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Razmjooei D, Alimohammadlou M, Ranaei Kordshouli HA, Askarifar K. A bibliometric analysis of the literature on circular economy and sustainability in maritime studies. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-28. [PMID: 36778759 PMCID: PMC9899116 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, many academics, practitioners, and policy-makers have focused on the notion of circular economy (CE) as a way to operationalize sustainable development. There is, however, a shortage of review studies that reflect the evolution and status of CE with respect to sustainability in the maritime industry. The purpose of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the development of CE in research on sustainable maritime processes/operations in the maritime industry. To accomplish this, the study uses citation analysis (publication distribution, productive journals, cross-country collaborations), co-occurrence analysis of the subject categories, co-citation analysis, and keyword frequency analysis. To collect data, the study utilizes the Web of Science database. Such software packages as CiteSpace, Histcite, and VOSviewer are used to analyze the data collected. The results clarify that, in the maritime industry, CE is a micro-level sub-set of sustainability. Furthermore, the literature has mainly focused on waste management and life-cycle assessment as measures of CE 1.0 and CE 2.0, respectively. Assessing circularity in terms of R-imperatives highlights that "recycle," "remanufacture," "recover," and "reduce" are widespread practices of circularity in the maritime industry. Shipping companies should evaluate the possibility of implementing CE by realizing shorter loop R-imperatives such as "refuse," "reduce," "reuse," and "repair." Scholars must further explore underdeveloped R-imperatives such as "refuse," "refurbish," "repurpose," and "remine" in the maritime industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoon Razmjooei
- Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Science, Department of Management, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Moslem Alimohammadlou
- Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Science, Department of Management, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Kazem Askarifar
- Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Science, Department of Management, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Uddin MK, Nobi MN, Islam ANMM. Environmental hazards and health rights of workers in shipbreaking in Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTHCARE 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ijhrh-03-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The shipbreaking sector in Bangladesh has spurred extensive academic and policy debates on relations between shipbreaking industries, environmental degradation and the health security of their workers. As shipbreaking is an economically significant industry in Bangladesh, it needs to implement both domestic and global mechanisms for environmental conservation and the protection of the labourers’ health from environmental risks. The purpose of this paper is to primarily explore the environmental and health security issues in shipbreaking activities in Bangladesh. It also identifies the challenges in implementing the rules and regulations for protecting the health of the workers at shipbreaking yards in Bangladesh and preserving the marine environment.
Design/methodology/approach
This is a qualitative paper based on secondary materials, including journal articles, books and national and international reports. It critically reviews the existing literature, rules, regulations and policing on shipbreaking with a particular focus on the environment and health security of the workers.
Findings
This paper finds that the implementation of the rules and regulations in shipbreaking in Bangladesh is complicated because of weak implementation mechanisms, political and economic interests of the yard owners, lack of coordination among different agencies, lack of adequate training and awareness among the workers and workers’ poor economic condition, which contribute to the degradation of marine and local environments and trigger health hazards among the workers. Therefore, degrading the environment and undermining occupational health and safety regulations have become regular; thus, accidental death and injury to the workers are common in this sector.
Originality/value
This paper is an important study on the issues of workers' health and safety and environmental hazards in the shipyard. It reports how the health security of the workers in shipbreaking yards in Bangladesh is vulnerable, and environmental rules are challenged. Finally, this paper frames some policy implications to safeguard the workers’ health rights and the marine environment.
