1
|
Lorentzen JC, Ekberg O, Alm M, Björk F, Harderup LE, Johanson G. Mold Odor from Wood Treated with Chlorophenols despite Mold Growth That Can Only Be Seen Using a Microscope. Microorganisms 2024; 12:395. [PMID: 38399798 PMCID: PMC10891868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that indoor odorous chloroanisoles (CAs) are still being emitted due to microbial methylation of hazardous chlorophenols (CPs) present in legacy wood preservatives. Meanwhile, Swedish researchers reported that this malodor, described since the early 1970s, is caused by hazardous mold. Here, we examined to what extent CP-treated wood contains mold and if mold correlates with perceived odor. We found no studies in PubMed or Web of Science addressing this question. Further, we investigated two schools built in the 1960s with odor originating from crawlspaces. No visible mold was evident in the crawlspaces or on the surfaces of treated wood samples. Using a microscope, varying amounts of mold growth were detected on the samples, all containing both CP(s) and CA(s). Some samples smelled, and the odor correlated with the amount of mold growth. We conclude that superficial microscopic mold on treated wood suffices produced the odor. Further, we argue that CPs rather than mold could explain the health effects reported in epidemiological studies that use mold odor as an indicator of hazardous exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny C. Lorentzen
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE-113 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Ekberg
- Division of Building Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.); (L.-E.H.)
| | - Maria Alm
- Urban Property Department, SE-402 26 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Folke Björk
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Lars-Erik Harderup
- Division of Building Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.); (L.-E.H.)
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Somsunun K, Prapamontol T, Kuanpan T, Santijitpakdee T, Kohsuwan K, Jeytawan N, Thongjan N. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Indoor Household Dust in Urban and Rural Areas of Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces, Thailand. TOXICS 2023; 11:1018. [PMID: 38133419 PMCID: PMC10747779 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposure to heavy metals poses human health risks worldwide, but study reports from Thailand are still limited, particularly in rural and urban areas. We measured the heavy metals in a hundred indoor household dust samples collected from urban and rural areas in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces and found a significantly higher concentration of As in rural areas and Cd in urban areas with industrial activities. The source identification of the heavy metals showed significant enrichment from traffic emissions, paint, smoking, and mixed sources with natural soil. From health risk assessment models, children were more vulnerable to noncarcinogenic risks (HI = 1.45), primarily via ingestion (HQ = 1.39). Lifetime cancer risks (LCRs) due to heavy metal exposure were found in adults (LCR = 5.31 × 10-4) and children (LCR = 9.05 × 10-4). The cancer risks from As were higher in rural areas via ingestion, while Cr and Ni were higher in urban areas via inhalation and ingestion, respectively. This study estimated that approximately 5 out of 10,000 adults and 9 out of 10,000 children among the population may develop cancer in their lifetime from exposure to indoor heavy metals in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kawinwut Somsunun
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
- PhD Degree Program in Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Todsabhorn Kuanpan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Teetawat Santijitpakdee
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Kanyapak Kohsuwan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Natwasan Jeytawan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| | - Nathaporn Thongjan
- Environment and Health Research Group, Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (K.K.); (N.J.); (N.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raza F, Zheng M, Zhong H, Su J, He B, Yuan WE, Qiu M. Engineered tumor microvesicles modified by SP94 peptide for arsenic trioxide targeting drug delivery in liver cancer therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 155:213683. [PMID: 37925825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is among the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. There is growing interest in using traditional Chinese medicines such as arsenic trioxide (ATO) to treat liver cancer. ATO have attracted attention due to its wide range of anti-cancer activities. However, the current ATO formulations are associated with drawbacks such as short half-life, lack of targeting ability towards solid tumors and apparent toxic side effects. Tumor microvesicles (TMVs) has shown encouraging results for the delivery of drugs to solid tumor. In this work, we designed ATO loaded TMVs further modified by SP94 peptide as liver cancer specific ligand (ATO@SP94-TMVs). This drug delivery system utilized SP94 peptide that selectively targets liver cancer cells while TMVs increase the accumulation of ATO at tumor site and activate immune response owing to the associated antigens. ATO@SP94-TMVs exhibited high encapsulation efficiency and tumor microenvironment triggered enhanced release of ATO in vitro. Cytotoxicity and uptake studies revealed remarkable inhibition and specific targeting of H22 cells. In addition, excellent immune response was detected in vitro, enhancing anti-tumor efficacy. Furthermore, a tumor inhibition rate of about 53.23 % was observed in H22 bearing tumor model. Overall, these results confirm that ATO@SP94-TMVs can be a promising nano drug delivery system for the future liver cancer therapy and improve its clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongyu Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Beixuan He
