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Swartjes T, Shang P, van den Berg DTM, Künne T, Geijsen N, Brouns SJJ, van der Oost J, Staals RHJ, Notebaart RA. Modulating CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing Using Guide-Complementary DNA Oligonucleotides. CRISPR J 2022; 5:571-585. [PMID: 35856642 PMCID: PMC9419950 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) has revolutionized genome editing and has great potential for many applications, such as correcting human genetic disorders. To increase the safety of genome editing applications, CRISPR-Cas may benefit from strict control over Cas enzyme activity. Previously, anti-CRISPR proteins and designed oligonucleotides have been proposed to modulate CRISPR-Cas activity. In this study, we report on the potential of guide-complementary DNA oligonucleotides as controlled inhibitors of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes. First, we show that DNA oligonucleotides inhibit Cas9 activity in human cells, reducing both on- and off-target cleavage. We then used in vitro assays to better understand how inhibition is achieved and under which conditions. Two factors were found to be important for robust inhibition: the length of the complementary region and the presence of a protospacer adjacent motif-loop on the inhibitor. We conclude that DNA oligonucleotides can be used to effectively inhibit Cas9 activity both ex vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Swartjes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Künne
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stan J J Brouns
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Oost
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond H J Staals
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Notebaart
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Greene E, Cazacu D, Tamot N, Castellano S, Datar A, Kronkaitis A, Gebhard D, Reed J, Mawson P, Florin L, Rossi N, Lauer A, Juckem L, Nixon A, Wenger T, Sen S. Optimization of a transient antibody expression platform towards high titer and efficiency. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000251. [PMID: 33226178 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) using mammalian cells is an extensively used technology for the production of antibodies and recombinant proteins and has been widely adopted by both academic and industrial labs. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells have become one of the major workhorses for TGE of recombinant antibodies due to their attractive features: post-translational modifications, adaptation to high cell densities, and use of serum-free media. In this study, we describe the optimization of parameters for TGE for antibodies from CHO cells. Through a matrix evaluation of multiple factors including inoculum, transfection conditions, amount and type of DNA used, and post-transfection culture conditions, we arrived at an uniquely optimized process with higher titer and reduced costs and time, thus increasing the overall efficiency of early antibody material supply. We further investigated the amount of coding DNA used in TGE and the influence of kinetics and size of the transfection complex on the in vitro efficiency of the transfection. We present here the first report of an optimized TGE platform using Filler DNA in an early drug discovery setting for the screening and production of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Greene
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniela Cazacu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ninkka Tamot
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Akshita Datar
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Douglas Gebhard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jon Reed
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul Mawson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lore Florin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Nixon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Till Wenger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Saurabh Sen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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3
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Liu H, Yang Z, Xun Z, Gao Z, Sun Y, Yu J, Yang T, Zhao X, Cai C, Ding P. Nuclear delivery of plasmid DNA determines the efficiency of gene expression. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:789-798. [PMID: 31042002 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As a cationic non-viral gene delivery vector, poly(agmatine/ N, N'-cystamine-bis-acrylamide) (AGM-CBA) showed significantly higher plasmid DNA (pDNA) transfection ability than polyethylenimine (PEI) in NIH/3T3 cells. The transfection expression of AGM-CBA/pDNA polyplexes was found to have a non-linear relationship with AGM-CBA/pDNA weight ratios. To further investigate the mechanism involved in the transfection process of poly(AGM-CBA), we used pGL3-control luciferase reporter gene (pLUC) as a reporter pDNA in this study. The distribution of pLUC in NIH/3T3 cells and nuclei after AGM-CBA/pLUC and PEI/pLUC transfection were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. The intracellular trafficking of the polyplexes was evaluated by cellular uptake and nuclei delivery of pLUC, and the intracellular availability was evaluated by the ratio of transfection expression to the numbers of pLUC delivered in nuclei. It was found that pLUC intracellular trafficking did not have any correlation with the transfection expression, while an excellent correlation was found between the nuclei pLUC availability and transfection expression. These results suggested that the intracellular availability of pLUC in nuclei was the rate-limiting step for pLUC transfection expression. Further optimization of the non-viral gene delivery system can be focused on the improvement of gene intracellular availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Research and development Center, CR Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Zhe Xun
- Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zihao Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jiankun Yu
- Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, 04401, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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4
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Ruppert JG, Samejima K, Platani M, Molina O, Kimura H, Jeyaprakash AA, Ohta S, Earnshaw WC. HP1α targets the chromosomal passenger complex for activation at heterochromatin before mitotic entry. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97677. [PMID: 29467217 PMCID: PMC5852645 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is directed to centromeres during mitosis via binding to H3T3ph and Sgo1. Whether and how heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α) influences CPC localisation and function during mitotic entry is less clear. Here, we alter HP1α dynamics by fusing it to a CENP-B DNA-binding domain. Tethered HP1 strongly recruits the CPC, destabilising kinetochore-microtubule interactions and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. During mitotic exit, the tethered HP1 traps active CPC at centromeres. These HP1-CPC clusters remain catalytically active throughout the subsequent cell cycle. We also detect interactions between endogenous HP1 and the CPC during G2 HP1α and HP1γ cooperate to recruit the CPC to active foci in a CDK1-independent process. Live cell tracking with Fab fragments reveals that H3S10ph appears well before H3T3 is phosphorylated by Haspin kinase. Our results suggest that HP1 may concentrate and activate the CPC at centromeric heterochromatin in G2 before Aurora B-mediated phosphorylation of H3S10 releases HP1 from chromatin and allows pathways dependent on H3T3ph and Sgo1 to redirect the CPC to mitotic centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Ruppert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kumiko Samejima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melpomeni Platani
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oscar Molina
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Peng L, Xiong W, Cai Y, Chen Y, He Y, Yang J, Jin J, Li H. A simple, rapid method for evaluation of transfection efficiency based on fluorescent dye. Bioengineered 2017; 8:225-231. [PMID: 27676288 PMCID: PMC5470522 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1222995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced transfection efficiency of transient gene expression (TGE) and electroporation is a useful approach for improvement of recombinant therapeutic proteins in mammalian cells. A novel method is described here in which CHO cells expressing recombinant FVII (rFVII) were labeled with fluorescent dye and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Cells with or without rFVII encoding gene were detectable by flow cytometry. Thus, we were able to distinguish positive cells (with rFVII encoding gene) and quantify their percentages. We evaluated the effects of varying electroporation conditions (voltage, number of repetitions, plasmid amount, carrier DNA) in order to optimize transfection efficiency. The highest transfection efficiency achieved was ∼86%. The method described here allows rapid evaluation of transfection efficiency without co-expression of reporter genes. In combination with appropriate antibodies, the method can be extended to evaluation of transfection efficiency in cells expressing other recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wendian Xiong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanfei Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang He
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Ministry of Education Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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6
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Contu VR, Hase K, Kozuka-Hata H, Oyama M, Fujiwara Y, Kabuta C, Takahashi M, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI, Wada K, Kabuta T. Lysosomal targeting of SIDT2 via multiple YXXΦ motifs is required for SIDT2 function in the process of RNautophagy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2843-2853. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA degradation is an essential process for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Previously, we have discovered a novel RNA degradation system, RNautophagy, during which direct import of RNA into lysosomes in an ATP-dependent manner followed by degradation takes place. The putative nucleic acids transporter, SID-1 transmembrane family member 2 (SIDT2), predominantly localizes to lysosomes and mediates the translocation of RNA into lysosomes during RNautophagy. However, little is known about the mechanisms of sorting SIDT2 to lysosomes. Here, we showed that three cytosolic YXXΦ motifs are required for the lysosomal localization of SIDT2 and that SIDT2 interacts with adaptor protein complexes AP-1 and AP-2. We also found that localization to lysosomes by these three motifs is necessary for SIDT2 function in the process of RNautophagy, and that SIDT2 strikingly increases endogenous RNA degradation at the cellular level. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an endogenous intracellular protein of which overexpression substantially boosted intracellular RNA degradation. This study provides new insight into lysosomal targeting of proteins and intracellular RNA degradation, and further confirms the critical function of SIDT2 in RNautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Raluca Contu