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Ali MM, Islam MS, Islam ARMT, Bhuyan MS, Ahmed ASS, Rahman MZ, Rahman MM. Toxic metal pollution and ecological risk assessment in water and sediment at ship breaking sites in the Bay of Bengal Coast, Bangladesh. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113274. [PMID: 35066413 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of four toxic metals (As, Cr, Cd, and Pb) in water and sediments at the Sitakunda ship breaking area in Bangladesh was studied. Along with this, sediment quality and ecological risk were evaluated for the metal intrusion to the study area. A total sample number of 120 (water; n = 60 and sediment; n = 60) were analyzed for both winter and summer seasons using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The trace metal concentration in both water and sediment showed decreasing trend as follows; Cr (mean-W: 0.118 mg/L; mean-S:121.87 mg/kg) > Pb (mean-W: 0.064 mg/L; mean-S: 65.31 mg/kg) > As (mean-W: 0.03 mg/L; mean-S: 32.53 mg/kg) > Cd (mean-W: 0.004 mg/L; mean-S: 4.81 mg/kg). However, in both segments, the concentrations of the toxic metals exceeded the recommended acceptable limits. As and Cd showed significant variation (water and sediment) between the seasons, while Pb and Cr had no seasonal impact. Metal pollution index (MPI) and contamination factor (CF) was evaluated and revealed that the study area exhibited the critical score of water quality (MPI > 100). The cumulative effect of the metal concentrations was high (CI > 3). The assessed mean geoaccumulaiton index (Igeo) revealed that the study area was moderate to strongly polluted except for Cr. According to the contamination factor (CF), the sediment samples were moderate to highly contaminated by Cd, Pb, and As. Moreover, the explored range of pollution load index (PLI) in all sampling sites in the ship breaking region was from 1.75 to 3.10, suggesting that the sediment in the study area was highly polluted by heavy metals (PLI > 1). The risk index and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) suggested that the study area was at high risk due to metals pollution. Therefore, it is obligatory to maintain some crucial efforts for the betterment of the surrounding environment near the investigated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohammad Ali
- Department of Aquaculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh; Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | | | - Md Simul Bhuyan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Marine Sciences & Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - A S Shafiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zillur Rahman
- Quality Control Laboratory, Department of Fisheries, Khulna 9000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
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Dynamics of Tree outside Forest Land Cover Development and Ecosystem Carbon Storage Change in Eastern Coastal Zone, Bangladesh. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tree outside forest (TOF) has immense potential in economic and environmental development by increasing the amount of tree vegetation in and around rural settlements. It is an important source of carbon stocks and a critical option for climate change regulation, especially in land-scarce, densely populated developing countries such as Bangladesh. Spatio-temporal changes of TOF in the eastern coastal zone of Bangladesh were analyzed and mapped over 1988–2018, using Landsat land use land cover (LULC) maps and associated ecosystem carbon storage change by linking the InVEST carbon model. Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS data were classified through the Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) algorithm using Semi-Automated Classification (SAC). In the InVEST model, aboveground, belowground, dead organic matter, and soil carbon densities of different LULC types were used. The findings revealed that the studied landscapes have differential features and changing trends in LULC where TOF, mangrove forest, built-up land, and salt-aquaculture land have increased due to the loss of agricultural land, mudflats, water bodies, and hill vegetation. Among different land biomes, TOF experienced the largest increase (1453.9 km2), and it also increased carbon storage by 9.01 Tg C. However, agricultural land and hill vegetation decreased rapidly by 1285.8 km2 and 365.7 km2 and reduced carbon storage by 3.09 Tg C and 4.89 Tg C, respectively. The total regional carbon storage increased by 1.27 Tg C during 1988–2018. In addition to anthropogenic drivers, land erosion and accretion were observed to significantly alter LULC and regional carbon storage, necessitating effective river channel and coastal embankment management to minimize food and environmental security tradeoff in the studied landscape.
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Rani S, Ahmed MK, Xiongzhi X, Keliang C, Islam MS, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M. Occurrence, spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace elements in surface sediments of rivers and coastal areas of the East Coast of Bangladesh, North-East Bay of Bengal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149782. [PMID: 34467902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal and estuarine ecosystems provide habitats for many organisms. Recently, the estuaries and coastal areas of the East Coast of Bangladesh have become heavily contaminated due to dumping of untreated wastewater into the rivers from a number of different industries. The current study analyzes potentially toxic elements contamination in surface sediments of the Karnaphuli, Sangu, Bakkhali and Naf Rivers, Kutubdia and Moheshkhali Channel, and St. Martin's Island, and assesses the consequent ecological risks. The pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk (PER) indices show that the contaminated sediments have negative effects on the aquatic environments. The PLI values ranged between 0.45 and 1.67, which suggests the severity of trace-element contamination. The mean Igeo values showed the sediments range from uncontaminated to heavily contaminated state. The Enrichment Factor (EF) values suggested that the sediments were contaminated by anthropogenic sources, and PER values demonstrate that sites at Sangu, Naf and St Martin's Island are less contaminated compared to sites at Karnaphuli, Bakkhali, Kutubdia and Moheshkhali. Overall, results showed that Karnaphuli river is the most contaminated and St Martin's Island is the least based on the spatial distribution of PLI, Cd, PER and ∑TUs of trace metals in surface sediments. Comparing with the neighboring countries, the concentrations of Cd and Pb were found to be higher while Cr is lower in the East Coast of Bangladesh than the estuarine and coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal rim countries. The present study reveals that the lack of water quality guidelines in Bangladesh for the coastal, estuarine and marine water escalated the dumping of untreated wastewater. Immediate measures need to be taken to address the ecological risks so that an effective management program can be undertaken. A systematic approach for collecting pollutant data and use of isotopes to trace anthropogenic sources of contamination is recommended for pollutants like toxic metals, pesticides and other contaminants in sediment and aquatic products in the entire coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Rani
