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Ipsen DH, Skat-Rørdam J, Svenningsen M, Andersen M, Latta M, Buelund LE, Lintrup K, Skaarup R, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and pentoxifylline in guinea pigs with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 128:583-593. [PMID: 33354924 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic options are urgently needed for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but development is time-consuming and costly. In contrast, drug repurposing offers the advantages of re-applying compounds that are already approved, thereby reducing cost. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and pentoxifylline (PTX) have shown promise for treatment of NAFLD, but have not yet been tested in combination. Guinea pigs were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks and then continued on the diet while being treated with ASA, PTX or ASA+PTX for 8 weeks. Chow-fed animals served as healthy controls. Guinea pigs were CT scanned before intervention start and at intervention end. Animals without steatosis (ie NAFLD) at week 16 were excluded from the data analysis. ASA and PTX alone or in combination did not improve hepatic steatosis, ballooning, inflammation or fibrosis nor did the treatments affect liver enzymes (aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase) or circulating lipids. Liver triglyceride levels, relative liver weight and hepatic mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin 8 and platelet-derived growth factor b were nominally decreased. Thus, in the current study, treatment with ASA and PTX alone or in combination for 8 weeks did not ameliorate NASH or hepatic fibrosis in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Højland Ipsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Josephine Skat-Rørdam
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Svenningsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mia Andersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Markus Latta
- Liver Disease Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lene Elisabeth Buelund
- Section of Veterinary Imaging, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristine Lintrup
- Section of Veterinary Imaging, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - René Skaarup
- Section of Veterinary Imaging, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Ruzu Bitters on Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Wistar Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5246725. [PMID: 32774420 PMCID: PMC7395997 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5246725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become notorious globally. Increasingly emerging evidence shows that NAFLD is strongly associated with inflammation, with proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) playing a vital role in its progression. In this work, an attempt was made to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB), an antiobesity medicinal concoction, on NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in albino Wistar rats. Twenty-five (25) rats were divided into five groups as follows: Group 1, the normal control, was maintained on standard rat chow and received normal saline (1 ml/kg body weight (BW)/day) for twelve weeks. The other groups were maintained on HFD for twelve weeks. Thereafter, groups 2–5 were treated with pioglitazone (4 mg/kg BW/day), RHB (0.6 ml/kg BW/day), normal saline (1 ml/kg BW/day), and fenofibrate (10 mg/kg BW/day), respectively. The animals were sacrificed after the experimental period. Biochemical indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation were assayed in the liver according to standard methods. The histological features of the liver were also compared to assess liver damage. RHB significantly (p < 0.05) reduced body weight and liver index, inhibited oxidative stress, boosted antioxidant enzymes by increasing the activity and level of SOD and GSH, reduced proinflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α), and reversed histological alterations induced by NAFLD in rat liver. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory activity of RHB in the prevention of NAFLD in rats has been confirmed.
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Inacio MD, Costa MC, Lima TFO, Figueiredo ID, Motta BP, Spolidorio LC, Assis RP, Brunetti IL, Baviera AM. Pentoxifylline mitigates renal glycoxidative stress in obese mice by inhibiting AGE/RAGE signaling and increasing glyoxalase levels. Life Sci 2020; 258:118196. [PMID: 32763295 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The pharmacological properties of pentoxifylline have been re-evaluated, particularly in chronic kidney disease in diabetes, favored by its anti-inflammatory action. Definitive evidences of renal outcomes are lacking, which indicates the need for investigation of novel mechanisms of action of pentoxifylline. We postulated that components associated with the metabolism of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may be modulated by pentoxifylline, which consequently decreases the detrimental effects of obesity on kidneys. MAIN METHODS C57BL-6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks and treated with 50 mg/kg pentoxifylline during the last 7 weeks. Changes in the renal levels of AGE metabolism-associated components were investigated, with particular focus on the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), its downstream components, and components related to AGE detoxification, including glyoxalase 1 (GLO 1). KEY FINDINGS Pentoxifylline reduced body weight gain, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, downregulated biomarkers of glycoxidative stress, and enhanced plasma paraoxonase 1 activity. In the kidneys, pentoxifylline inhibited glomerular expansion, lipid deposition, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and induced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Pentoxifylline inhibited the renal accumulation of AGEs and reduced the levels of RAGE and its downstream components, and consequently mitigated oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pentoxifylline also increased the renal levels of GLO 1 and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Urinary albumin levels were observed to be lowered, which reconfirmed the antialbuminuric effects of pentoxifylline. SIGNIFICANCE The novel mechanisms of action help explain the renoprotective effects of pentoxifylline and the attenuation of obesity-associated renal complications related to glycoxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Destro Inacio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Campos Costa
