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An Y, Qiao D, Jing T, Li S. Extensive ICP-MS and HPLC-QQQ detections reveal the content characteristics of main metallic elements and polyphenols in the representative commercial tea on the market. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1450348. [PMID: 39188975 PMCID: PMC11345263 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1450348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The content of polyphenols and metal elements in tea has an important impact on the choice of consumers. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of ten elements including Fe, Mg, Al, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, and As in 122 representative tea samples from 20 provinces. The results showed that the difference of metal content among six tea categories was greater than that among provinces, and the overall metal content of black tea was relatively higher. The contents of all elements from high to low were: Mg > Mn > Al > Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > As. The contents of Ni, Fe, Al, Zn and Mn showed significant differences among multiple types of tea categories. While the detection rates of Pb and As were 10.7 and 24.6%, respectively. The contents of all elements were in line with the national limit standards. Meanwhile, the relative contents of theanine, caffeine and a total of 53 polyphenolic compounds in 122 tea samples were detected. The analysis showed that the content of these compounds differed least between green and yellow tea, and the largest difference between black tea and oolong tea. This study provides important support for consumers to choose tea rationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin An
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
| | - Dahe Qiao
- Tea Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shize Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Zaman F, Khattak WA, Ihtisham M, Ilyas M, Ali A, Ali A, Khan H, Khan KA, Ni D, Zhao H, Chen FS. Assessing the health risks of heavy metals and seasonal minerals fluctuations in Camellia sinensis cultivars during their growth seasons. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114586. [PMID: 38493978 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The risk assessment of heavy metals in tea is extremely imperative for the health of tea consumers. However, the effects of varietal variations and seasonal fluctuations on heavy metals and minerals in tea plants remain unclear. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to evaluate the contents of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and antimony (Sb) in the two categories of young leaves (YL) and mature leaves (ML) of tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars throughout the growing seasons. The results showed significant variations in the contents of the investigated nutrients both among the different cultivars and growing seasons as well. Furthermore, the average concentrations of Al, Mn, Mg, B, Ca, Cu, Co, Fe, Na, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Sb in YL ranged, from 671.58-2209.12, 1260.58-1902.21, 2290.56-2995.36, 91.18-164.68, 821.95-5708.20, 2.55-3.80, 3.96-25.22, 37.95-202.84, 81.79-205.05, 27.10-69.67, 0.028-0.053, 0.065-0.127, 2.40-3.73, 10.57-12.64, 0.11-0.14 mg kg-1, respectively. In ML, the concentrations were 2626.41-7834.60, 3980.82-6473.64, 3335.38-4537.48, 327.33-501.70, 9619.89-13153.68, 4.23-8.18, 17.23-34.20, 329.39-567.19, 145.36-248.69, 40.50-81.42, 0.089-0.169, 0.23-0.27, 5.24-7.89, 18.51-23.97, 0.15-0.19 mg kg-1, respectively. The contents of all analyzed nutrients were found to be higher in ML than in YL. Target hazard quotients (THQ) of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Sb, as well as the hazard index (HI), were all less than one, suggesting no risk to human health via tea consumption. This research might provide the groundwork for essential minerals recommendations, as well as a better understanding and management of heavy metal risks in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Zaman
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wajid Ali Khattak
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Muhammad Ihtisham
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Abbas Ali
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Weed Science and Botany, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Applied College, Center of Bee Research and Its Products, Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dejiang Ni
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration of Poyang Lake Watershed, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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3
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Chang Y, Chiang CK. The Impact of Thallium Exposure in Public Health and Molecular Toxicology: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4750. [PMID: 38731969 PMCID: PMC11084277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review offers a synthesis of the current understanding of the impact of low-dose thallium (Tl) on public health, specifically emphasizing its diverse effects on various populations and organs. The article integrates insights into the cytotoxic effects, genotoxic potential, and molecular mechanisms of thallium in mammalian cells. Thallium, a non-essential heavy metal present in up to 89 different minerals, has garnered attention due to its adverse effects on human health. As technology and metallurgical industries advance, various forms of thallium, including dust, vapor, and wastewater, can contaminate the environment, extending to the surrounding air, water sources, and soil. Moreover, the metal has been identified in beverages, tobacco, and vegetables, highlighting its pervasive presence in a wide array of food sources. Epidemiological findings underscore associations between thallium exposure and critical health aspects such as kidney function, pregnancy outcomes, smoking-related implications, and potential links to autism spectrum disorder. Thallium primarily exerts cellular toxicity on various tissues through mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This synthesis aims to shed light on the intricate web of thallium exposure and its potential implications for public health, emphasizing the need for vigilant consideration of its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan;
