1
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Wang CC, Weng JJ, Chen HC, Lee MC, Ko PS, Su SL. Differential gene expression orchestrated by transcription factors in osteoporosis: bioinformatics analysis of associated polymorphism elaborating functional relationships. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5163-5176. [PMID: 35748775 PMCID: PMC9271311 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Identification of candidate SNPs from transcription factors (TFs) is a novel concept, while systematic large-scale studies on these SNPs are scarce. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the SNPs of six TF binding sites (TFBSs) and examine the association between candidate SNPs and osteoporosis. Methods: We used the Taiwan BioBank database; University of California, Santa Cruz, reference genome; and a chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing database to detect 14 SNPs at the potential binding sites of six TFs. Moreover, we performed a case–control study and genotyped 109 patients with osteoporosis (T-score ≤ −2.5 evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and 262 healthy individuals (T-score ≥ −1) at Tri-Service General Hospital from 2015 to 2019. Furthermore, we used the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) from the Genotype-Tissue Expression database to identify downstream gene expression as a criterion for the function of candidate SNPs. Results: Bioinformatic analysis identified 14 SNPs of TFBSs influencing osteoporosis. Of these SNPs, the rs130347 CC + TC genotype had 0.57 times higher risk than the TT genotype (OR = 0.57, p = 0.031). Validation of eQTL analysis revealed that rs130347 T allele influences mRNA expression of downstream A4GALT in whole blood (p = 0.0041) and skeletal tissues (p = 0.011). Conclusions: We successfully identified the unique osteoporosis locus rs130347 in the Taiwanese and functionally validated this finding. In the future, this strategy can be expanded to other diseases to identify susceptible loci and achieve personalized precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jen-Jie Weng
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Chang Lee
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pi-Shao Ko
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sui-Lung Su
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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2
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Avota E, Bodem J, Chithelen J, Mandasari P, Beyersdorf N, Schneider-Schaulies J. The Manifold Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715527. [PMID: 34658908 PMCID: PMC8511394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we want to exemplarily illustrate what is known about the interactions of sphingolipids with various viruses at different steps of their replication cycles. This includes structural interactions during entry at the plasma membrane or endosomal membranes, early interactions leading to sphingolipid-mediated signal transduction, interactions with internal membranes and lipids during replication, and interactions during virus assembly and budding. Targeted interventions in sphingolipid metabolism - as far as they can be tolerated by cells and organisms - may open novel possibilities to support antiviral therapies. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections have intensively been studied, but for other viral infections, such as influenza A virus (IAV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus, Ebola virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), investigations are still in their beginnings. As many inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism are already in clinical use against other diseases, repurposing studies for applications in some viral infections appear to be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janice Chithelen
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Putri Mandasari
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Schneider-Schaulies S, Schumacher F, Wigger D, Schöl M, Waghmare T, Schlegel J, Seibel J, Kleuser B. Sphingolipids: Effectors and Achilles Heals in Viral Infections? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092175. [PMID: 34571822 PMCID: PMC8466362 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, any step during their life cycle strictly depends on successful interaction with their particular host cells. In particular, their interaction with cellular membranes is of crucial importance for most steps in the viral replication cycle. Such interactions are initiated by uptake of viral particles and subsequent trafficking to intracellular compartments to access their replication compartments which provide a spatially confined environment concentrating viral and cellular components, and subsequently, employ cellular membranes for assembly and exit of viral progeny. The ability of viruses to actively modulate lipid composition such as sphingolipids (SLs) is essential for successful completion of the viral life cycle. In addition to their structural and biophysical properties of cellular membranes, some sphingolipid (SL) species are bioactive and as such, take part in cellular signaling processes involved in regulating viral replication. It is especially due to the progress made in tools to study accumulation and dynamics of SLs, which visualize their compartmentalization and identify interaction partners at a cellular level, as well as the availability of genetic knockout systems, that the role of particular SL species in the viral replication process can be analyzed and, most importantly, be explored as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Dominik Wigger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Marie Schöl
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Trushnal Waghmare
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department for Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Department for Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-8386-9823
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4
