without Comorbid Depression. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:636961. [PMID: 33868053 PMCID: PMC8044761 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.636961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing evidence for the attentional bias toward emotional related stimuli in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD), it remains unclear how the attentional bias manifests in normal individuals with SAD and/or depressive traits. To address this question, we recruited three groups of normal participants with different psychiatric traits-individuals with comorbid SAD and depression (SADd, N = 19), individuals with only SAD (SAD, N = 15), and healthy control individuals (HC, N = 19). In a dot-probe paradigm, participants view angry, disgusted, and sad face stimuli with durations ranging from very brief (i.e., 14ms) that renders stimuli completely intangible, to relatively long (i.e., 2000ms) that guarantees image visibility. We find significant early vigilance (i.e., on brief stimuli) and later avoidance (i.e., on long stimuli) toward angry faces in the SADd group. We also find vigilance toward angry and disgusted faces in the SAD group. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to unify both vigilance and avoidance within the same experimental paradigm, providing direct evidence for the "vigilance-avoidance" theory of comorbid SAD and depression. In sum, these results provide evidence for the potential behavioral differences induced by anxiety-depression comorbidity and a single trait in non-clinical populations, but the lack of a depression-only group cannot reveal the effects of high levels of depression on the results. The limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kishimoto
- Department of Social Psychology, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- George Warren Brown School of Social work, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, TX, United States
| | - Ru-Yuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nisha Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhen Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyi Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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12
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Fehlmann B, Coynel D, Schicktanz N, Milnik A, Gschwind L, Hofmann P, Papassotiropoulos A, de Quervain DJF. Visual Exploration at Higher Fixation Frequency Increases Subsequent Memory Recall. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa032. [PMID: 34296105 PMCID: PMC8153053 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a small proportion of what we see can later be recalled. Up to date it is unknown how far differences in visual exploration during encoding affect the strength of episodic memories. Here, we identified individual gaze characteristics by analyzing eye tracking data in a picture encoding task performed by 967 healthy subjects during fMRI. We found a positive correlation between fixation frequency during visual exploration and subsequent free recall performance. Brain imaging results showed a positive correlation of fixation frequency with activations in regions related to vision and memory, including the medial temporal lobe. To investigate if higher fixation frequency is causally linked to better memory, we experimentally manipulated visual exploration patterns in an independent population of 64 subjects. Doubling the number of fixations within a given exploration time increased subsequent free recall performance by 19%. Our findings provide evidence for a causal relationship between fixation frequency and episodic memory for visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Fehlmann
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - David Coynel
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Schicktanz
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Annette Milnik
- Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Leo Gschwind
- Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Hofmann
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papassotiropoulos
- Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J-F de Quervain
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, Basel 4055, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel 4002, Switzerland
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13
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Lin M, Qian M, He D, Wen X, Li X. Avoidance of all feedback? Attention allocation during and after public speech in social anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 66:101520. [PMID: 31675486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Attention avoidance of feedback-related stimuli is proposed to be associated with and maintain social anxiety. However, previous research has mainly focused on comparing the attention bias between two types of stimuli, while little is known about attention distribution patterns among positive, neutral, and negative feedback and non-feedback stimuli in individuals with high trait social anxiety (HSA) or low trait social anxiety (LSA). METHODS The current study assessed eye movement pattern of participants with HSA or LSA during a speech task (high anxiety condition) or while solely watching audience feedback of the speech (low anxiety condition). A pre-recorded audience who displayed approving, neutral, or disapproving gestures was presented as feedback stimuli, while neutral facial photos were used as non-feedback stimuli. RESULTS Only in the high anxiety condition, participants with HSA exhibited longer total fixation on non-feedback stimuli compared to those with LSA; whereas in the low anxiety condition, both groups paid more attention to emotional feedback stimuli. LIMITATIONS The final sample size was modest due to a high suspicion rate of the reality of the audience. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that only in highly anxious social situations, socially anxious individuals lack the attentional preference toward positive feedback that individuals with low anxious have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyu Lin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Mingyi Qian
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongjun He
- Sichuan Research Center of Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, 610500, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xu Wen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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14