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
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4
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Ju Y, Luo Z, Bi J, Liu C, Liu X. Transfer of heavy metals from soil to tea and the potential human health risk in a regional high geochemical background area in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168122. [PMID: 37918746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most consumed nonalcoholic beverages. The collaborative analysis of heavy metals soil-to-tea transfer and the associated potential risk to human health is important. This study features a survey of As, Cd, Pb and Cr in 144 paired soils and tea leaves from six main tea-growing regions (Fengqing, Linxiang, Yongde, Mangshi, Longling, and Yunlong) in Yunnan, China. The data showed soil acidification (pH = 4.77-5.17) in tea plantations, affecting heavy metals bioavailability thereby the transfer to tea leaves. Soil total and bioavailable As, Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations were 1.45-117, 0.025-0.67, 15.2-153, 3.8-409 mg kg-1 and 0.03-0.22, 0.011-0.38, 0.59-17, 0.013-0.47 mg kg-1, respectively. Specifically, As concentration in 20.8 % of the soil samples exceeded the standard value at 40 mg kg-1, while the standard-exceeding ratio of Cr was low at 9 %. Besides, Cd showed high bioavailability at 44-56.1 %, while Cr was low at 0.12-0.34 %. Arsenic, Cd, and Pb in tea leaves were within the standard values at 2, 1 and 5 mg kg-1. However, though soil Cr was low in standard-exceeding ratio and bioavailability, Cr accumulation in tea showed high standard-exceeding ratio (72.2 %). This indicated that soil heavy metals concentration and bioavailability are not necessarily to predict the pollution risk in tea leaves. Besides, tea favors to accumulate Cd, with 16 % showing BAF > 1. Though Cr in tea leaves was highly standard-exceeded and Cd was uptake-preferred, the target hazard quotients (THQ; <1) and aggregate risk hazard indexes (HI; 0.046) suggested that there was no potential risks to human health. This indicated that high pollution risk in tea leaves is not necessarily to induce risk to human health. The information helps to better understand the efficiency and influencing factors for heavy metals soil-to-tea leaves transfer and strategize how to more accurate evaluate the risks in soil pollution, food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwang Ju
- College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Ziwen Luo
- Institute of Tea, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan 650205, China
| | - Jue Bi
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan 678000, China
| | - Chaozhu Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan 650224, China.
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5
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Zhan Y, Zhu Q, Li X, Tao C, Su H, Wu Y, Lin J, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Jiang F. The Distribution Characteristics and Potential Risk Assessment of Lead in the Soil of Tieguanyin Tea Plantations in Anxi County, China. TOXICS 2023; 12:22. [PMID: 38250978 PMCID: PMC10820665 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the distribution and risks associated with the soil lead content in the Tieguanyin tea plantations of Anxi County is critical, given the county's significance as the primary Tieguanyin tea production area in Fujian Province. This study examined the distribution characteristics of soil lead in Anxi County's tea plantations according to the Kriging spatial interpolation of the parameters of the semivariance function of the exponential model. Moreover, the sources of lead content were analyzed, considering geological backgrounds and anthropogenic influences. Ecological risks and the issuance of early warnings were also assessed. The soil lead content in the rocks of the Tieguanyin tea plantations in Anxi County followed the order: andesite > dacite > rhyolite > granite. The soil lead content gradually decreased from the center toward the east and west, forming four distinct north-south parallel zones. High-lead-content areas were identified at the border of Jiandou, Bailai, and Hushang; in the central part of Lutian; and in the southern part of Huqiu. The high levels of soil lead in the tea plantations possibly originated from industrial and mining activities, automobile exhaust, and agricultural activities. The distribution of single-factor pollution indices and potential risk evaluation based on the Soil Environmental Quality Standard, Environmental Technical Conditions for Tea Production Area, and Environmental Technical Conditions for Organic Tea Production Area indicated that the soil in Tieguanyin tea plantations in Anxi County was clean and safe for tea cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhan
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Qin Zhu
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Changwu Tao
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Huogui Su
- Anxi County Soil Fertilizer Technology Extension Station, Quanzhou 362400, China; (H.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuede Wu
- Anxi County Soil Fertilizer Technology Extension Station, Quanzhou 362400, China; (H.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinshi Lin
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanhe Huang
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Fangshi Jiang
- Jinshan Soil and Water Conservation Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (C.T.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
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6