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute (COMI), Xiamen University, Fujian Province, China; Third Institute of Oceanography (TIO), Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; International Centre for Ocean Governance (ICOG), Faculty of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- International Centre for Ocean Governance (ICOG), Faculty of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Xue Xiongzhi
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute (COMI), Xiamen University, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Chen Keliang
- Third Institute of Oceanography (TIO), Ministry of Natural Resources, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Hossain MB, Runu UH, Sarker MM, Hossain MK, Parvin A. Vertical distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in sediment cores of ship breaking area of Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4235-4249. [PMID: 33830391 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vertical heavy metal profiling reflects the history of the deposition of metals and helps to understand the characteristics of accumulation in various layers of the sediment. Nevertheless, no previous studies in Bangladesh had focused on the vertical distribution of heavy metals in core sediments. In this study, vertical distribution, contamination level and potential ecological risks of six heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn) from the core sediment of ship breaking were assessed and compared with the non-ship breaking area of Bangladesh. The concentration (µg/g) of heavy metals in the 0-10 cm (surface), 10-20 cm (middle) and 20-30 cm (bottom) of sediment cores was as follows, respectively: Zn (35.54-100.68, 37.27-258.02, 42.78-66.45); Cu (16.38-75.25, 30.64-92.02, 34.99-52.98); Pb (4.84-132.08, BDL-204.48, BDL-23.51); Cr (14.57-42.13, 25.31-42.71, 15.26-36.34); Ni (4.02-42.23, 4.94-43.70, 4.40-43.13); Mn (198.74-764.16, 257.77-980.50, 255.62-856.44). The heavy metal content of core sediment from the shipbreaking region was substantially higher than that of non-shipbreaking area. Except for Ni, heavy metal content was highest in the middle layer, followed by the upper and lower layers of the sediment core. Contamination exponents such as enrichment factor, contamination factor and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) revealed contamination by Zn, Cu and Pb while potential ecological risk factor ([Formula: see text]) and risk index suggested low ecological risk by studied heavy metals except for Pb. Correlation matrix, cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated that all studied heavy metals could have similar anthropogenic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Belal Hossain
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
| | - Umme Hani Runu
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Milon Sarker
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamal Hossain
- Soil and Environment Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Parvin
- Soil and Environment Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
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Rahman SMM, Kim J, Laratte B. Disruption in Circularity? Impact analysis of COVID-19 on ship recycling using Weibull tonnage estimation and scenario analysis method. RESOURCES, CONSERVATION, AND RECYCLING 2021; 164:105139. [PMID: 32904429 PMCID: PMC7455110 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The sustainability of the ship recycling industry strongly linked with the global shipping market and international commodity flows. More than 80% of the End of Life (EoL) ships are dismantled in South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. Due to measures taken to minimize the propagation of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), an international supply chain is broken to a historic low, except for certain medical-related urgencies. Due to the disruption of global supply chains, the industry may submerge into uncertainty due to, perhaps, lack of adequate labor force to dismantle increased EoL ships and due to disturbances of vessel transportation to the recycling nations amid strong precautionary measures. Our estimate suggests that about 300 million Gross Tonnage (GT) available for demolition in the next five years and the inability to get them recycled would cost about 20 billion dollars. More importantly, South Asian recycling nations would suffer from economic losses and employment opportunities. In this study, we also apply a scenario analysis technique to understand the impact range of COVID-19 in the short term and in the long term. The disruption is viewed through a circular economy framework, identifying a critical lack of 'global scale' acknowledgment in the circular economy framework. This article suggests that a formalized global scale, paralleled with favorable policies, may reduce supply chain disruption and improve sustainable development in the receiving nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mizanur Rahman
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, I2M Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Junbeum Kim
- CREIDD Research Center on Environmental Studies & Sustainability, Department of Humanities, Environment & Information Technology, Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS-UMR 6281, University of Technology of Troyes, France
| | - Bertrand Laratte
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, INRAE, I2M Bordeaux, F-33400 Talence, France
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
- APESA-Innovation, F-40220 Tarnos, France
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8