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayra Ferreira Oliveira Lima
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Delbone Figueiredo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pereira Motta
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Spolidorio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Pires Assis
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; Paulista University (UNIP), Institute of Health Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Saad ZA, Khodeer DM, Zaitone SA, Ahmed AAM, Moustafa YM. Exenatide ameliorates experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats via suppression of toll-like receptor 4/NFκB signaling: Comparison to metformin. Life Sci 2020; 253:117725. [PMID: 32348835 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease. This study aimed to evaluate the role of exenatide compared with metformin in halting the progression of fatty liver stimulated by a high-fat diet (HiFD) in rats. MAIN METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were allocated into 6 groups, 5 rats per each group. Group I: maintained on normal diet (normal group) for fourteen weeks. The other five groups were kept on HiFD throughout the experiment, HiFD was administered beside pharmacological treatments/or vehicle. Group II: (NAFLD control group), group III: received metformin (60 mg/kg/day, P.O.), group IV-VI: received exenatide (10, 20, and 40 μg/kg/day, S.C.) respectively for 7 weeks. At the end of the therapeutic period, fasting blood glucose was determined, and body weight was registered. Rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were taken to measure serum insulin, lipids, and liver enzymes. The liver index and homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were calculated. Further, livers were dissected for histopathological examination and Western blot analysis. KEY FINDINGS NAFLD control group showed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased liver enzymes, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated hepatic lipid peroxides, and inflammatory mediators (interlukin 6, nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α and Toll-like receptor4) in addition to hepatic fatty degeneration. In a dose-dependent manner, exenatide significantly improved most of the above mentioned markers in comparsion with NAFLD at P≤0.05. SIGNIFICANCE The current results suggest that exenatide is equivalent to metformin in controlling insulin resistance, body weight gain, improving liver function, suppressing inflammation, and attenuating NAFLD progression in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab A Saad
- Medical Administration, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Dina M Khodeer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A M Ahmed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Mehanna ET, Barakat BM, ElSayed MH, Tawfik MK. An optimized dose of raspberry ketones controls hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in male obese rats: Effect on adipose tissue expression of adipocytokines and Aquaporin 7. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 832:81-89. [PMID: 29787773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity constitutes a major worldwide problem in which hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance represents adverse metabolic consequences of it. The present study was conducted to elucidate the role of raspberry ketones (RKs) in controlling body weight gain, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in male obese rats through affecting the expression of various adipocytokines. As Aquaporin-7 is co-related with the expression of various adipocytokines and has recently emerged as a modulator of adipocyte metabolism, the present study evaluated the effect of RKs on adipose tissue expression of aquaporin-7(AQP7) in high-fat (HF) diet-fed rats. Groups of male rats were assigned to normal, HF diet-fed control rats and RKs-treated (250 and 500 mg/kg) groups. RKs administration effectively abrogated hyperlipidemia and oxidative burden and enhanced insulin sensitivity. In addition, treatment with RKs ameliorated adipose tissue and liver indices and the reduced adipocyte diameters. Moreover, administration of the low dose of RKs ameliorated the expression of apelin and its receptor, and visfatin with upregulating adiponectin expression compared to HF diet control rats. However, both doses effectively downregulated leptin expression. It was obvious that both RKs doses revealed effectiveness in upregulating the AQP7 expression. The present data suggest the promising therapeutic role of RKs in HF diet-induced obesity that is likely attributable, at least in part, to upregulation of AQP7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman T Mehanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Bassant M Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H ElSayed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona K Tawfik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a disease spectrum ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with inflammation (NASH) and liver cirrhosis. NAFLD is now recognised as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Simple steatosis is benign, whereas NASH can progress to cirrhosis with its resultant complications. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH. Lifestyle and dietary modifications to achieve sustained weight loss is the cornerstone of NAFLD/NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jason Pik-Eu Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Acedo SC, Caria CREP, Gotardo &EMF, Pereira JA, Pedrazzoli J, Ribeiro ML, Gambero A. Role of pentoxifylline in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2551-2558. [PMID: 26523207 PMCID: PMC4621469 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i24.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study pentoxifylline effects in liver and adipose tissue inflammation in obese mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD).