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Hu C, Zhang X, Zhan N, Liu Y. Current Status and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Tea across China. TOXICS 2023; 11:662. [PMID: 37624168 PMCID: PMC10459165 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a non-alcoholic beverage popular among Chinese people. However, due to the application of chemical and organic fertilizers in the tea planting process, the environment pollutionaround the tea plantation, and the instruments used in the processing, heavy metal elements will accumulate in the tea, which brings health risks for tea consumers. This study summarized heavy metal concentrations from 227 published papers and investigated the current contamination status of tea and tea plantation soils, and, finally, the risk of heavy metal exposure to tea consumers in China is assessed, in terms of both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. The average contamination of six heavy metals in tea-arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)-were 0.21, 0.14, 1.17, 14.6, 0.04, and 1.09 mg/kg, respectively. The areas with high concentrations of heavy metals in tea were concentrated primarily in southwest China, some areas in eastern China, and Shaanxi Province in northwest China. The non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in tea are all within safe limits. The national average HI value was 0.04, with the highest HI value of 0.18 in Tibet, which has the largest tea consumption in China. However, the carcinogenic risks of Cd in Shaanxi Province, Anhui Province, and southwest China exceed the acceptable range, and due attention should be given to these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Hu
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (C.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (C.H.)
| | - Nan Zhan
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; (C.H.)
| | - Youcun Liu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
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Barbeș L, Bărbulescu A, Dumitriu CŞ. Human Health Risk Assessment to the Consumption of Medicinal Plants with Melliferous Potential from the Romanian South-Eastern Region. TOXICS 2023; 11:520. [PMID: 37368620 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the impact on human health by consuming medicinal herbs with high melliferous potential (HMPs) from botanical areas with different pollution levels. First, the bioaccumulation of the plants' parts has been determined. The study assessed the potential health risks associated with the ingestion of various mineral species (macroelements-K, Ca, Mg, Na; microelements-Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and one trace element Cd) from three types of HMPs (Sambucus nigra (SnL), Hypericum perforatum (Hp), and Tilia tomentosa (Tt)). The average concentrations of these elements were not similar even in the same type of HMPs. Nevertheless, all samples contained detectable levels of the studied elements. The average concentrations of the studied elements were very low (significantly lower than the legal limit set by the WHO). The study's findings indicated that the potential health risks associated with ingesting the elements in HMPs were within acceptable limits for children and adults. The hazard quotient (HQ) for Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd and the hazard index (HI) for the minerals from HMPs were significantly lower than the acceptable limit (HQ and HI = 1). Similarly, the carcinogenic risk for chemical substances (Riskccs) were lower than or close to the acceptable limit (1 × 10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucica Barbeș
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Ovidius" University of Constanța, 124 Mamaia Bd., 900112 Constanta, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biotechnical Systems Engineering, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Bărbulescu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 5 Turnului Str., 900152 Brasov, Romania
| | - Cristian Ştefan Dumitriu
- Faculty of Mechanical and Robotic Engineering in Construction, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest, 124 Lacul Tei Av., 020396 Bucharest, Romania
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Chin WS, Chien LC, Kao HC, Chuang YN, Liao KW. Monitoring and evaluating the dietary risk of trace elements content in bottled and hand-shaken tea in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55716-55729. [PMID: 36897450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea is the most frequently consumed beverage worldwide and is obtained from the leaves Camellia sinensis. The traditional way of tea consumption through brewing is gradually being replaced by the consumption of bottled and hand-shaken tea. Despite the different ways of tea consumption, trace elements accumulation and contamination of tea leaves have caused concerns. However, limited studies have reported trace element concentrations in different types of tea in bottled or hand-shaken tea and their health risks. This study aimed to determine the level of trace elements (V, Cr, Co, As, Cd, Pb, Mn, and Zn) in green tea, black tea, and Oolong tea in two varieties of products (bottled and hand-shaken tea). The health risks associated with tea consumption in various age subgroups among Taiwan's general population were also estimated. A Monte Carlo simulation was applied to estimate the distribution of daily trace elements intake through bottled and hand-shaken tea consumption. As to the non-carcinogenic risks, the Monte Carlo simulation showed that hand-shaken green tea had a higher percentage of hazard index (HI) >1 (1.08%~6.05%) among all age groups. As to carcinogenic risks, the Monte Carlo simulation showed that the risks of As exposure from bottled Oolong tea and hand-shaken black, green, and Oolong teas in the 90th percentile in >18 to ≤65 and >65-year-old groups were higher than 10-6. The current study findings provided some information about trace elements of both bottled and hand-shaken tea and human health risks in the general population of Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Chin
