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Fang Z, Yu P, Zhu W. Development of mRNA rabies vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2382499. [PMID: 39069645 PMCID: PMC11290775 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2382499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies, primarily transmitted to humans by dogs (accounting for 99% of cases). Once rabies occurs, its mortality rate is approximately 100%. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is critical for preventing the onset of rabies after exposure to rabid animals, and vaccination is a pivotal element of PEP. However, high costs and complex immunization protocols have led to poor adherence to rabies vaccinations. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new rabies vaccines that are safe, highly immunogenic, and cost-effective to improve compliance and effectively prevent rabies. In recent years, mRNA vaccines have made significant progress in the structural modification and optimization of delivery systems. Various mRNA vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials, positioning them as viable alternatives to the traditional rabies vaccines. In this article, we discuss a novel mRNA rabies vaccine currently undergoing clinical and preclinical testing, and evaluate its potential to replace existing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Fang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Fooks AR, Banyard AC, Ertl HCJ. New human rabies vaccines in the pipeline. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A140-A145. [PMID: 30153997 PMCID: PMC6863069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabies remains endemic in more than 150 countries. In 99% of human cases, rabies virus is transmitted by dogs. The disease, which is nearly always fatal, is preventable by vaccines given either before and/or after exposure to a rabid animal. Numerous factors including the high cost of vaccines, the relative complexity of post-exposure vaccination protocols requiring multiple doses of vaccine, which in cases of severe exposure have to be combined with a rabies immune globulin, lack of access to health care, and insufficient surveillance contribute to the estimated 59,000 human deaths caused by rabies each year. New, less expensive and more immunogenic rabies vaccines are needed together with improved surveillance and dog rabies control to reduce the death toll of human rabies. Here, we discuss new rabies vaccines that are in clinical and pre-clinical testing and evaluate their potential to replace current vaccines.
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Decarli MC, dos Santos DP, Astray RM, Ventini-Monteiro DC, Jorge SAC, Correia DM, de Sá da Silva J, Rocca MP, Langoni H, Menozzi BD, Pereira CA, Suazo CAT. DROSOPHILA S2 cell culture in a WAVE Bioreactor: potential for scaling up the production of the recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4773-4783. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2016; 162:323-332. [PMID: 27796547 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (RVGP) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. Many approaches have been taken since DNA recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP). These attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rRVGP, the expression system used, the expression levels achieved, the similarity of the rRVGP to the native glycoprotein, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation. The most recent studies of rabies vaccine development have concentrated on in vivo expression of rRVGP by viral vector transduction, serving as the biotechnological basis for a new generation of rabies vaccines.
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Expression of Viral Envelope Glycoproteins in Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27485332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3637-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The expression of recombinant viral envelope glycoproteins in S2 (Drosophila melanogaster) has been performed with good results. This chapter contains protocols for the utilization of this system for the expression and analysis of proteins presented in cell plasma membrane.
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Culturing Drosophila melanogaster (S2) in a chemostat. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:533-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Astray RM, Jorge SAC, Lemos MAN, Yokomizo AY, Boldorini VLL, Puglia ALP, Ribeiro OG, Pereira CA. Kinetic studies of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) cDNA transcription and mRNA translation in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell populations. Cytotechnology 2013; 65:829-38. [PMID: 23340966 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) was expressed in cell membranes of stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells using constitutive and inducible promoters. Although with quantitative differences of RVGP expression in both systems, the cDNA transcription, as evaluated by relative RVGP mRNA levels measured by qRT-PCR, sustained the amount of RVGP producing cells and the RVGP volumetric (ΠRVGP) productivity. At the transition to the stationary cell growth phase, once the cell culture slowed down its rate of multiplication, an accumulation of RVGP mRNA and RVGP was clearly observed in both cell populations. Nevertheless, cell cultures performed under sub-optimal temperatures indicated that an envisaged increase in the RVGP production is not only dependent on cell growth rate, but essentially on optimal cell metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Astray
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil,
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Rossi N, Silva BG, Astray R, Swiech K, Pereira CA, Suazo CAT. Effect of hypothermic temperatures on production of rabies virus glycoprotein by recombinant Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells cultured in suspension. J Biotechnol 2012; 161:328-35. [PMID: 22820340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at maximizing the production of transmembrane rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP), the influence of hypothermic temperature on a recombinant Drosophila melanogaster S2 cell culture in Sf-900II medium was investigated. Cell growth and rRVGP production were assessed at 4 culture temperatures in Schott flasks: 16, 20, 24 and 28 °C. The maximum specific growth rates μ(max) were, respectively: 0.009, 0.019, 0.038 and 0.035 h(-1), while the maximum rRVGP levels C(max)(rRVGP) were: 0.075, 2.973, 0.480 and 1.404 mg L(-1). The best production temperature (20 °C) was then tested in a bioreactor with control of pH and dissolved oxygen in batch and fed-batch modes. In the batch culture, μ(max) and C(max)(rRVGP) were 0.060 h(-1) and 0.149 mg L(-1) at 28 °C and 0.026 h(-1) and 0.354 mg L(-1) at 20 °C, respectively. One batch-culture experiment was carried out with adaptation of the cells by the temperature falling in steps from 20 °C to 16 °C, so that μ(max) fell from 0.023 to 0.013 h(-1), while C(max)(rRVGP) was improved to 0.567 mg L(-1). In the fed-batch mode at 20 °C, μ(max) was 0.025 h(-1) and C(max)(rRVGP) was 1.155 mg L(-1). Taken together, these results indicate that the best strategy for optimized rRVGP production is the culture at hypothermic temperature of 20 °C, when μ(max) is kept low and with feeding of limitant aminoacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickeli Rossi