METHODS: Male swiss mice (6-wk old) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal from fat) or AIN-93 (control diet; 15% kcal from fat) for 12 wk and received pentoxifylline intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg per day) for the last 14 d. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated by measurements of basal glucose blood levels and insulin tolerance test two days before the end of the protocol. Final body weight was assessed. Epididymal adipose tissue was collected and weighted for adiposity evaluation. Liver and adipose tissue biopsies were homogenized in solubilization buffer and cytokines were measured in supernatant by enzyme immunoassay or multiplex kit, respectively. Hepatic histopathologic analyses were performed in sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin by an independent pathologist. Steatosis (macrovesicular and microvesicular), ballooning degeneration and inflammation were histopathologically determined. Triglycerides measurements were performed after lipid extraction in liver tissue.
RESULTS: Pentoxifylline treatment reduced microsteatosis and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in liver (156.3 ± 17.2 and 62.6 ± 7.6 pg/mL of TNF-α for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05). Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels were also reduced (23.2 ± 6.9 and 12.1 ± 1.6 U/L for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05) but had no effect on glucose homeostasis. In obese adipose tissue, pentoxifylline reduced TNF-α (106.1 ± 17.6 and 51.1 ± 9.6 pg/mL for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05) and interleukin-6 (340.8 ± 51.3 and 166.6 ± 22.5 pg/mL for non-treated and treated obese mice, respectively; P < 0.05) levels; however, leptin (8.1 ± 0.7 and 23.1 ± 2.9 ng/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P < 0.05) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (600.2 ± 32.3 and 1508.6 ± 210.4 pg/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P < 0.05) levels increased in lean adipose tissue. TNF-α level in the liver of lean mice also increased (29.6 ± 6.6 and 75.4 ± 12.6 pg/mL for non-treated and treated lean mice, respectively; P < 0.05) while triglycerides presented a tendency to reduction.
CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline was beneficial in obese mice improving liver and adipose tissue inflammation. Unexpectedly, pentoxifylline increased pro-inflammatory markers in the liver and adipose tissue of lean mice.
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Protective effect of boswellic acids versus pioglitazone in a rat model of diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: influence on insulin resistance and energy expenditure. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:587-600. [PMID: 25708949 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely linked to insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and cytokine imbalance. Boswellic acids, a series of pentacyclic triterpene molecules that are produced by plants in the genus Boswellia, has been traditionally used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This study aimed at evaluating the protective effect of boswellic acids in a model of diet-induced NAFLD in rats in comparison to the standard insulin sensitizer, pioglitazone. Rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce NAFLD. Starting from week 5, rats received boswellic acids (125 or 250 mg/kg) or pioglitazone parallel to the HFD. Feeding with HFD induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation in rats. In addition, liver index, insulin resistance index, activities of liver enzymes, and serum lipids deviated from normal. Further, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase 2 were elevated; this was associated with an increase in hepatic expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). Rats treated with boswellic acids (125 or 250 mg/kg) or pioglitazone showed improved insulin sensitivity and a reduction in liver index, activities of liver enzymes, serum TNF-α and IL-6 as well as hepatic iNOS expression and HNE formation compared to HFD group. Furthermore, at the cellular level, boswellic acids (250 mg/kg) ameliorated the expression of thermogenesis-related mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 in white adipose tissues. Data from this study indicated that boswellic acids might be a promising therapy in the clinical management of NAFLD if appropriate safety and efficacy data are available.
