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Qin B, Lu X, Sun X, Cui J, Deng J, Zhang L. Transcriptome-based analysis of the hormone regulation mechanism of gender differentiation in Juglans mandshurica Maxim. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12328. [PMID: 34820167 PMCID: PMC8588858 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Juglans mandshurica Maxim is a hermaphroditic plant belonging to the genus Juglans in the family Juglandaceae. The pollination period of female flowers is different from the loose powder period of male flowers on the same tree. In several trees, female flowers bloom first, whereas in others, male flowers bloom first. In this study, male and female flower buds of J. mandshurica at the physiological differentiation stage were used. Illumina-based transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the quality of the sequencing results was evaluated and analyzed. A total of 138,138 unigenes with an average length of 788 bp were obtained. There were 8,116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); 2,840 genes were upregulated, and 5,276 genes were downregulated. The DEGs were classified by Gene Ontology and analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The signal transduction factors involved in phytohormone synthesis were selected. The results displayed that ARF and SAUR were expressed differently in the auxin signaling pathway. Additionally, DELLA protein (a negative regulator of gibberellin), the cytokinin synthesis pathway, and A-ARR were downregulated. On April 2nd, the contents of IAA, GA, CTK, ETH and SA in male and female flower buds of two types of J. mandshurica were opposite, and there were obvious genes regulating gender differentiation. Overall, we found that the sex differentiation of J. mandshurica was related to various hormone signal transduction pathways, and hormone signal transduction plays a leading role in regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiting Qin
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujun Lu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jifeng Deng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Xu K, Servedio MR. The evolution of flower longevity in unpredictable pollination environments. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1781-1792. [PMID: 34536252 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pollination requires a flower to remain open for long enough to allow for the arrival of pollinators. However, maintaining flowers costs energy and resources. Therefore, flower longevity, the length of time a flower remains viable, is critical for the outcome of plant reproduction. Although previous studies showed that the evolution of flower longevity depends on the rates of pollen deposition and removal, whether plants should increase or decrease flower life span when the pollination environment is unpredictable has not been explored. Moreover, the common hypothesis that an unpredictable pollination environment should select for increased flower longevity may be too simplistic since there is no distinction drawn between the effects of spatial and temporal variation. Adopting evolutionary game theory, we investigate the evolution of flower longevity under three types of variation: spatial heterogeneity, daily fluctuations within a flowering season and yearly fluctuations between flowering seasons. We find that spatial heterogeneity often selects for a shorter flower lifespan, while temporal fluctuations of fitness accrual rates at both daily and yearly time scales tends to favour greater longevity, although daily and yearly fluctuations have somewhat different effects. However, the presence of correlation between female and male fitness accrual rates seems to have no effect on flower longevity. Our work suggests that explicit measurements of spatial and temporal variation in both female and male functions may provide a better understanding of the evolution of flower longevity and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangyi Xu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria R Servedio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Telles FJ, Klunk CL, Maia FRD, de Brito VLG, Varassin IG. Towards a new understanding of the division of labour in heterantherous flowers: the case of Pterolepis glomerata (Melastomataceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pollen-flowers with heteromorphic stamens have been shown to promote an intrafloral division of labour as a solution to fitness costs arising from pollen consumption by bees, known as the pollen dilemma. Usually, the division is based on morphological differences in anther and pollen traits that correlate with stamen function: pollinating anthers are larger and contain more and higher-quality pollen grains than feeding anthers. Here, we present a new strategy based on a high investment in reward production and thus attraction, in the heterantherous Pterolepis glomerata, to overcome short flower longevity and maintain reproductive success. In P. glomerata small feeding anthers not only produced more pollen grains and more grains with cytoplasmic content, but also released more pollen than pollinating anthers after a single visit. This pattern was consistent until the end of floral anthesis, showing the existence of pollen-dosing mechanisms. Bees equally visited flowers with yellow feeding anthers and pollinating anthers with yellow connective appendages, indicating a visual similarity, as predicted by bee vision modelling. Our results demonstrate that the division of labour might have different outcomes. Instead of the classical expectation of more investment in reproductive pollen in pollinating stamens, P. glomerata invested more in attraction and reward in feeding stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francismeire Jane Telles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Sala, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristian Luan Klunk
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Rodrigo da Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Wajnberg E, Tel-Zur N, Shapira I, Lebber Y, Lev-Yadun S, Zurgil U, Reisman-Berman O, Keasar T. Pollinator Behavior Drives Sexual Specializations in the Hermaphrodite Flowers of a Heterodichogamous Tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1315. [PMID: 31681393 PMCID: PMC6813929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy, the specialization of individuals into either male-only or female-only sexual function, has multiple evolutionary origins in plants. One proposed ancestral mating system is heterodichogamy, two morphs of cross-fertilizing hermaphrodite flowers that differ in their timing of flowering. Previous research suggested that small specializations in these morphs' functional genders could facilitate their evolution into separate sexes. We tested the possible role of pollinators in driving such specializations. Ziziphus spina-christi is an insect-pollinated heterodichogamous tree with self-incompatible flowers and two sympatric flowering morphs. We compared the flower development patterns, floral food rewards, pollinator visits, and fruit production between the two morphs. Male-phase flowers of Z. spina-christi's "Early" and "Late" morphs open before dawn and around noon, respectively, and transition into female-phase 7-8 h later. Flowers of both morphs contain similar nectar and pollen rewards, and receive visits by flies (their ancestral pollinators) at similar rates, mostly during the morning. Consequently, the Early morph functions largely as pollen donor. The Late morph, functioning as female in the morning, produces more fruit. We developed an evolutionary probabilistic model, inspired by Z. spina-christi's reproductive system, to test whether pollinator visit patterns could potentially play a role in an evolutionary transition from heterodichogamy towards dioecy. The model predicts that reproductive incompatibility within flowering morphs promotes their evolution into different sexes. Furthermore, the pollinators' morning activity drives the Early and Late morphs' specialization into male and female functions, respectively. Thus, while not required for transitioning from heterodichogamy to dioecy, pollinator-mediated selection is expected to influence which sexual specialization evolves in each of the flowering morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wajnberg
- INRA Sophia Antipolis and: INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, Projet Hephaistos, France
| | - Noemi Tel-Zur
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde-Boqer, Israel
| | - Idan Shapira
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Yochai Lebber
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Udi Zurgil
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde-Boqer, Israel
| | - Orna Reisman-Berman
- French Associates Institutes for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde-Boqer, Israel
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Open University of Israel, Ra’anana, Israel
| | - Tamar Keasar
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa–Oranim, Tivon, Israel
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