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Todd RM, Miskovic V, Chikazoe J, Anderson AK. Emotional Objectivity: Neural Representations of Emotions and Their Interaction with Cognition. Annu Rev Psychol 2020; 71:25-48. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of information states in the human brain have opened a new window into the brain's representation of emotion. While emotion was once thought to constitute a separate domain from cognition, current evidence suggests that all events are filtered through the lens of whether they are good or bad for us. Focusing on new methods of decoding information states from brain activation, we review growing evidence that emotion is represented at multiple levels of our sensory systems and infuses perception, attention, learning, and memory. We provide evidence that the primary function of emotional representations is to produce unified emotion, perception, and thought (e.g., “That is a good thing”) rather than discrete and isolated psychological events (e.g., “That is a thing. I feel good”). The emergent view suggests ways in which emotion operates as a fundamental feature of cognition, by design ensuring that emotional outcomes are the central object of perception, thought, and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Todd
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vladimir Miskovic
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Junichi Chikazoe
- Section of Brain Function Information, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi 4448585, Japan
| | - Adam K. Anderson
- Department of Human Development, Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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15
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De Carli P, Costantini I, Sessa P, Visentin S, Pearson RM, Simonelli A. The expectant social mind: A systematic review of face processing during pregnancy and the effect of depression and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:153-171. [PMID: 31055013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy carries enormous changes in the psychological and neurophysiological domains. It has been suggested that pregnant women undergo a cognitive reorganization aimed at increasing the salience of social stimuli (i.e., the tendency of social cues to capture observer's attention, so that their processing results prioritized). The goal of the present work was to systematically review the empirical evidence of a change in face processing during pregnancy. Moreover, we explored whether face processing is associated with antenatal depression and anxiety and the extent to which this is part of a potential mechanism to explain detrimental effects of maternal psychopathology on infant outcomes. We identified 19 relevant studies and discussed them based on their methodological qualities. The results of the review suggest that even though it is not possible to draw firm conclusions, pregnancy is likely to be a plasticity window for face processing at the behavioral and neural levels. Evidence confirms the detrimental effect of depression and anxiety on face processing during pregnancy. Clinical implications for parenting interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro De Carli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy.
| | - Ilaria Costantini
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS14 8TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Paola Sessa
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy.
| | - Silvia Visentin
- Department of Woman and Child's Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 3, 35128 Padova (PD), Italy.
| | - Rebecca M Pearson
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS14 8TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Alessandra Simonelli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova (PD), Italy.
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16
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Nejati V, Fathi E, Shahidi S, Salehinejad MA. Cognitive training for modifying interpretation and attention bias in depression: Relevance to mood improvement and implications for cognitive intervention in depression. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 39:23-28. [PMID: 30496949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Depressed individuals interpret ambiguous information more negatively and this has been suggested a central component in cognitive models of depression. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of the interpretation modification training on modifying interpretation bias in depression and its association with symptoms reduction. In a double-blind, randomized controlled design, twenty-two depressed individuals (mean age = 19.86, SD = 1.16) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. They completed 10 sessions of cognitive training with the Ambiguous Hallmark Program (AHP) over 5 weeks. Participants' interpretation bias and their depressive scores were assessed and compared before and after the intervention. Results showed that the AHP significantly decreased negative interpretation in the experimental group. Additionally, a significant decrease in the depressive scores was also observed in the intervention group compared to the control group. We also observed the transfer of learning from the AHP training to another interpretation bias task. The AHP can significantly modify negative interpretations and symptoms in depression providing preliminary supporting evidence for its clinical application especially in mild-to-moderate depression. Improved cognitive control over emotional information and unbiased attention to them could explain effects of the Interpretation modification paradigm. Further studies need to examine the efficacy of the AHP as a potential cognitive intervention in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Elham Fathi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahriar Shahidi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Salehinejad