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Assessing Energy-Based CO2 Emission and Workers’ Health Risks at the Shipbreaking Industries in Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study represents the estimation of energy-based CO2 emission and the health risks of workers involved in the shipbreaking industries in Sitakunda, Bangladesh. To calculate the carbon emission (CE) from three shipbreaking activities, i.e., metal gas cutting (GC), diesel fuel (FU) and electricity consumption (EC), we used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s Emission and Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) emission factors. Moreover, the geographic weighted regression (GWR) model was applied to assess the contribution of influencing factors of CE throughout the sampling points. To assess the workers’ health condition and their perceptions on environmental degradation, a semi-structured questionnaire survey among 118 respondents were performed. The results showed that total CO2 emissions from GC were 0.12 megatons (MT), 11.43 MT, and 41.39 MT for daily, monthly, and yearly respectively, and the values were significantly higher than the surrounding control area. Emissions from the FU were estimated as daily: 0.85 MT, monthly: 1.92 MT, and yearly: 17.91 MT, which were significantly higher than EC. The study also revealed that workers were very susceptible to accidental hazards especially death (91%), and pollution (79%). Environmental consequences and health risks of the workers in shipbreaking industry warrant more attention nationally and internationally at the industry-level.
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Rahman IMM, Mutsuddi R, Jii N, Barua S, Ahmmad B, Kibria MG, Hossain MM, Begum ZA, Dey BK, Hasegawa H. Does open-beach ship-breaking affect the mineralogical composition of soil more adversely than typical industrial activities? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 240:374-383. [PMID: 30953991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan the ship breaking (SB) sector dismantles end-of-life ships on open beaches, exposing the environment to the resulting pollution, especially the soil and water. Because SB occurs in the vicinity of other poorly-regulated activities in industrial zones (IZ) in these countries, there is some ambiguity concerning the relative roles played by SB and IZ in the accumulation of hazardous materials in the soil. In the absence of comparative studies, this study investigated the relative levels of soil contamination due to SB or IZ in the same geographic region by taking soil samples from SB and unrelated IZs in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The technogenic input of sixty-four chemical elements into the soil at the SB or IZ were compared with off-site reference values or the natural content of these elements in the Earth's crust and surface. The magnitude of soil contamination by ecotoxic elements, the corresponding bioavailability, and the ecological risks were assessed based on the regulatory reference values (RRVs) and with other approaches using data aggregation. Among the different potentially toxic elements, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were found to be above the maximum allowable concentration (p < 0.05) in both SB and IZ. Moderate-to-high soil contamination from SB and moderate-to-considerable soil contamination in the IZ were observed. However, the element-bioavailability as ascertained via solid-phase speciation or weak-acid induced leaching, and the evaluation of associated ecological risk both indicated a low hazard quotient for soils from both SB and IZ. The outcome of the current research marked both SB and IZ soils as contaminated but not polluted, yet remediation is suggested. The level of contamination in SB soils was relatively higher than that of IZ. The comparative results presented in this study for the first time will hopefully be useful as a reference for future ecological and geochemical studies concerning the environmental contamination associated with both ship recycling on open beaches and other typical industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M M Rahman
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Rajesh Mutsuddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Naoyuki Jii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Suman Barua
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Bashir Ahmmad
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - M G Kibria
- Department of Soil Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - M Mosharraf Hossain
- Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Zinnat A Begum
- Venture Business Laboratory, Organization of Frontier Science and Innovation, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Department of Civil Engineering, Southern University, 739/A Mehedibag Road, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Benu K Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Barua S, Rahman IMM, Hossain MM, Begum ZA, Alam I, Sawai H, Maki T, Hasegawa H. Environmental hazards associated with open-beach breaking of end-of-life ships: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30880-30893. [PMID: 30215211 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
End-of-life (EOL) ships contribute significantly to the flow of recycled industrial Fe and non-Fe metal materials in resource-poor developing countries. The ship scrapping (breaking) and recycling industry (SBRI) recycles 90-95% of the total weight of EOL ships and is currently concentrated in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Turkey, and China, due to the high demand for recyclable and reusable materials there, an abundance of low-cost labor, and lenient environmental regulations. However, the SBRI has long been criticized for non-compliance with standards relating to occupational health, labor safety, and to the management of hazardous materials. Among the different EOL recycling options, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan use open beaching, a technique that exposes all spheres of the environment to the release of hazardous materials from EOL ships. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on the environmental exposure of hazardous materials from SBRI, to judge the risks associated with the dismantling of EOL ships on open beaches. Our work includes an overview of the industry and its recent growth, compares available ship-breaking methods, provides an inventory of hazardous releases from EOL ships, and reviews their movement into different spheres of the environment. The economic dynamics behind open beaching, and apportionment of responsibility for hazards related to it, are discussed, in order to generate policy and legal recommendations to mitigate the environmental harm stemming from this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Barua
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Ismail M M Rahman
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Mohammad Mosharraf Hossain
- Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.