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Wang J, Chen YL, Li YK, Chen DK, He JF, Yao N. Functions of Sphingolipids in Pathogenesis During Host-Pathogen Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:701041. [PMID: 34408731 PMCID: PMC8366399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.701041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of membrane lipids that serve as vital structural and signaling bioactive molecules in organisms ranging from yeast to animals. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of sphingolipids as signaling molecules in the development and pathogenicity of microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In particular, sphingolipids play key roles in regulating the delicate balance between microbes and hosts during microbial pathogenesis. Some pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, harness host sphingolipids to promote development and infection, whereas sphingolipids from both the host and pathogen are involved in fungus-host interactions. Moreover, a regulatory role for sphingolipids has been described, but their effects on host physiology and metabolism remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the roles of sphingolipids in pathogenesis and interactions with host factors, including how sphingolipids modify pathogen and host metabolism with a focus on pathogenesis regulators and relevant metabolic enzymes. In addition, we discuss emerging perspectives on targeting sphingolipids that function in host-microbe interactions as new therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Fan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Avota E, Bodem J, Chithelen J, Mandasari P, Beyersdorf N, Schneider-Schaulies J. The Manifold Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2021. [PMID: 34658908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.71552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we want to exemplarily illustrate what is known about the interactions of sphingolipids with various viruses at different steps of their replication cycles. This includes structural interactions during entry at the plasma membrane or endosomal membranes, early interactions leading to sphingolipid-mediated signal transduction, interactions with internal membranes and lipids during replication, and interactions during virus assembly and budding. Targeted interventions in sphingolipid metabolism - as far as they can be tolerated by cells and organisms - may open novel possibilities to support antiviral therapies. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections have intensively been studied, but for other viral infections, such as influenza A virus (IAV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus, Ebola virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), investigations are still in their beginnings. As many inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism are already in clinical use against other diseases, repurposing studies for applications in some viral infections appear to be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janice Chithelen
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Putri Mandasari
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Purcell SC, Godula K. Synthetic glycoscapes: addressing the structural and functional complexity of the glycocalyx. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180080. [PMID: 30842878 PMCID: PMC6388016 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is an information-dense network of biomacromolecules extensively modified through glycosylation that populates the cellular boundary. The glycocalyx regulates biological events ranging from cellular protection and adhesion to signalling and differentiation. Owing to the characteristically weak interactions between individual glycans and their protein binding partners, multivalency of glycan presentation is required for the high-avidity interactions needed to trigger cellular responses. As such, biological recognition at the glycocalyx interface is determined by both the structure of glycans that are present as well as their spatial distribution. While genetic and biochemical approaches have proven powerful in controlling glycan composition, modulating the three-dimensional complexity of the cell-surface 'glycoscape' at the sub-micrometre scale remains a considerable challenge in the field. This focused review highlights recent advances in glycocalyx engineering using synthetic nanoscale glycomaterials, which allows for controlled de novo assembly of complexity with precision not accessible with traditional molecular biology tools. We discuss several exciting new studies in the field that demonstrate the power of precision glycocalyx editing in living cells in revealing and controlling the complex mechanisms by which the glycocalyx regulates biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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7
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Volynsky P, Efremov R, Mikhalev I, Dobrochaeva K, Tuzikov A, Korchagina E, Obukhova P, Rapoport E, Bovin N. Why human anti-Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc natural antibodies do not recognize the trisaccharide on erythrocyte membrane? Molecular dynamics and immunochemical investigation. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:87-97. [PMID: 28708979 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human blood contains a big variety of natural antibodies, circulating throughout life at constant concentration. Previously, we have found natural antibodies capable of binding to trisaccharide Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc (Pk) practically in all humans. Intriguingly, the same trisaccharide is a key fragment of glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) - normal component of erythrocyte and endothelial cell membrane, i.e. the antibodies and their cognate antigen coexist without any immunological reaction. AIM To explain the inertness of human anti-Pk antibodies towards own cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a combination of immunochemical and molecular dynamics (MD) experiments. Antibodies were isolated using affinity media with Pk trisaccharide, their epitope specificity was characterized using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) with a set of synthetic glycans related to Pk synthetic glycans and FACS (Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting) analysis of cells with inserted natural Gb3Cer and its synthetic analogue. Conformations and clustering of glycolipids immersed into a lipid bilayer were studied using MD simulations. RESULTS Isolated specific antibodies were completely unable to bind natural Gb3Cer both inserted into cells and in artificial membrane, whereas strong interaction took place with synthetic analogue differing by the presence of a spacer between trisaccharide and lipid part. MD simulations revealed: i) although membrane-bound glycans do not form stable long-living aggregates, their transient packing is more compact in natural Gb3 as compared with the synthetic analog, ii) similar conformation of Pk glycan in composition of the glycolipids, iii) no effect on the mentioned above results when cholesterol was inserted into membrane, and iv) better accessibility of the synthetic version for interaction with proteins. CONCLUSIONS Both immunochemical and molecular dynamics data argue that the reason of the "tolerance" of natural anti-Pk antibodies towards cell-bound Gb3Cer is the spatial inaccessibility of Pk glycotope for interaction. We can conclude that the antibodies are not related to the blood group P system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Volynsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Roman Efremov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation; Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya ul. 20, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation.