- Institute for Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment & Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Ruhr-University Bochum, International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Arditte Hall KA, Quinn ME, Vanderlind WM, Joormann J. Comparing cognitive styles in social anxiety and major depressive disorders: An examination of rumination, worry, and reappraisal. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 58:231-244. [PMID: 30484868 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly occurring and frequently comorbid disorders. Though individuals with SAD and MDD are more likely to engage in rumination and worry, relatively few studies have compared individuals with SAD, MDD, or both disorders on their use of these cognitive styles. Similarly, the extent to which the disorders differ in their use of reappraisal remains unclear. Thus, the current study sought to systematically examine rumination, worry, and reappraisal in individuals with and without SAD, MDD, or both disorders. METHODS The study comprised 330 participants recruited from the community (n = 54 with SAD, n = 61 with MDD, n = 69 with comorbid SAD/MDD, and n = 146 healthy controls). Following confirmation of diagnostic status via clinical interview, participants completed measures of rumination, worry, and reappraisal. RESULTS Healthy controls reported less use of rumination (i.e., brooding and reflection) and worry than individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis. Individuals with SAD or MDD did not differ from each other, but participants in both groups reported less rumination, particularly brooding, than individuals with comorbid SAD/MDD. Diagnostic group differences in reappraisal only emerged when reappraisal was considered alongside other cognitive styles. Further, moderation analyses indicated that reappraisal was only associated with SAD or MDD when participants also reported high levels of rumination and worry. CONCLUSIONS Results support transdiagnostic conceptualizations of rumination and worry. They also suggest that reappraisal is only useful when it is used by people who experience frequent and habitual negative cognitions. PRACTITIONER POINTS Individuals with SAD or MDD report more rumination and worry than healthy controls, but do not differ from each other in their reliance on these cognitive styles. Individuals with comorbid SAD/MDD endorse more rumination than individuals with SAD or MDD alone, even after adjusting for differences in symptom severity. Reappraisal may only predict diagnostic group status when considered alongside other cognitive styles. In particular, high reappraisal may be associated with reduced risk of psychiatric disorder, but only when rumination and worry are also high. LIMITATIONS The study was limited by its cross-sectional design and reliance on self-report measures. Participants were diagnosed using DSM-IV-TR criteria for SAD and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Arditte Hall
- VA National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Massachusetts, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Anxious and alert? Hypervigilance in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:740-745. [PMID: 30273899 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of research on attentional biases to threat focusses on selective attention, even though several cognitive-behavioral models furthermore assume hypervigilance to be important in this regard. Thus, the current study examined hypervigilance in trait and state social anxiety. We analyzed visual scanpath lengths and fixation counts of participants with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) (n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 60) in a combined visual search and eye tracking paradigm, including photographs of facial expressions. Half of all participants were randomly assigned to a state anxiety induction. Interaction effects revealed opposed attentional patterns of participants with SAD as compared to healthy controls considering overall visual scanpath lengths (F(1,117) = 5.32, p = 0.023, η2partial = 0.043) and fixation counts (F(1,117) = 5.10, p = 0.026, η2partial = 0.042). Accordingly, participants with SAD showed signs of hypervigilance in the anxiety induction condition. In contrast, there was no main effect of diagnostic group, indicating that individuals with SAD shift their attentional focus to broad scanning behavior only under conditions of threat. Our results add to the small number of existing studies on hypervigilance in SAD and suggest the topic to be promising for future research.
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19
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Wermes R, Lincoln TM, Helbig-Lang S. Attentional biases to threat in social anxiety disorder: time to focus our attention elsewhere? ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2018; 31:555-570. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1483497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wermes
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania M. Lincoln
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Helbig-Lang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Allen MT, Handy JD, Blankenship MR, Servatius RJ. The distressed (Type D) personality factor of social inhibition, but not negative affectivity, enhances eyeblink conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2018; 345:93-103. [PMID: 29486267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has focused on a learning diathesis model in which specific personality factors such as behavioral inhibition (BI) may influence associative learning and in turn increase risk for the development of anxiety disorders. We have found in a series of studies that individuals self-reporting high levels of BI exhibit enhanced acquisition of conditioned eyeblinks. In the study reported here, hypotheses were extended to include distressed (Type D) personality which has been found to be related to BI. Type D personality is measured with the DS-14 scale which includes two subscales measuring negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI). We hypothesized that SI, which is similar to BI, would result in enhanced acquisition while the effect of NA is unclear. Eighty nine participants completed personality inventories including the Adult Measure of Behavioral Inhibition (AMBI) and DS-14. All participants received 60 acquisition trials with a 500 ms, 1000 Hz, tone CS and a co-terminating 50 ms, 5 psi corneal airpuff US. Participants received either 100% CS-US paired trials or a schedule of partial reinforcement where 50% US alone trials were intermixed into CS-US training. Acquisition of CRs did not differ between the two training protocols. Whereas BI was significantly related to Type D, SI, and NA, only BI and SI individuals exhibited enhanced acquisition of conditioned eyeblinks as compared to non-inhibited individuals. Personality factors now including social inhibition can be used to identify individuals who express enhanced associative learning which lends further support to a learning diathesis model of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Allen
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States; Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Central New York Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - J D Handy
- Central New York Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse NY, United States
| | - M R Blankenship
- Department of Psychology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL, United States