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patel KS, Pandey PK, Martín-Ramos P, Corns WT, Varol S, Bhattacharya P, Zhu Y. A review on arsenic in the environment: contamination, mobility, sources, and exposure. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8803-8821. [PMID: 36936841 PMCID: PMC10020839 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00789h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the regulated hazard materials in the environment and a persistent pollutant creating environmental, agricultural and health issues and posing a serious risk to humans. In the present review, sources and mobility of As in various compartments of the environment (air, water, soil and sediment) around the World are comprehensively investigated, along with measures of health hazards. Multiple atomic spectrometric approaches have been applied for total and speciation analysis of As chemical species. The LoD values are basically under 1 μg L-1, which is sufficient for the analysis of As or its chemical species in environmental samples. Both natural and anthropogenic sources contributed to As in air, while fine particulate matter tends to have higher concentrations of arsenic and results in high concentrations of As up to a maximum of 1660 ng m-3 in urban areas. Sources for As in natural waters (as dissolved or in particulate form) can be attributed to natural deposits, agricultural and industrial effluents, for which the maximum concentration of 2000 μg L-1 was found in groundwater. Sources for As in soil can be the initial contents, fossil fuel burning products, industrial effluents, pesticides, and so on, with a maximum reported concentration up to 4600 mg kg-1. Sources for As in sediments can be attributed to their reservoirs, with a maximum reported concentration up to 2500 mg kg-1. It is notable that some reported concentrations of As in the environment are several times higher than permissible limits. However, many aspects of arsenic environmental chemistry including contamination of the environment, quantification, mobility, removal and health hazards are still unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khageshwar Singh Patel
- Department of Applied Sciences, Amity University Manth (Kharora), State Highway 9 Raipur-493225 CG India
| | - Piyush Kant Pandey
- Amity University Manth (Kharora), State Highway 9 Raipur-493225 CG India
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, EPS, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), University of Zaragoza Carretera de Cuarte, s/n 22071 Huesca Spain
| | - Warren T Corns
- PS Analytical Ltd, Arthur House Unit 11 Cray fields Industrial Estate Orpington Kent BR5 3HP UK
| | - Simge Varol
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University Çünür Isparta-32260 Turkey
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 10B SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Yanbei Zhu
- Environmental Standards Research Group, Research Institute for Material and Chemical Measurement, National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8563 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saraiva NB, Pereira LD, Gaspar AR, Costa JJ. Measurement of particulate matter in a heritage building using optical counters: Long-term and spatial analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160747. [PMID: 36493834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The good conservation of cultural patrimony depends on the quality of the indoor environment where collections and artifacts are kept, being suspended particles one of the key parameters. Among the various methods to study indoor pollution, portable optical counters appear as effective instruments to measure indoor pollution due to their specifications (low visual and acoustic impact). However, it is still one of the least common approaches when assessing the conservation quality in heritage buildings. Therefore, the present study focuses on developing a methodology that uses portable particle counters to monitor particulate matter inside historic buildings and assess indoor conservation quality. Long-term and spatial analyses were conducted using this type of equipment to identify causes of pollution in a case study, the Joanina Library in Coimbra, Portugal. Estimation of night concentrations was carried out as a complementary approach to the monitoring. A new conservation method of classifying indoor pollution was proposed as an alternative to the most common standards. This classification determines four conservation classes (A, B, C, and D) according to particulate matter and the respective percentage of time that measurements are within such classes. As a result, the measurements showed a poor indoor environment quality meeting the requirements of low-level classes, which are those with a greater risk of degradation (Classes C and D). The continuous long-term campaign of four years was decisive for the identification of the main sources and environmental conditions of higher pollution: the exterior pavement, the number of tourists, the use of carpets, and the absence of rain. The spatial results depend on the diameters of the particles and the space's height where the assessment is made. Thus, this type of device and the developed methodology could be used by curators as an effective tool for long-term and spatial assessment in this building typology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Baía Saraiva