| | - Ilya Mikhalev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Kira Dobrochaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Tuzikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Korchagina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Obukhova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia Rapoport
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation.
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8
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Korchagina EY, Henry SM. Synthetic glycolipid-like constructs as tools for glycobiology research, diagnostics, and as potential therapeutics. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:857-71. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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P1PK, GLOB, and FORS Blood Group Systems and GLOB Collection: Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Do We Understand It All Yet? Transfus Med Rev 2014; 28:126-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Abstract
Globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)) is a cell surface-expressed natural resistance factor for HIV infection, but, its expression in human T-cells remains unknown. Therefore, Gb(3) in resting or activated CD4(+) T-cells was assessed by flow cytometry and thin layer chromatography of cell extracts. We found the majority of CD4(+) T-cells, whether resting or activated, do not express Gb(3) at significant levels (<2% positive cells). Thus, HIV treatment or prevention strategies must focus on development of soluble Gb(3) analogues for inhibition of HIV infection.
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11
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Kouzel IU, Pohlentz G, Storck W, Radamm L, Hoffmann P, Bielaszewska M, Bauwens A, Cichon C, Schmidt MA, Mormann M, Karch H, Müthing J. Association of Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors with membrane microdomains of toxin-sensitive lymphoid and myeloid cells. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:692-710. [PMID: 23248329 PMCID: PMC3617944 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of the globo-series constitute specific receptors for Shiga toxins (Stxs) released by certain types of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Stx-loaded leukocytes may act as transporter cells in the blood and transfer the toxin to endothelial target cells. Therefore, we performed a thorough investigation on the expression of globo-series GSLs in serum-free cultivated Raji and Jurkat cells, representing B- and T-lymphocyte descendants, respectively, as well as THP-1 and HL-60 cells of the monocyte and granulocyte lineage, respectively. The presence of Stx-receptors in GSL preparations of Raji and THP-1 cells and the absence in Jurkat and HL-60 cells revealed high compliance of solid-phase immunodetection assays with the expression profiles of receptor-related glycosyltransferases, performed by qRT-PCR analysis, and Stx2-caused cellular damage. Canonical microdomain association of Stx GSL receptors, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol in membranes of Raji and THP-1 cells was assessed by comparative analysis of detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) and nonDRM fractions obtained by density gradient centrifugation and showed high correlation based on nonparametric statistical analysis. Our comprehensive study on the expression of Stx-receptors and their subcellular distribution provides the basis for exploring the functional role of lipid raft-associated Stx-receptors in cells of leukocyte origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan U. Kouzel
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Storck
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Radamm
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Bauwens
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Cichon
- Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Besides their essential role in the immune system, sphingolipids and their metabolites are potential key regulators in the life cycle of obligatory intracellular pathogens such as viruses. They are involved in lateral and vertical segregation of receptors required for attachment, membrane fusion and endocytosis, as well as in the intracellular replication, assembly and release of viruses. Glycosphingolipids may themselves act as receptors for viruses, such as Galactosylceramide for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition, sphingolipids and their metabolites are inseparably interwoven in signal transduction processes, dynamic alterations of the cytoskeleton, and the regulation of innate and intrinsic responses of infected target cells. Depending on the nature of the intracellular pathogen, they may support or inhibit infections. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms depending on the specific virus, immune control, and type of disease may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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13