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Elshazly SM. Ameliorative effect of nicorandil on high fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 748:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Metwally AH. Pentoxifylline in the management of metabolic syndrome and chronic hepatitis C. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:832-4. [PMID: 25468788 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are prevalent diseases with many serious and fatal outcomes. Many of these outcomes are attributed to increased level of TNF-α which causes insulin resistance (IR), liver damage, increased incidence and mortality of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), liver fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). So, an approach that depends on reducing the TNF-α levels is considered a reasonable method to help treat these conditions. Putting together the available data in the previous literature about pentoxifylline (PTX) would highly suggest that this drug is perfect for managing these conditions. Through its inhibitory effect on the production of TNF-α, it would improve the IR state and improve MS. It would also improve the liver condition in NASH which is associated with IR. And by its effect on enhancing the blood flow and decreasing its viscosity, it could also have a protective role against the cardiovascular incidents that develop with IR and MS. In CHC, it would decrease the IR that is associated with HCV infection and this would subsequently increase the response to the antiviral therapy and reduce the liver damage. It was also proven to decrease the incidence and mortality of HRS that develops in cirrhosis. PTX also has anti-fibrotic effects which can stop the liver fibrosis. The PTX effect should be evaluated experimentally and by clinical trials on patients as it can be a breakthrough in the management of MS and CHC. Such an affordable drug would remarkably decrease the expense of the management of these conditions, and would reduce the morbidity and mortality in those patients, which would indirectly increase the productivity in the societies that have a high prevalence of these diseases.
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Terashima Y, Nishiumi S, Minami A, Kawano Y, Hoshi N, Azuma T, Yoshida M. Metabolomics-based search for therapeutic agents for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 555-556:55-65. [PMID: 24857839 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest form of chronic liver disease in developed countries. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which represents advanced stage NAFLD, is increasingly being recognized as a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. However, no effective drugs against NASH have yet been developed. Therefore, we searched for candidate therapeutic agents based on the changes in levels of hepatic metabolites via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based metabolome analysis of livers from methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet-fed mice, a mouse model of NASH. METHODS The metabolites were extracted from the livers of the MCD diet-fed mice and then analyzed using GC/MS. Subsequently, the MCD diet-fed mice were supplemented with hypotaurine, and the therapeutic effects of hypotaurine against steatohepatitis were evaluated. RESULTS Ninety-nine metabolites were detected in the livers of the MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis model mice. Among these metabolites, hypotaurine exhibited the greatest decrease in its concentration in the mice. Supplementation with 2 mmol/kgBW hypotaurine attenuated liver injuries and fat accumulation caused by the MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis. Furthermore, 10 mmol/kgBW hypotaurine supplementation ameliorated fibrosis and oxidative stress induced by the MCD diet. CONCLUSION The present metabolome analysis-based study demonstrated that hypotaurine is a novel candidate therapeutic agent for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Terashima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shin Nishiumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Minami
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Namiko Hoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takeshi Azuma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chu-o-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Chu-o-ku, Kusunoki-cho, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan; Division of Metabolomics Research, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Chu-o-ku, Kusunoki-cho, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
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Pan MH, Lai CS, Tsai ML, Ho CT. Chemoprevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by dietary natural compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:147-71. [PMID: 24302567 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a wide spectrum of liver disease that is not from excess alcohol consumption, but is often associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD pathogenesis is complicated and involves oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, insulin resistance, inflammation, and excessive dietary fat intake, which increase hepatic lipid influx and de novo lipogenesis and impair insulin signaling, thus promoting hepatic triglyceride accumulation and ultimately NAFLD. Overproduction of proinflammatory adipokines from adipose tissue also affects hepatic metabolic function. Current NAFLD therapies are limited; thus, much attention has been focused on identification of potential dietary substances from fruits, vegetables, and edible plants to provide a new strategy for NAFLD treatment. Dietary natural compounds, such as carotenoids, omega-3-PUFAs, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, terpenoids, curcumin, and resveratrol, act through a variety of mechanisms to prevent and improve NAFLD. Here, we summarize and briefly discuss the currently known targets and signaling pathways as well as the role of dietary natural compounds that interfere with NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Heeringa M, Hastings A, Yamazaki S, de Koning P. Serum biomarkers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: value for assessing drug effects? Biomark Med 2013; 6:743-57. [PMID: 23227839 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common chronic liver disease throughout the world. In the USA, approximately 3-5% of the population are affected, and the prevalence of this condition is increasing. NASH is associated with an increased risk of liver-related morbidity, such as cirrhosis and fibrosis, as well as cardiovascular disease, and in spite of several clinical studies investigating putative new drugs, no approved treatment is currently available. This is partly due to the nature of the disease. NASH is a complex, slowly progressing disease, and confirmatory clinical trials have long treatment durations and require invasive end points (a liver biopsy). Such invasive assessments are only accepted in confirmatory trials; clinical studies in the exploratory clinical development phase must rely on noninvasive biomarkers as the primary end point. Experimental and clinical research continues to achieve validation and qualification of biomarkers in NASH, which will hopefully assist the development of new treatments for NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Heeringa
- Global Clinical Pharmacology & Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma Global Development-Europe, Elisabethhof 1, 2353 EW Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are associated with a state of chronic inflammation. The immune system and the inflammatory cascade can be involved in the development of any of the above common conditions. This association raises the question of whether immune therapy can be used for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Although immune therapy is not yet feasible for clinical use, here, we review some of the recent data on the potential role of the various arms of the immune system in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and several potential therapeutic targets.