| | - R J Servatius
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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21
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Glazier BL, Alden LE. Social Anxiety and Biased Recall of Positive Information: It's Not the Content, It's the Valence. Behav Ther 2017; 48:533-543. [PMID: 28577588 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theorists hypothesize that individuals with social anxiety are prone to memory biases such that event recall becomes more negative over time. With few exceptions, studies have focused primarily on changes in negative self-judgments. The current study examined whether memory for positive social events is also subject to recall bias. Undergraduate participants (N = 138) engaged in an unexpected public speaking task and received standardized positive or neutral feedback on their performance. They rated their memory of the received feedback following a 5-minute delay and again 1 week later. Results revealed that higher scores on social anxiety symptoms predicted significant reductions in the recalled valence of positive feedback over time, whereas no changes were observed for neutral feedback. The results suggest that social anxiety may lead to erosion in memory of positive events.
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22
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Vrijsen JN, van Amen CT, Koekkoek B, van Oostrom I, Schene AH, Tendolkar I. Childhood trauma and negative memory bias as shared risk factors for psychopathology and comorbidity in a naturalistic psychiatric patient sample. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00693. [PMID: 28638703 PMCID: PMC5474701 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both childhood trauma and negative memory bias are associated with the onset and severity level of several psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders. Studies on these risk factors, however, generally use homogeneous noncomorbid samples. Hence, studies in naturalistic psychiatric samples are lacking. Moreover, we know little about the quantitative relationship between the frequency of traumatic childhood events, strength of memory bias and number of comorbid psychiatric disorders; the latter being an index of severity. The current study examined the association of childhood trauma and negative memory bias with psychopathology in a large naturalistic psychiatric patient sample. METHODS Frequency of traumatic childhood events (emotional neglect, psychological-, physical- and sexual abuse) was assessed using a questionnaire in a sample of 252 adult psychiatric patients with no psychotic or bipolar-I disorder and no cognitive disorder as main diagnosis. Patients were diagnosed for DSM-IV Axis-I and Axis-II disorders using a structured clinical interview. This allowed for the assessment of comorbidity between disorders. Negative memory bias for verbal stimuli was measured using a computer task. RESULTS Linear regression models revealed that the frequency of childhood trauma as well as negative memory bias was positively associated with psychiatric comorbidity, separately and above and beyond each other (all p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that childhood trauma and negative memory bias may be of importance for a broader spectrum of psychiatric diagnoses, besides the frequently studied affective disorders. Importantly, frequently experiencing traumatic events during childhood increases the risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Pro Persona Mental Health Care Depression Expertise Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior Center for Neuroscience Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Camiel T van Amen
- Department of Psychiatry Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Koekkoek
- Research Group Social Psychiatry & Mental Health Nursing HAN University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Pro Persona Mental Health Care ProCES Wolfheze The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior Center for Neuroscience Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior Center for Neuroscience Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Indira Tendolkar
- Department of Psychiatry Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior Center for Neuroscience Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
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23
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Herrera S, Montorio I, Cabrera I, Botella J. Memory bias for threatening information related to anxiety: an updated meta-analytic review. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2017.1319374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Herrera
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Salud Almendrales, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Montorio
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cabrera
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Botella
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Liu H, Li X, Han B, Liu X. Effects of cognitive bias modification on social anxiety: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175107. [PMID: 28384301 PMCID: PMC5383070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive bias modification (CBM), a set of techniques for modifying bias in information processing—is considered a novel intervention for social anxiety disorder (SAD), which has drawn considerable interest from researchers. However, the effects of CBM on SAD are not consistent. Some studies have demonstrated significant positive effects compared to control groups, while others have found no such effects. Aims We conducted a meta-analysis aimed at quantitatively assessing the effects of CBM on SAD at post-test. Method Through a systematic literature search by two independent raters, 34 articles (36 randomized studies) including 2,550 participants were identified. A multilevel modeling approach was employed to assess the effects of CBM on SAD, and to explore the potentially crucial procedures and sample characteristics that enhance the effectiveness of benign training. Results In general, there were small but significant effects of CBM on the primary symptoms of SAD (g = 0.17), cognitive bias (CB) toward threat (g = 0.32), and reactivity in stressful situations (g = 0.25), but non-significant effects on secondary symptoms. However, the interpretation modification program was more effective than was attentional bias modification in reducing SAD primary symptoms and negative CB. Laboratory training procedures produced larger primary symptom reductions compared to Internet-based training, whereas the percentage of contingency and feedback about training performance boosted cognitive effects only. Finally, the following groups were more likely to benefit from CBM: younger participants (primary symptoms and cognitive effects), women (primary symptom effects), and samples with stronger CB (stressor effects). The quality of the randomized controlled trials was less than desirable, as there was some indication of publication bias in our study. Conclusions Current findings broadly supported cognitive theories of SAD that consider a bidirectional or mutually reinforcing relationship between symptoms and CBs. However, the small therapeutic effect observed here indicates that it is necessary to develop more reliable and efficient CBM interventions that are specific to SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Liu