| | - Zinnat A Begum
- Venture Business Laboratory, Organization of Frontier Science and Innovation, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Southern University, 739/A Mehedibag Road, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Iftakharul Alam
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sawai
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, 866 Nakane, Hitachinaka City, Ibaraki, 312-8508, Japan
| | - Teruya Maki
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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11
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Aliabadian M, Laetitia H, Shadmehri Toosi A, Yap CK. First report of bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs) and persistent organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs and PCNs) and their effects on alcyonacea and scleractinian corals and their endosymbiotic algae from the Persian Gulf, Iran: Inter and intra-species differences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:141-157. [PMID: 29426136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The coral reefs of the Persian Gulf are the most diverse systems of life in the marine environment of the Middle East. Unfortunately, they are highly threatened by local and global stressors, particularly oil pollutants. This is the first quantitative and qualitative study aimed at assessing the concentration and sources of n-alkanes and POPs (PAHs, PCBs and PCNs) in coral tissues, symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae), reef sediments and seawaters in coral reefs of Lark and Kharg in the Persian Gulf, Iran. This work was conducted on eight species of six genera and three families of hard corals and one family of soft coral. A significant variation in the concentration of ∑30n-alkanes and POPs (∑40PAHs, ∑22PCBs and 20PCNs) was found in the decreasing order: zooxanthellae > coral tissue > skeleton > reef sediment > seawater. The bioaccumulation of these compounds was 2-times higher in ahermatypic than in hermatypic corals, among which significant variations were observed in both sites. In Kharg, Porites lutea had the highest mean concentration of ∑30n-alkanes and ∑40PAHs in soft tissue, whereas the lowest values were in Platygyra daedalea. A contrasting trend was documented for ∑22PCBs and 20PCNs, with the highest level reported in soft tissue of P. daedalea and the lowest in P. lutea at Kharg. Compositional pattern of AHs and PAHs demonstrated the predominance of LMW-PAHs and n-alkanes. In skeleton and reef sediments, tetra, penta and tri-CBs were the most abundant PCBs congeners followed by di-CB > hexa-CB > hepta-CB > octa-CB,whiletri-CB > di-CB > tetra-CB > penta-CB > hexa-CB > hepta-CB > octa-CB was observed for soft tissue, zooxanthellae and seawater. The results of RAD test indicated significantly negative correlation between total concentration of these compounds with zooxanthellae density, the chlorophyll-a and C2 in corals at both reefs. This is the first report on levels, health assessment and source apportionments of POPs in zooxanthellae and a first step in the implementation of specific coral reef management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Aliabadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran
| | - Hédouin Laetitia
- USR3278 EPHE CNRS UPVD-CRIOBE, BP1013, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia; Laboratoire d'Excellence, BP1013, 98729 Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Amirhossein Shadmehri Toosi
- Department of Civil and environmental engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Uncovering Discursive Framings of the Bangladesh Shipbreaking Industry. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Devault DA, Beilvert B, Winterton P. Ship breaking or scuttling? A review of environmental, economic and forensic issues for decision support. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25741-25774. [PMID: 27424206 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In a globalized world, the world trade fleet plays a pivotal role in limiting transport costs. But, the management of obsolete ships is an acute problem, with most Ship Recycling Facilities (SRF) situated in developing countries. They are renowned for their controversial work and safety conditions and their environmental impact. Paradoxically, dismantlement is paid for by the shipowners in accordance with international conventions therefore it is more profitable for them to sell off ships destined for scrapping. Scuttling, the alternative to scrapping, is assessed in the present review to compare the cost/benefit ratios of the two approaches. Although scrapping provides employment and raw materials - but with environmental, health and safety costs - scuttling provides fisheries and diving tourism opportunities but needs appropriate management to avoid organic and metal pollution, introduction of invasive species and exacerbation of coastal erosion. It is also limited by appropriate bottom depth, ship type and number. The present review inventories the environmental, health, safety, economic, and forensic aspects of each alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Devault
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Agroparistech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Molécules en Milieu Agressif, UA - UMR ECOFOG,DSI, Campus Universitaire de Schoelcher, 97275, Schoelcher, Martinique, France.