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Wu R, Zhang W, Liu B, Gao J, Xiao XQ, Zhang F, Zhou HM, Wu XL, Zhang X. Probucol ameliorates the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats fed high-fat diets. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:163-71. [PMID: 22878918 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We sought to evaluate the effects of probucol on steatohepatitis and associated molecular mechanisms in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Forty male rats weighing 100-120 g were randomly assigned to the following treatments (n = 10 for each treatment): standard diet + normal saline (NC group), standard diet + 500 mg/kg/day probucol (NP group), HFD + normal saline (HD group), and HFD + 500 mg/kg/day probucol (HP group). All animals received the above treatments for 15 weeks. Lipid metabolism and steatohepatitis were assessed. Systemic insulin resistance, oxidative stress status, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin levels, and gene expression were examined. RESULTS High-fat feeding resulted in macrovesicular steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocellular ballooning degeneration in the liver, coupled with increased concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Probucol exposure attenuated the biochemical and histological changes comparable with NASH. Moreover, probucol treatment significantly prevented the elevations of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein and the increase in the expression of numerous lipid metabolism-related genes in HFD-fed rats. There were increased insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels and enhanced hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in the HP group. Probucol lessened the HFD-induced elevation of serum TNF-α and hepatic malondialdehyde and reduced antioxidant enzymatic activities. CONCLUSIONS Probucol shows beneficial effects on HFD-induced steatohepatitis by improving insulin resistance and attenuating oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Pentoxifylline and melatonin in combination with pioglitazone ameliorate experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 662:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Shirazi M, Noorafshan A, Farrokhi A. Effects of pentoxifylline on renal structure after urethral obstruction in rat: A stereological study. Cent European J Urol 2011; 64:30-3. [PMID: 24578857 PMCID: PMC3921697 DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2011.01.art6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chronic renal failure due to tubulointerstitial fibrosis is one of complications of lower urinary tract obstruction. Since pentoxifylline is a xanthine derivative that inhibits some inflammatory mediators, we conducted this study to investigate whether pentoxifylline inhibits renal fibrosis in a rat model of partial urethral obstruction (PUO). Methods All the rats underwent experimental PUO. Then, the animals were divided randomly into two groups: positive control group and experimental group. The experimental group received pentoxifylline 100 mg/kg per day via oral gavages for 4-weeks. The control group received the same dose of normal saline. After 4-weeks, all the rats underwent left nephrectomy. Kidney volume and weight and fractional and absolute volumes of the glomeruli, tubules, interstitium and vessels were determined with stereological methods. To reduce the workload of reference (kidney) volume estimation, the total kidney volume was determined after estimation of tissue shrinkage on isotropic uniform random histological sections. The total volume (amount) of each renal structure including fibrosis was estimated to avoid the bias conclusion due to relying on volume density alone. Results The absolute volume of interstitial fibrosis was lower in the experimental group (PUO with pentoxifylline treatment) (~84%; p ≤0.006) in comparison with the control group (PUO with no treatment). Conclusion Pentoxifylline reduces interstitial renal fibrosis after partial urethral obstruction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shirazi
- Histomorphometry & Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry & Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Farrokhi
- Department of Urology, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lebrec D, Thabut D, Oberti F, Perarnau JM, Condat B, Barraud H, Saliba F, Carbonell N, Renard P, Ramond MJ, Moreau R, Poynard T. Pentoxifylline does not decrease short-term mortality but does reduce complications in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1755-62. [PMID: 20102716 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, is given to patients with liver diseases, but its effects in patients with advanced cirrhosis are unknown. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of its effects in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS A total of 335 patients with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh class C) were assigned to groups given either pentoxifylline (400 mg, orally, 3 times daily; n = 164) or placebo (n = 171) for 6 months. The primary end point was mortality at 2 months. Secondary end points were mortality at 6 months and development of liver-related complications. RESULTS By 2 months, 28 patients in the pentoxifylline group (16.5%) and 31 in the placebo group (18.2%) had died (P = .84). At 6 months, 50 patients in the pentoxifylline group (30.0%) and 54 in the placebo group (31.5%) had died (P = .75). The proportions of patients without complications (eg, bacterial infection, renal insufficiency, hepatic encephalopathy, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage) were higher in the pentoxifylline group than in the placebo group at 2 months (78.6% vs 63.4%; P = .006) and 6 months (66.8% vs 49.7%; P = .002). The probability of survival without complications was higher in the pentoxifylline group than in the placebo group at 2 and 6 months (P = .04). In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with death were age, the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, and presence of early-stage carcinoma. Treatment with pentoxifylline was the only factor associated with liver-related complications. CONCLUSIONS Although pentoxifylline does not decrease short-term mortality in patients with advanced cirrhosis, it does reduce the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Lebrec
- INSERM, Unité 773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicle Bichat-Beaujon CRB3, Paris, France and Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become increasingly recognized as the most common cause of abnormal liver enzymes in the last few decades and is among the most common forms of chronic liver disease in the Western world and across the globe. With the growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes, NAFLD is estimated to affect about one-quarter of the US population. Although most patients with NAFLD have nonprogressive bland steatosis, a minority of patients develop the histological subtype of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related death. This is especially true when NASH patients have type 2 diabetes. Treatment of NAFLD should therefore be directed towards patients with established NASH. Sustained weight loss seems to improve insulin resistance and associated NASH. In fact, weight loss with bariatric surgery leads to biochemical and histological improvement in morbidly obese patients with NASH. Several pharmacologic agents have been studied in an effort to improve insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory mediators potentially responsible for the development and progression of NASH. While some studies have shown initial promise, none has established long-term efficacy using randomized clinical trials. This paper briefly reviews the epidemiology, natural history, and pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH and then focuses on the clinical trials of various therapeutic modalities for NAFLD. These include weight loss agents, bariatric surgery, insulin-sensitizing agents, lipid-lowering agents, antioxidants, probiotics, anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, cytoprotective and other novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lam
- Center for Liver Diseases at Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, USA
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20
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Lee IK, Choi YJ, Shim IS, Kim KS, Choi CJ. Pentoxifylline Induces Lipolysis and Apoptosis of Human Preadipocytes, Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts In Vitro. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.1.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Specific therapy for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is needed because of the potential severity of this liver disease. NASH is a recognized cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis and, increasingly, of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, there is an unmet medical need for the therapy of NASH. This article discusses this therapy, with particular emphasis on pharmacologic therapy.
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Marsman HA, Al-Saady RL, Heger M, van Gulik TM. How reproducible are rat steatosis models using high-fat diets? J Hepatol 2009; 51:822-3; author reply 824. [PMID: 19616337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Syn WK, Yang L, Chiang DJ, Qian Y, Jung Y, Karaca G, Choi SS, Witek RP, Omenetti A, Pereira TA, Diehl AM. Genetic differences in oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to diet-induced obesity do not alter liver fibrosis in mice. Liver Int 2009; 29:1262-72. [PMID: 19490416 PMCID: PMC3610179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how genetic factors might influence the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). DESIGN/INTERVENTION Beginning in adolescence, male C57BL6 (BL6) and 129/SVJ mice were fed control (n=15/group) or high-fat (HF) diets (n=30/group) for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Assessed were body weight, insulin resistance, hepatic production of free radicals, expression of cytokines and fibrosis-related genes and severity of hepatic steatosis, injury and fibrosis. RESULTS High-fat diets induced comparable obesity, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in the two strains. Compared with BL6 mice, 129/SVJ mice had impaired induction of antioxidant genes, generated three- to four-fold more free radicals and exhibited two-fold greater induction of profibrogenic cytokines (interleukin-4 and transforming growth factor-beta1) and fibrosis-related genes (fibronectin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1) (all P<0.05 for 129 vs BL6). Surprisingly, however, induction of collagen I alpha1 mRNA and accumulation of Sirius red-stained fibrils and hepatic hydroxyproline were similar in BL6 and 129/SVJ mice, and although patchy sinusoidal fibrosis emerged in both strains, neither developed bridging fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Although BL6 and 129/SVJ mice with diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and steatosis differed with respect to several factors that are thought to influence human NAFLD progression, they developed comparable liver fibrosis. Moreover, none of the risk factors for NAFLD-related cirrhosis in humans, including obesity, insulin resistance, chronic inflammatory and oxidant stress, steatohepatitis or activation of fibrogenic genes, proved to be sufficient to cause cirrhosis in these mice, even when exposure to one or more of these insults was very prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kin Syn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dian Jung Chiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yue Qian