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Psychology Department of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianwen Li
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Buxin Han
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that anxiety is associated with a better memory of negative events. However, this anxiety-related memory bias has not been studied in the elderly, in which there is a preferential processing of positive information. OBJECTIVES To study the effect of anxiety in a recognition task and an autobiographical memory task in 102 older adults with high and low levels of trait anxiety. METHOD Negative, positive and neutral pictures were used in the recognition task. In the autobiographical memory task, memories of the participants' lives were recorded, how they felt when thinking about them, and the personal relevance of these memories. RESULTS In the recognition task, no anxiety-related bias was found toward negative information. Individuals with high trait anxiety were found to remember less positive pictures than those with low trait anxiety. In the autobiographical memory task, both groups remembered negative and positive events equally. However, people with high trait anxiety remembered life experiences with more negative emotions, especially when remembering negative events. Individuals with low trait anxiety tended to feel more positive emotions when remembering their life experiences and most of these referred to feeling positive emotions when remembering negative events. CONCLUSIONS Older adults with anxiety tend to recognize less positive information and to present more negative emotions when remembering life events; while individuals without anxiety have a more positive experience of negative memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Herrera
- a Department of Mental Health , University Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain.,b Department of Biological and Health Psychology , University Autónoma of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ignacio Montorio
- b Department of Biological and Health Psychology , University Autónoma of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Isabel Cabrera
- b Department of Biological and Health Psychology , University Autónoma of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Lichtenstein-Vidne L, Okon-Singer H, Cohen N, Todder D, Aue T, Nemets B, Henik A. Attentional bias in clinical depression and anxiety: The impact of emotional and non-emotional distracting information. Biol Psychol 2017; 122:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Aue T, Chauvigné LAS, Bristle M, Okon-Singer H, Guex R. Expectancy influences on attention to threat are only weak and transient: Behavioral and physiological evidence. Biol Psychol 2016; 121:173-186. [PMID: 27396748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Can prior expectancies shape attention to threat? To answer this question, we manipulated the expectancies of spider phobics and nonfearful controls regarding the appearance of spider and bird targets in a visual search task. We observed robust evidence for expectancy influences on attention to birds, reflected in error rates, reaction times, pupil diameter, and heart rate (HR). We found no solid effect, however, of the same expectancies on attention to spiders; only HR revealed a weak and transient impact of prior expectancies on the orientation of attention to threat. Moreover, these asymmetric effects for spiders versus birds were observed in both phobics and controls. Our results are thus consistent with the notion of a threat detection mechanism that is only partially permeable to current expectancies, thereby increasing chances of survival in situations that are mistakenly perceived as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Aue
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Mirko Bristle
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Raphaël Guex
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Hagemann J, Straube T, Schulz C. Too bad: Bias for angry faces in social anxiety interferes with identity processing. Neuropsychologia 2016; 84:136-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Morrison AS, Brozovich FA, Lakhan-Pal S, Jazaieri H, Goldin PR, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ. Attentional blink impairment in social anxiety disorder: Depression comorbidity matters. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:209-14. [PMID: 26370394 PMCID: PMC4679612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Difficulties with attentional control have long been thought to play a key role in anxiety and depressive disorders. However, the nature and extent of attentional control difficulties in social anxiety disorder (SAD) are not yet well understood. The current study was designed to assess whether attentional control for non-emotional information is impaired in SAD when taking comorbid depression into account.. METHODS Individuals with SAD and healthy controls (HCs) were administered an attentional blink (AB) task in which they identified number targets in a rapid serial visual presentation stream of letters. RESULTS Individuals with SAD and current comorbid depression exhibited reduced accuracy to identify a target that fell within the AB window after the presentation of a first target compared to individuals with SAD without current comorbid depression, as well as to HCs. The latter two groups did not differ from each other, and the three groups did not differ in accuracy for the second target when it was presented after the AB window. LIMITATIONS Although we included two clinical groups and the sample size for the non-comorbid SAD group was large, the comorbid SAD group was relatively small. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that impaired attentional control among individuals with SAD may be limited to those suffering from current comorbid depression..