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Luisa Dias Pereira
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adélio Rodrigues Gaspar
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Joaquim Costa
- University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang X, Jia Z, Feng J, Duan T, Li YX. Refining the diagnostics of non-point source metals pollution to urban lakes based on interaction normalized PMF coupled with Bayesian network. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119194. [PMID: 35331799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variability complicates source apportionment of metals in urban lakes, especially when rainfall drives urban non-point source pollution. As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sb, Sr and Zn concentrations in 648 water samples collected before and after rain in 6 urban lakes of Beijing, China were determined during 2013-2015. The response of metals concentrations after rain to the interaction between rainfall and antecedent dry days was significant. Metals concentrations were normalized pursuant to the interaction effect as the input of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to develop the interaction normalized-PMF (IN-PMF). Four primary pollution sources were diagnosed. Sediment release was considered to be the main source of Fe, Co and Ni independent of rainfall. Hg, As and some Cr associated with pesticides and fertilizers were likely to come from soil erosion and runoff from green space. It is probable that road runoff was the dominant source for heavy metals related to traffic emissions, including Pb, Cd, Cu, Sb, Mn and Zn. Cr, Sr and some Cu and Zn as key elements of rooftops can be regarded as from roof runoff. The IN-PMF lowered roof and road runoff contributions and raised the contribution of soil erosion from green space, with Pb, Sb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Mn increasing by 15.9%, 10.7%, 13.1%, 12.2%, 13.3% and 16.8%. The results shed more light on the stormwater runoff pollution mitigation on impervious surfaces and metals enrichment problems in infiltration soil on green space in the low impact development (LID) setting. The Bayesian network revealed the spatial variability of transport and fate of metal elements from land surfaces to urban lakes, supplementing the secondary pollution sources from different land use. This study will provide new insights for source apportionment of non-point source pollution under the background of sponge city construction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ziliang Jia
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiashen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tingting Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ying-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ciani F, Chiarantini L, Costagliola P, Rimondi V. Particle-Bound Mercury Characterization in the Central Italian Herbarium of the Natural History Museum of the University of Florence (Italy). TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9060141. [PMID: 34203704 PMCID: PMC8232298 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Museums air quality can be negatively affected by treatments with heavy metals compounds employed to prevent pest infestations. Among these, the past use of mercury dichloride (HgCl2) on herbaria artifacts currently produces high levels of indoor atmospheric gaseous mercury (Hg0) and possibly of particulate bound Hg (PBM), i.e., the particulate matter containing Hg. This study evaluates the PBM pollution in the Central Italian Herbarium (Natural History Museum of the University of Florence, Italy), characterizing the size range and chemical speciation with SEM-EDS microanalysis. The analysis of the total Hg concentration in the samples allowed to calculate the workers exposure risk to this pollutant. PBM is almost totally classifiable as fine particulate with a significant dimensional increase in a period of scarce attendance of the Herbarium rooms. The microanalysis indicates that Hg is essentially bound to S, highlighting the change of Hg speciation from the original association with Cl. The average Hg concentration reveals a potential health risk for workers as result of multiple Hg exposure pathways, mainly by ingestion. The study provides information for characterizing PBM pollution that could affect a workplace atmosphere and a useful basis to evaluate and correctly design solution strategies to reduce the contamination levels and protect workers’ health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (P.C.)