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Katsunori Hase
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kozuka-Hata
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oyama
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuuki Fujiwara
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihana Kabuta
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kabuta
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Nakamura M, Suzuki A, Akada J, Yarimizu T, Iwakiri R, Hoshida H, Akada R. A Novel Terminator Primer and Enhancer Reagents for Direct Expression of PCR-Amplified Genes in Mammalian Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 57:767-80. [PMID: 25997599 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli plasmids are commonly used for gene expression experiments in mammalian cells, while PCR-amplified DNAs are rarely used even though PCR is a much faster and easier method to construct recombinant DNAs. One difficulty may be the limited amount of DNA produced by PCR. For direct utilization of PCR-amplified DNA in transfection experiments, efficient transfection with a smaller amount of DNA should be attained. For this purpose, we investigated two enhancer reagents, polyethylene glycol and tRNA, for a chemical transfection method. The addition of the enhancers to a commercial transfection reagent individually and synergistically exhibited higher transfection efficiency applicable for several mammalian cell culture lines in a 96-well plate. By taking advantage of a simple transfection procedure using PCR-amplified DNA, SV40 and rabbit β-globin terminator lengths were minimized. The terminator length is short enough to design in oligonucleotides; thus, terminator primers can be used for the construction and analysis of numerous mutations, deletions, insertions, and tag-fusions at the 3'-terminus of any gene. The PCR-mediated gene manipulation with the terminator primers will transform gene expression by allowing for extremely simple and high-throughput experiments with small-scale, multi-well, and mammalian cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Nakamura
- Innovation Center, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube, 755-8611, Japan,
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Kumari S, Dhar BB, Panda C, Meena A, Sen Gupta S. Fe-TAML encapsulated inside mesoporous silica nanoparticles as peroxidase mimic: femtomolar protein detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13866-13873. [PMID: 25089579 DOI: 10.1021/am503275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), conjugated to antibodies are routinely used for the detection of proteins via an ELISA type assay in which a critical step is the catalytic signal amplification by the enzyme to generate a detectable signal. Synthesis of functional mimics of peroxidase enzyme that display catalytic activity which far exceeds the native enzyme is extremely important for the precise and accurate determination of very low quantities of proteins (fM and lower) that is necessary for early clinical diagnosis. Despite great advancements, analyzing proteins of very low abundance colorimetrically, a method that is most sought after since it requires no equipment for the analysis, still faces great challenges. Most reported HRP mimics that show catalytic activity greater than native enzyme (∼10-fold) are based on metal/metal-oxide nanoparticles such as Fe3O4. In this paper, we describe a second generation hybrid material developed by us in which approximately 25,000 alkyne tagged biuret modified Fe-tetraamido macrocyclic ligand (Fe-TAML), a very powerful small molecule synthetic HRP mimic, was covalently attached inside a 40 nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN). Biuret-modified Fe-TAMLs represent one of the best small molecule functional mimics of the enzyme HRP with reaction rates in water close to the native enzyme and operational stability (pH, ionic strength) far exceeding the natural enzyme. The catalytic activity of this hybrid material is around 1000-fold higher than that of natural HRP and 100-fold higher than that of most metal/metal oxide nanoparticle based HRP mimics reported to date. We also show that using antibody conjugates of this hybrid material it is possible to detect and, most importantly, quantify femtomolar quantities of proteins colorimetrically in an ELISA type assay. This represents at least 10-fold higher sensitivity than other colorimetric protein assays that have been reported using metal/metal oxide nanoparticles as HRP mimic. Using a human IgG expressing cell line, we were able to demonstrate that the protein of interest human IgG could be detected from a mixture of interfering proteins in our assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kumari
- CReST Chemical Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory , Pune-411008, India
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