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Morrison
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Faith A Brozovich
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shreya Lakhan-Pal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hooria Jazaieri
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California, Berkeley, 4152 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 95720, USA
| | - Philippe R Goldin
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis Health System, Education Building, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Richard G Heimberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall 420, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Winer ES, Salem T. Reward devaluation: Dot-probe meta-analytic evidence of avoidance of positive information in depressed persons. Psychol Bull 2016; 142:18-78. [PMID: 26619211 PMCID: PMC4688138 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive theories of depression and anxiety have traditionally emphasized the role of attentional biases in the processing of negative information. The dot-probe task has been widely used to study this phenomenon. Recent findings suggest that biased processing of positive information might also be an important aspect of developing psychopathological symptoms. However, despite some evidence suggesting persons with symptoms of depression and anxiety may avoid positive information, many dot-probe studies have produced null findings. The present review used conventional and novel meta-analytic methods to evaluate dot-probe attentional biases away from positive information and, for comparison, toward negative information, in depressed and anxious individuals. Results indicated that avoidance of positive information is a real effect exhibiting substantial evidential value among persons experiencing psychopathology, with individuals evidencing primary symptoms of depression clearly demonstrating this effect. Different theoretical explanations for these findings are evaluated, including those positing threat-processing structures, even-handedness, self-regulation, and reward devaluation, with the novel theory of reward devaluation emphasized and expanded. These novel findings and theory suggest that avoidance of prospective reward helps to explain the cause and sustainability of depressed states. Suggestions for future research and methodological advances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taban Salem
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University
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31
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Gibb BE, McGeary JE, Beevers CG. Attentional biases to emotional stimuli: Key components of the RDoC constructs of sustained threat and loss. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:65-80. [PMID: 26369836 PMCID: PMC5664953 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biased attention to emotional stimuli plays a key role in the RDoC constructs of Sustained Threat and Loss. In this article, we review approaches to assessing these biases, their links with psychopathology, and the underlying neural influences. We then review evidence from twin and candidate gene studies regarding genetic influences on attentional biases. We also discuss the impact of developmental and environmental influences and end with a number of suggestions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E. McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University
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32
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Washburn D, Wilson G, Roes M, Rnic K, Harkness KL. Theory of mind in social anxiety disorder, depression, and comorbid conditions. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 37:71-7. [PMID: 26658117 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by marked interpersonal impairment, particularly when presenting with comorbid major depression. However, the foundational social-cognitive skills that underlie interpersonal impairment in comorbid and non-comorbid manifestations of SAD has to date received very little empirical investigation. In a sample of 119 young adults, the current study examined differences in theory of mind (ToM), defined as the ability to decode and reason about others' mental states, across four groups: (a) non-comorbid SAD; (b) non-comorbid Lifetime MDD; (c) comorbid SAD and Lifetime MDD; and (d) healthy control. The non-comorbid SAD group was significantly less accurate at decoding mental states than the non-comorbid MDD and control groups. Further, both the comorbid and non-comorbid SAD groups made significantly more 'excessive' ToM reasoning errors than the non-comorbid MDD group, suggesting a pattern of over-mentalizing. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the social cognitive foundations of social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Washburn
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Gillian Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Meighen Roes
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Katerina Rnic
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
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The effects of self-focus on attentional biases in social anxiety:An ERP study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 16:393-405. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Feeling good, searching the bad: Positive priming increases attention and memory for negative stimuli on webpages. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Aue T, Okon-Singer H. Expectancy biases in fear and anxiety and their link to biases in attention. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 42:83-95. [PMID: 26379081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Healthy individuals often exhibit prioritized processing of aversive information, as manifested in enhanced orientation of attention to threatening stimuli compared with neutral items. In contrast to this adaptive behavior, anxious, fearful, and phobic individuals show exaggerated attention biases to threat. In addition, they overestimate the likelihood of encountering their feared stimulus and the severity of the consequences; both are examples of expectancy biases. The co-occurrence of attention and expectancy biases in fear and anxiety raises the question about causal influences. Herein, we summarize findings related to expectancy biases in fear and anxiety, and their association with attention biases. We suggest that evidence calls for more comprehensive research strategies in the investigation of mutual influences between expectancy and attention biases, as well as their combined effects on fear and anxiety. Moreover, both types of bias need to be related to other types of distorted information processing commonly observed in fear and anxiety (e.g., memory and interpretation biases). Finally, we propose new research directions that may be worth considering in developing more effective treatments for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Aue