- Centro di Servizi di Microscopia Elettronica e Microanalisi (M.E.M.A.), Università di Firenze, Via G. Capponi, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Pilario Costagliola
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (P.C.)
- CNR-IGG, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valentina Rimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (P.C.)
- CNR-IGG, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kraševec I, Nemeček N, Lozar Štamcar M, Kralj Cigić I, Prosen H. Non-Destructive Detection of Pentachlorophenol Residues in Historical Wooden Objects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071052. [PMID: 33801630 PMCID: PMC8036368 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood is a natural polymeric material that is an important constituent of many heritage collections. Because of its susceptibility to biodegradation, it is often chemically treated with substances that can be harmful to human health. One of the most widely used wood preservatives was pentachlorophenol (PCP), which is still present in museum objects today, although its use has been restricted for about forty years. The development of non-destructive methods for its determination, suitable for the analysis of valuable objects, is therefore of great importance. In this work, two non-destructive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) methods were developed and optimized, using either headspace or contact mode. They were compared with a destructive solvent extraction method and found to be suitable for quantification in the range of 7.5 to 75 mg PCP/kg wood at room temperature. The developed semi-quantitative methods were applied in the wooden furniture depot of National Museum of Slovenia. PCP was detected inside two furniture objects using headspace mode. The pesticide lindane was also detected in one object. The indoor air of the depot with furniture was also sampled with HS SPME, and traces of PCP were found. According to the results, SPME methods are suitable for the detection of PCP residues in museum objects and in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kraševec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Nataša Nemeček
- National Museum of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.N.); (M.L.Š.)
| | | | - Irena Kralj Cigić
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.K.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-479-8549
| | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (I.K.); (H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deering K, Spiegel E, Quaisser C, Nowak D, Rakete S, Garí M, Bose-O'Reilly S. Exposure assessment of toxic metals and organochlorine pesticides among employees of a natural history museum. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109271. [PMID: 32143026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical compounds such as arsenic, mercury and organochlorine pesticides have been extensively used as preventive and curative conservation treatments for cultural and biological collections to protect them from pest and mold infestations. Most of the aforementioned compounds have been classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic and represent a health risk for members of staff exposed to contaminated objects. The present study addresses the internal exposure of 28 museum employees in Museum für Naturkunde Berlin by measuring arsenic species and mercury in urine as well as hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its main metabolite, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in blood serum. This study was carried out in order to assess the internal exposure of Natural History Museum staff members to toxic metals and organochlorine pesticides. During a working week, two blood samples and five urine samples were taken from each participant, involving 8 women and 20 men. Information about work activity and exposure related factors such as dust development through work, use of personal protective equipment, as well as a nutrition diary were obtained through a questionnaire. Information on fish and seafood intakes as well as amalgam fillings was also available. The results of the study showed that the museum staff members had quantified concentrations of arsenic (median of 6.4 μg/l; maximum of 339 μg/l), mercury (median of 0.20 μg/l; max of 2.6 μg/l), β-HCH (median of 0.12 μg/l; max of 0.39 μg/l) and 4,4'-DDT (median of 0.050 μg/l; max of 0.82 μg/l). Despite that all the concentrations were below the established reference values, multivariate regression models were able to show that museum staff members are currently exposed to the aforementioned compounds while handling museum objects. To validate our findings, further studies are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Deering
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Elise Spiegel
- Care for Art, Maximilianstr. 31, D-80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christiane Quaisser
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefan Rakete
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336, Munich, Germany; Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT (University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology), Eduard Wallnoefer Zentrum 1, A-6060, Hall I.T., Austria; University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO-Clinics), University of Regensburg, Clinic St. Hedwig, Steinmetzstr. 1-3, 93049, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aggregate removal of particulate matter by selective protein-rich fraction of Moringa oleifera extract. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|