| | - Briac Beilvert
- CDMO, Université de Nantes, Chemin la Censive du Tertre, BP 81307, 44313, Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Peter Winterton
- Département Langues et Gestion, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 09, France
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14
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Diamond ML, de Wit CA, Molander S, Scheringer M, Backhaus T, Lohmann R, Arvidsson R, Bergman Å, Hauschild M, Holoubek I, Persson L, Suzuki N, Vighi M, Zetzsch C. Exploring the planetary boundary for chemical pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 78:8-15. [PMID: 25679962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rockström et al. (2009a, 2009b) have warned that humanity must reduce anthropogenic impacts defined by nine planetary boundaries if "unacceptable global change" is to be avoided. Chemical pollution was identified as one of those boundaries for which continued impacts could erode the resilience of ecosystems and humanity. The central concept of the planetary boundary (or boundaries) for chemical pollution (PBCP or PBCPs) is that the Earth has a finite assimilative capacity for chemical pollution, which includes persistent, as well as readily degradable chemicals released at local to regional scales, which in aggregate threaten ecosystem and human viability. The PBCP allows humanity to explicitly address the increasingly global aspects of chemical pollution throughout a chemical's life cycle and the need for a global response of internationally coordinated control measures. We submit that sufficient evidence shows stresses on ecosystem and human health at local to global scales, suggesting that conditions are transgressing the safe operating space delimited by a PBCP. As such, current local to global pollution control measures are insufficient. However, while the PBCP is an important conceptual step forward, at this point single or multiple PBCPs are challenging to operationalize due to the extremely large number of commercial chemicals or mixtures of chemicals that cause myriad adverse effects to innumerable species and ecosystems, and the complex linkages between emissions, environmental concentrations, exposures and adverse effects. As well, the normative nature of a PBCP presents challenges of negotiating pollution limits amongst societal groups with differing viewpoints. Thus, a combination of approaches is recommended as follows: develop indicators of chemical pollution, for both control and response variables, that will aid in quantifying a PBCP(s) and gauging progress towards reducing chemical pollution; develop new technologies and technical and social approaches to mitigate global chemical pollution that emphasize a preventative approach; coordinate pollution control and sustainability efforts; and facilitate implementation of multiple (and potentially decentralized) control efforts involving scientists, civil society, government, non-governmental organizations and international bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, M5S 3B1 Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverker Molander
- Environmental Systems Analysis, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Leuphana University Lüneburg, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States
| | - Rickard Arvidsson
- Environmental Systems Analysis, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Forskargatan 20, Sweden
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Nils Koppels Allé, Building 426 D, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ivan Holoubek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Linn Persson
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Linnégatan 87D, Box 24218, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Strategic Risk Management Research Section, Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Marco Vighi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Forschungsstelle für Atmosphärische Chemie, Dr. Hans-Frisch-Str. 1-3, Universität Bayreuth, D-954 48 Bayreuth, Germany
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15
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Mostofa KMG, Liu CQ, Vione D, Gao K, Ogawa H. Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:461-478. [PMID: 23992682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Algal toxins or red-tide toxins produced during algal blooms are naturally-derived toxic emerging contaminants (ECs) that may kill organisms, including humans, through contaminated fish or seafood. Other ECs produced either naturally or anthropogenically ultimately flow into marine waters. Pharmaceuticals are also an important pollution source, mostly due to overproduction and incorrect disposal. Ship breaking and recycle industries (SBRIs) can also release various pollutants and substantially deteriorate habitats and marine biodiversity. Overfishing is significantly increasing due to the global food crisis, caused by an increasing world population. Organic matter (OM) pollution and global warming (GW) are key factors that exacerbate these challenges (e.g. algal blooms), to which acidification in marine waters should be added as well. Sources, factors, mechanisms and possible remedial measures of these challenges to marine ecosystems are discussed, including their eventual impact on all forms of life including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan M G Mostofa
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 46 Guanshui Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
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