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ching Kao
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ning Chuang
- Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Liao
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Li F, Jing M, Ma F, Wang W, Li M. Comparison and Risk Assessment of Macroelements and Trace Metals in Commercial Teas from Different Regions of China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1503-1519. [PMID: 35467266 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is one of the most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. In the present study, 73 commercial tea samples were collected from tea plantations in the Southwest, South, Jiangnan, and Jiangbei regions of China. The contents of four macroelements (phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)) and 15 trace metals (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), thorium (Th), thallium (Tl), rubidium (Rb) and barium (Ba)) in tea samples were determined. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Zn, Al, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Th, Tl, Rb and Ba were in the range of 0.02-0.61, 0.008-0.126, 0.09-1.12, 0.001-0.012, 0.07-1.62, 19.5-73.2, 170-2100, 5.9-43.3, 228-2040, 60-337, 2.09-17.95, 0.002-0.08, 0.004-0.409, 0-150.50 and 3.1-41.2 µg/g, respectively, which were all lower than the maximum permissible limits stipulated by China (NY/T 288-2012, NY 659-2003). The target hazard quotients of each heavy metal were lower than one, and the combined risk hazard index of all heavy metals for adults was in the range of 0.10-0.85; therefore, there was no significant carcinogenic health risks to tea drinking consumers under the current dietary intake. Significant differences were found in the content of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Th, Tl, Rb and Ba) (p < 0.05); however, no significant differences were found in the content of macroelements (P, K, Ca and Mg) and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Al and Mn) in teas from different regions. Therefore, the region did not affect the heavy metal exposure risk. Correlation coefficient and principal component analyses were performed to determine the source of the elements. Three principal factors were obtained: factor 1 was positively related to Ca, Mg, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Al, Mn, Fe and Th (32.63%); factor 2 to P, Zn, Cu and Ni (18.64%) and factor 3 to K and Rb (10.10%). Thus, the elements in the same factor might originate from the same source. This study provides an essential basis to understand the variance and potential risks of different elements in tea from different regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Li
- College of Tea (Pu'er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu'er 665000, China
| | - Min Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fujie Ma
- College of Tea (Pu'er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu'er 665000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Tea (Pu'er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu'er 665000, China
| | - Mei Li
- College of Tea (Pu'er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu'er 665000, China.
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Nour SMF, El-Desoky AMM, Hassan NA, Osman KA. Estimated daily intake of epichlorohydrin and certain heavy metals of bagged and loose black teas. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:666-678. [PMID: 36712226 PMCID: PMC9873861 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the levels of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and some metals in 3 brands of bagged and loose black teas which are widely marketed in Alexandria markets, Egypt, and estimate the acceptable daily intake as a safety indicator. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results revealed that ECH levels significantly differed between the tested brands steeped for 2 min and tea bags contained higher levels than in loose teas and the levels increased by increasing the steep time. These levels of ECH in all the tested brands either in tea bags or loose teas were higher than the guideline value of 0.10 μg/L. Also, the results illustrated that the adding of sucrose or washing of bags with deionized water for 1 min significantly decreased the levels of ECH. In addition, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) results illustrated that the levels of Al, Pb, and Cd were too low in infusions compared to the established guidelines. Because of the high consumption of tea in Alexanria city, Egypt, it is necessary to determine the contribution of tea to the daily dietary intake of ECH, Al, Pb and Cd. In case of the bagged teas, the calculated daily intake of ECH was on average about 55.37 times greater than that in loose teas. The consumption of both bagged and loose teas infusion could not pose a risk for population as the health hazard index was < 1. It can be concluded that consumers who prefer to use tea bags should rinse these bags before preparing the tea brewer, and do not increase the steeping time to more than 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheir M. F. Nour
- Department of Economic Home, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O Box 21545, Al-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany M. M. El-Desoky
- Department of Economic Home, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O Box 21545, Al-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nagla A. Hassan
- Department of Economic Home, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O Box 21545, Al-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Osman
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Aflatoon St., P.O Box 21545, EL-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545 Egypt
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11