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gamze Karaca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steve S. Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rafal P. Witek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alessia Omenetti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thiago A. Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Sturm N, Bronowicki JP, Maynard-Muet M, Tran A, Heluwaert F, Plages A, Zarski JP. Metformin plus pentoxifylline versus prescriptive diet in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a randomized controlled pilot trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:984-6. [PMID: 19646832 DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Omagari K, Kato S, Tsuneyama K, Inohara C, Kuroda Y, Tsukuda H, Fukazawa E, Shiraishi K, Mune M. Effects of a long-term high-fat diet and switching from a high-fat to low-fat, standard diet on hepatic fat accumulation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:3206-12. [PMID: 18465233 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of a long-term high-fat diet and switching from high-fat to a low-fat diet on hepatic fat accumulation in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, 3-week-old male SD rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 45% fat (kilocalories) for 43 weeks (HDHD group), an HFD for 23 weeks followed by a low-fat, standard diet (LFD) containing 10% fat for 20 weeks (HDLD group), and an LFD for 43 weeks (LDLD group). Histopathologically, steatosis and lobular inflammation was obvious in the HDLD and HDHD groups at 46 weeks of age, and ballooning hepatocytes and Mallory hyalines were seen in the HDHD group. Mild fibrosis was observed in 5 of 13 (38%) rats in the HDHD or HDLD groups. Our results demonstrate that a long-term high-fat diet can induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in SD rats. Switching to a low-fat, standard diet prevented the progression of NASH, although steatosis was not improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Omagari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki, 851-2195, Japan.
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Collison KS, Maqbool Z, Saleh SM, Inglis A, Makhoul NJ, Bakheet R, Al-Johi M, Al-Rabiah R, Zaidi MZ, Al-Mohanna FA. Effect of dietary monosodium glutamate on trans fat-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Lipid Res 2008; 50:1521-37. [PMID: 19001666 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800418-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) on trans-fatty acid (TFA)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are addressed in an animal model. We used Affymetrix microarray analysis to investigate hepatic gene expression and the contribution of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) to diet-induced NAFLD. Trans-fat feeding increased serum leptin, FFA, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and total cholesterol (T-CHOL) levels, while robustly elevating the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis, including the transcription factor sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c. Histological examination revealed hepatic macrosteatosis in TFA-fed animals. Conversely, dietary MSG at doses similar to human average daily intake caused hepatic microsteatosis and the expression of beta-oxidative genes. Serum triglyceride, FFA, and insulin levels were elevated in MSG-treated animals. The abdominal cavities of TFA- or MSG-treated animals had increased WAT deposition compared with controls. Microarray analysis of WAT gene expression revealed increased lipid biosynthetic gene expression, together with a 50% decrease in the key transcription factor Ppargc1a. A combination of TFA+MSG resulted in the highest levels of serum HDL-C, T-CHOL, and leptin. Microarray analysis of TFA+MSG-treated livers showed elevated expression of markers of hepatic inflammation, lipid storage, cell damage, and cell cycle impairment. TFA+MSG mice also had a high degree of WAT deposition and lipogenic gene expression. Levels of Ppargc1a were further reduced to 25% by TFA+MSG treatment. MSG exacerbates TFA-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Collison
- Cell Biology and Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Perri RE, Shah VH. Pentoxifylline: not just for alcoholic hepatitis anymore? Hepatol Int 2008; 2:137-9. [PMID: 19669297 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-008-9057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman E Perri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 21st Avenue South and Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA,
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