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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36
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True and False Memories in Social Anxiety Disorder: Effects of Speech Anticipation and Social Content. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Peschard V, Philippot P. Social anxiety and information processing biases: An integrated theoretical perspective. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:762-77. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1028335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Kircanski K, Gotlib IH. Processing of Emotional Information in Major Depressive Disorder: Toward a Dimensional Understanding. EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915575402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several decades of research converge on the formulation that individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit negative biases in their processing of emotional information. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that traditional between-group comparisons have obscured the substantial heterogeneity of cognitive and affective dysfunction that is associated with depressive symptomatology. In this article, we review the findings of research examining attention to and memory for negative emotional information using a more dimensional perspective on depression. Specifically, we explore studies that assess cognitive biases along a continuum of depressive symptom severity and consider the influence of co-occurring dimensions of functioning, in particular the severity of anxiety symptoms. Finally, we identify critical empirical questions and issues in this growing literature.
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Vrijsen JN, Speckens A, Arias-Vásquez A, Franke B, Becker ES, van Oostrom I. No evidence for the association between a polymorphism in the PCLO depression candidate gene with memory bias in remitted depressed patients and healthy individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112153. [PMID: 25379724 PMCID: PMC4224395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The PCLO rs2522833 candidate polymorphism for depression has been associated to monoaminergic neurotransmission. In healthy and currently depressed individuals, the polymorphism has been found to affect activation of brain areas during memory processing, but no direct association of PCLO with memory bias was found. We hypothesized that the absence of this association might have been obscured by current depressive symptoms or genetically driven individual differences in reactivity to stressful events. Experiencing stressful childhood events fosters dysfunctional assumptions that are related to cognitive biases, and may modulate the predisposition for depression via epigenetic effects. The association between PCLO and memory bias, as well as interaction between PCLO and childhood events was studied in patients remitted from depression (N = 299), as well as a sample of healthy individuals (N = 157). The participants performed an emotional verbal memory task after a sad mood induction. Childhood trauma and adversity were measured with a questionnaire. The Genotype main effect, and Genotype by Childhood Events interaction were analyzed for memory bias in both samples. PCLO risk allele carrying remitted depressed patients did not show more negatively biased memory than non-risk allele carriers, not even patients with stressful childhood events. A similar pattern of results was found in healthy individuals. Memory bias may not be strongly associated with the PCLO rs2522833 polymorphism. We did not find any support for the PCLO-childhood events interaction, but the power of our study was insufficient to exclude this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna N. Vrijsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Speckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vásquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eni S. Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van Oostrom
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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40
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Attention to Emotional Information in Social Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Wong J, Morrison AS, Heimberg RG, Goldin PR, Gross JJ. Implicit associations in social anxiety disorder: the effects of comorbid depression. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:537-46. [PMID: 24983794 PMCID: PMC4134987 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Implicit associations of the self to concepts like "calm" have been shown to be weaker in persons with social anxiety than in non-anxious healthy controls. However, other implicit self associations, such as those to acceptance or rejection, have been less studied in social anxiety, and none of this work has been conducted with clinical samples. Furthermore, the importance of depression in these relationships has not been well investigated. We addressed these issues by administering two Implicit Association Tests (IATs; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998), one examining the implicit association of self/other to anxiety/calmness and the other examining the association of self/other to rejection/acceptance, to individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD, n=85), individuals with generalized SAD and a current or past diagnosis of major depressive disorder or current dysthymic disorder (n=47), and non-anxious, non-depressed healthy controls (n=44). The SAD and SAD-depression groups showed weaker implicit self-calmness associations than healthy controls, with the comorbid group showing the weakest self-calmness associations. The SAD-depression group showed the weakest implicit self-acceptance associations; no difference was found between non-depressed individuals with SAD and healthy controls. Post hoc analyses revealed that differences appeared to be driven by those with current depression. The SAD-only and SAD-depression groups did not differ in self-reported (explicit) social anxiety. The implications of these findings for the understanding of SAD-depression comorbidity and for the treatment of SAD are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Wong
- Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple University
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42
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Zlomuzica A, Dere D, Machulska A, Adolph D, Dere E, Margraf J. Episodic memories in anxiety disorders: clinical implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:131. [PMID: 24795583 PMCID: PMC4005957 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize research on the emerging role of episodic memories in the context of anxiety disorders (AD). The available literature on explicit, autobiographical, and episodic memory function in AD including neuroimaging studies is critically discussed. We describe the methodological diversity of episodic memory research in AD and discuss the need for novel tests to measure episodic memory in a clinical setting. We argue that alterations in episodic memory functions might contribute to the etiology of AD. We further explain why future research on the interplay between episodic memory function and emotional disorders as well as its neuroanatomical foundations offers the promise to increase the effectiveness of modern psychological treatments. We conclude that one major task is to develop methods and training programs that might help patients suffering from AD to better understand, interpret, and possibly actively use their episodic memories in a way that would support therapeutic interventions and counteract the occurrence of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zlomuzica
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Dorothea Dere
- Center for Psychological Consultation and Psychotherapy, Georg-August University Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alla Machulska
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Dirk Adolph
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- UMR 7102, Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Bochum , Germany
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Tucker RP, Judah MR, O’Keefe VM, Mills AC, Lechner WV, Davidson CL, Grant DM, Wingate LR. Humor styles impact the relationship between symptoms of social anxiety and depression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boettcher J, Leek L, Matson L, Holmes EA, Browning M, MacLeod C, Andersson G, Carlbring P. Internet-based attention bias modification for social anxiety: a randomised controlled comparison of training towards negative and training towards positive cues. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71760. [PMID: 24098630 PMCID: PMC3787061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biases in attention processes are thought to play a crucial role in the aetiology and maintenance of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). The goal of the present study was to examine the efficacy of a programme intended to train attention towards positive cues and a programme intended to train attention towards negative cues. In a randomised, controlled, double-blind design, the impact of these two training conditions on both selective attention and social anxiety were compared to that of a control training condition. A modified dot probe task was used, and delivered via the internet. A total of 129 individuals, diagnosed with SAD, were randomly assigned to one of these three conditions and took part in a 14-day programme with daily training/control sessions. Participants in all three groups did not on average display an attentional bias prior to the training. Critically, results on change in attention bias implied that significantly differential change in selective attention to threat was not detected in the three conditions. However, symptoms of social anxiety reduced significantly from pre- to follow-up-assessment in all three conditions (dwithin = 0.63–1.24), with the procedure intended to train attention towards threat cues producing, relative to the control condition, a significantly greater reduction of social fears. There were no significant differences in social anxiety outcome between the training condition intended to induce attentional bias towards positive cues and the control condition. To our knowledge, this is the first RCT where a condition intended to induce attention bias to negative cues yielded greater emotional benefits than a control condition. Intriguingly, changes in symptoms are unlikely to be by the mechanism of change in attention processes since there was no change detected in bias per se. Implications of this finding for future research on attention bias modification in social anxiety are discussed. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01463137
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Boettcher
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Linda Leek
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå Sweden
| | - Lisa Matson
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå Sweden
| | - Emily A. Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Browning
- Functional MRI of the Brain Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin MacLeod
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gerhard Andersson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Carlbring
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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