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Via Washington Luis, Km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
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Moraes AM, Jorge SAC, Astray RM, Suazo CAT, Calderón Riquelme CE, Augusto EFP, Tonso A, Pamboukian MM, Piccoli RAM, Barral MF, Pereira CA. Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for expression of heterologous genes: From gene cloning to bioprocess development. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:613-28. [PMID: 22079894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss strategies that have been used for heterologous gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells using plasmid vectors. Since the growth of S2 cells is not dependent on anchorage to solid substrates, these cells can be easily cultured in suspension in large volumes. The factors that most affect the growth and gene expression of S2 cells, namely cell line, cell passage, inoculum concentration, culture medium, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, hydrodynamic forces and toxic metabolites, are discussed by comparison with other insect and mammalian cells. Gene expression, cell metabolism, culture medium formulation and parameters involved in cellular respiration are particularly emphasized. The experience of the authors with the successful expression of a biologically functional protein, the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP), by recombinant S2 cells is presented in the topics covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Moraes
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e de Bioprocessos, Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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Batista FRX, Greco KN, Astray RM, Jorge SAC, Augusto EFP, Pereira CA, Mendonça RZ, Moraes ÂM. Behavior of Wild-type and Transfected S2 Cells Cultured in Two Different Media. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein synthesis in bioreactor by transfected Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells carrying a constitutive or an inducible promoter. J Biotechnol 2010; 146:169-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Augusto EFP, Moraes AM, Piccoli RAM, Barral MF, Suazo CAT, Tonso A, Pereira CA. Nomenclature and guideline to express the amount of a membrane protein synthesized in animal cells in view of bioprocess optimization and production monitoring. Biologicals 2009; 38:105-12. [PMID: 19699109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of a bioprocess optimization and monitoring for protein synthesis in animal cells face a challenge on how to express in quantitative terms the system performance. It is possible to have a panel of calculated variables that fits more or less appropriately the intended goal. Each mathematical expression approach translates different quantitative aspects. We can basically separate them into two categories: those used for the evaluation of cell physiology in terms of product synthesis, which can be for bioprocess improvement or optimization, and those used for production unit sizing and for bioprocess operation. With these perspectives and based on our own data of kinetic S2 cells growth and metabolism, as well as on their synthesis of the transmembrane recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein, here indicated as P, we show and discuss the main characteristics of calculated variables and their recommended use. Mainly applied to a bioprocess improvement/optimization and that mainly used for operation definition and to design the production unit, we expect these definitions/recommendations would improve the quality of data produced in this field and lead to more standardized procedures. In turn, it would allow a better and easier comprehension of scientific and technological communications for specialized readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth F P Augusto
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Industrial, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - IPT, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Prédio 31, sala 107, 05508-901 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lemos MAN, Santos ASD, Astray RM, Pereira CA, Jorge SAC. Rabies virus glycoprotein expression in Drosophila S2 cells. I: design of expression/selection vectors, subpopulations selection and influence of sodium butyrate and culture medium on protein expression. J Biotechnol 2009; 143:103-10. [PMID: 19615415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) gene was cloned in expression plasmids under the control of the inductive metallothionein promoter. They were designed in order to bear or not a secretion signal (i) and a cDNA coding for the selection hygromycin. These vectors were transfected into S2 cells, cell populations selected and subpopulations were then obtained by reselection with hygromycin. Cell cultures were examined for kinetics of cell growth, detection of RVGP mRNA and expression of RVGP. All cell populations were shown to express the RVGP mRNA upon induction. S2MtRVGPHy cell population, transfected with one vector that contains RGPV gene and selection gene, was shown to express higher amounts of RVGP as evaluated by flow cytometry ( approximately 52%) and ELISA (0.64 microg/10(7)cells at day 7). Subpopulation selection allowed a higher RVGP expression, specially for the S2MtRVGPHy(+) (5.5 microg/10(7)cells at day 7). NaBu treatment leading to lower cell growth and higher RVGP expression allowed an even higher RVGP synthesis by S2MtRVGPHy(+) (8.4 microg/10(7)cells at day 7). SF900II medium leading to a higher S2MtRVGPHy(+)cell growth allowed a higher final RVGP synthesis in this cell culture. RVGP synthesis may be optimized by the expression/selection vectors design, cell subpopulations selection, chromatin exposure and culture medium employed.
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Influence of culture conditions on recombinant Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells producing rabies virus glycoprotein cultivated in serum-free medium. Biologicals 2009; 37:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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