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Evaluation of the Brewing Characteristics, Digestion Profiles, and Neuroprotective Effects of Two Typical Se-Enriched Green Teas. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142159. [PMID: 35885402 PMCID: PMC9318317 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As a functional beverage, selenium (Se)-enriched green tea (Se-GT) has gained increasing popularity for its superior properties in promoting health. In this study, we compared the brewing characteristics, in vitro digestion profiles, and protective effects on neurotoxicity induced through the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide of two typical Se-GTs (Enshi Yulu (ESYL) and Ziyang Maojian (ZYMJ), representing the typical low-Se green tea and high-Se green tea, respectively). ESYL and ZYMJ showed similar chemical component leaching properties with the different brewing methods, and the optimized brewing conditions were 5 min, 90 °C, 50 mL/g, and first brewing. The antioxidant activities of the tea infusions had the strongest positive correlation with the tea polyphenols among all of the leaching substances. The tea infusions of ESYL and ZYMJ showed similar digestive behaviors, and the tea polyphenols in the tea infusions were almost totally degraded or transferred after 150 min of dynamic digestion. Studies conducted in a cell model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) showed that the extract from the high-Se green tea was more effective for neuroprotection compared with the low-Se green tea. Overall, our results revealed the best brewing conditions and digestion behaviors of Se-GT and the great potential of Se-GT or Se-enriched green extract (Se-GTE) to be used as promising AD-preventive beverages or food ingredients.
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12
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Na Nagara V, Sarkar D, Luo Q, Biswas JK, Datta R. Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to Trace Elements from Drinking Black and Green Tea Marketed in Three Countries. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2970-2982. [PMID: 34378169 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Although tea can be beneficial for our health, consuming excess trace elements in tea can be harmful. In this study, the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risk for trace elements in tea influenced by the country of origin, tea type, and infusion process was assessed. Tea (Camellia sinensis) purchased from China, India, and the USA, including black and green tea, were analyzed for essential micronutrients (Cu, Se, and Zn) and nonessential trace elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in leaves and three types of infusions. The results showed that country of origin, tea type, and infusion process had a significant influence on the trace element contents in tea leaves and infusions, also on health risk. Country of origin had a significant influence on Ba, Cr, Pb, and Zn contents in tea leaves and on As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn contents in tea infusions. Black tea had significantly higher (p < 0.05) Cr and Cu content in tea leaves than green tea, but only Cr content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of green tea in tea infusion. The trace element contents were the highest in the first infusion and decreased as the number of infusion steps increased. The results showed that the consumption of tea infusion was not likely to cause noncarcinogenic risk. However, the carcinogenic risk for As was of concern. Our results indicate that avoiding drinking the first infusion can help to reduce both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks for trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viravid Na Nagara
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
| | - Qingzi Luo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies & International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupali Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
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13
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Zhou Y, Huang W, Liu X, Cao W, Wang D, Liu X, Pang Y, Wen S, Zhang X. Interannual variation and exposure risk assessment of lead in brick tea in Hubei, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:141004. [PMID: 32738688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure may cause severe health outcomes such as decreased fertility, joint pain and neurological disorders. It is important to know the Pb exposure level in tea and the risk assessment for local residents who drink brick tea daily. This study detected sixteen brick tea samples over 26 years and fifteen green tea samples in 2011 in a southeast city of Hubei province. The Pb content in brick tea was found to increase rapidly with the fast development of industrial activities represented by car sales from 1985 to 2011, which was less susceptible to gasoline. The concentrations of Pb in 16 brick tea were in the range of 1.77-17.8 mg/kg with a mean value of 11.1 mg/kg. Their percentiles P50, P90, and P95 were 13.22, 16.95, and 17.21 mg/kg. A regressional model was built, suggesting strong correlation between the Pb content in brick tea and the car sales. The concentrations of Pb in 15 green tea samples were between 0.36-1.30 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.66 mg/kg and the percentiles P50, P90, and P95 were 0.62, 1.05, and 1.23 mg/kg. The MOE values of brick tea and green tea were all greater than 1 just considering tea consumption which displayed low Pb exposure risk. By adding the Pb exposure by food, the MOE values for green tea were still greater than 1 while the MOE values of brick tea were less than 1 suggesting a potential risk of Pb exposure to the people drinking brick tea daily, who should pay more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wenyao Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wencheng Cao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yunhong Pang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China.
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14
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Zhang J, Yang R, Li YC, Peng Y, Wen X, Ni X. Distribution, accumulation, and potential risks of heavy metals in soil and tea leaves from geologically different plantations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110475. [PMID: 32208212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment regarding heavy metals in tea is crucial to ensure the health of tea customers. However, the effects of geological difference on distribution of heavy metals in soils and their accumulation in tea leaves remain unclear. This study aimed to estimate the impacts of geological difference on distribution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), thallium (Tl), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) in soils and their accumulation in tea leaves, and further evaluate their health risks. 22 soils and corresponding young tea leaves (YTL) and old tea leaves (OTL), from geologically different plantations, were sampled and analyzed. Results showed that heavy metals concentrations in soils, derived from Permian limestone and Cambrian weakly mineralized dolomite, were obviously greater than those from Silurian clastic rock. The geological difference controlled the distribution of soil heavy metals to a large extent. Contents of Cd, Tl, and Mn in tea leaves mainly depended on their contents in soils. Soil Hg, Pb, As, and Sb contents may not be the only influencing factors for their respective accumulation in tea leaves. More attentions should be paid to soil acidification of tea plantations to ensure the tea quality security. Target hazard quotients (THQ) of Cd, Pb, Tl, Hg, As, Sb, Cr, and Ni and hazard index (HI) via tea intake were below one, indicating no human health risk. The non-mineralized Silurian area was less at risk of heavy metals accumulation in tea leaves than the Cambrian metallogenic belt and the Permian Cd-enriched zone. This study could provide an important basis to understand and mitigate the potential risks of heavy metals in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ruidong Yang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA.
| | - Yishu Peng
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wen
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xinran Ni
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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15
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Li Z, Li Z, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Wen W, Li H, Shao J, Wang C, Zhu X. Antioxidant Capacity, Metal Contents, and Their Health Risk Assessment of Tartary Buckwheat Teas. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9724-9732. [PMID: 32391459 PMCID: PMC7203710 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat tea (TBT) is the most popular and widely consumed buckwheat product in many countries. However, the perfect quality control standards for TBT were still lacking, and the content of heavy metals in TBT and their health risks to consumers were still unknown. In this research, the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity as well as six metal contents and their health risks in TBT were detected. The results showed that the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity varied significantly among different types of TBT. Meanwhile, six metal concentrations in TBT leaves and infusions decreased in the order of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd. Health risk assessment indicated that the heavy metal intake only from TBT would not cause a noncarcinogenic risk to consumers. However, a strong carcinogenic risk of Cr in TBT for consumers should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Huang
- College
of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014 China
| | - Yunchuan Jiang
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongfu Liu
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen Wen
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Industrial
Technology Institute of Chengdu Urban Modern Agriculture Industrial
Technology Institute, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hanhan Li
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jirong Shao
- College
of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014 China
- Sichuan
Xichen Guanghua Environment Testing Co. Ltd., 611130 Chengdu, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Plateau Biological Resources R&D
Platform of Xichen Co. Ltd., National Agricultural
High-tech Innovation Center, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- College
of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural
University, Chengdu 611130, China
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16
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Sakizadeh M, Ahmadpour E, Sharafabadi FM. Spatial analysis of chromium in southwestern part of Iran: probabilistic health risk and multivariate global sensitivity analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2023-2038. [PMID: 30778787 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was concerned with chromium as a potential carcinogenic contaminant in 64 wells located in five aquifers, southwest of Iran. A probabilistic health risk assessment indicated a high risk to the local residents including adults and children in the study area. A sequential sensitivity analysis and a novel approach known as multivariate global sensitivity analysis using both principal component analysis and B-spline were applied to investigate the behavior of health risk model along time considering four independent input parameters in the risk equation. In this context, based on the results of sensitivity analysis, concentration of chromium in drinking water (Cw) and body weight (W) were the most influential parameters. Random forest (RF) was used as a variable selection method to choose the most influential parameters for the prediction of chromium. Five parameters, among 13 water quality variables, including phosphate, nitrate, fluoride, manganese and iron were selected by RF as the most important parameters for spatial prediction. Hybrid methods of RF and ordinary kriging (RFOK) and RF and inverse distance weighting (RFIDW) were then applied for spatial prediction of Cr using the secondary variables. The RFOK and RFIDW were more efficient than that of ordinary kriging (OK) with respect to a cross-validation algorithm. For instance, in terms of relative root mean squared error, the performance of OK was improved from 31.72 to 23.21 and 23.61 for RFOK and RFIDW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Sakizadeh
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Eisa Ahmadpour
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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