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Henry SM, Barr KL, Oliver CA. Modeling transfusion reactions with kodecytes and enabling ABO-incompatible transfusion with function-spacer-lipid constructs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2824.2012.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Harrison AL, Henry S, Mahfoud R, Manis A, Albertini A, Gaudin Y, Lingwood CA, Branch DR. A novel VSV/HIV pseudotype approach for the study of HIV microbicides without requirement for level 3 biocontainment. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of potential HIV mucosal microbicides are difficult to undertake due to the requirement for a suitable animal model and the use of biosafety level 3 containment, which are not always available to researchers. Here we show the use of a mouse model of vaginal and rectal transmission of an HIV chimeric virus that does not require level 3 biosafety containment, to test the ex vivo efficacy of soluble Gb3 analogs for the prevention of mucosal HIV infection. The model uses a pseudoenvelope-typed vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)/HIV recombinant virus that can infect all murine cell types. We demonstrate that the envelope glycoproteins VSV-G of VSV and gp-120 of HIV both bind Gb3. We show that soluble Gb3 analogs inhibit in vitro infection of cervical and vaginal-derived cell lines by both intact HIV and the VSV/HIV recombinant virus. Soluble Gb3 analogs incorporated into gel or used alone and applied directly to the vaginal and rectal mucosal tissue of mice were able to resist viral infection as monitored by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR copy number of HIV cDNA extracted from mouse tissue. Only a trend towards significant efficacy for prevention of mucosal transmission through lower copy number in the treatment groups was evident from these studies; however, this finding warrants further evaluation. In addition, we illustrate a methodology to evaluate inflammatory responses in either vagina or rectum after administration of soluble microbicidal compounds. These studies provide a potential new ex vivo methodology suitable for animal facilities in general, to screen microbicide drug candidates, including drug candidates that target viral proteins, for efficacy and safety, in order to accelerate development and discovery of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Harrison
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Toronto General Research Institute, 67 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Radhia Mahfoud
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Adam Manis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Aurelie Albertini
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR-CNRS 2472 / UMR-INRA 1157,CNRS, Allée de la terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Yves Gaudin
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR-CNRS 2472 / UMR-INRA 1157,CNRS, Allée de la terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Clifford A Lingwood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hosptial for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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15
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Blake DA, Bovin NV, Bess D, Henry SM. FSL constructs: a simple method for modifying cell/virion surfaces with a range of biological markers without affecting their viability. J Vis Exp 2011:3289. [PMID: 21847082 DOI: 10.3791/3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to modify/visualize biological surfaces, and then study the modified cell/virion in a range of in vitro and in vivo environments is essential to gaining further insight into the function of specific molecules or the entire entity. Studies of biological surface modification are generally limited to genetic engineering of the organism or the covalent attachment of chemical moieties to the cell surface(1,2). However these traditional techniques expose the cell to chemical reactants, or they require significant manipulation to achieve the desired outcome, making them cumbersome, and they may also inadvertently affect the viability/functionality of the modified cell. A simple method to harmlessly modify the surface of cells is required. Recently a new technology, KODE Technology has introduced a range of novel constructs consisting of three components: a functional head group (F), a spacer (S) and a lipid tail (L) and are known as Function-Spacer-Lipid or FSL constructs3. The spacer (S) is selected to provide a construct that is dispersible in water, yet will spontaneously and stably incorporate into a membrane. FSL construct functional moieties (F) so far include a range of saccharides including blood group-related determinants, sialic acids, hyaluronan polysaccharides, fluorophores, biotin, radiolabels, and a range of peptides(3-12). FSL constructs have been used in modifying embryos, spermatozoa, zebrafish, epithelial/endometrial cells, red blood cells, and virions to create quality controls systems and diagnostic panels, to modify cell adhesion/ interaction/ separation/ immobilization, and for in vitro and in vivo imaging of cells/virions(3-12). The process of modifying cells/virions is generic and extremely simple. The most common procedure is incubation of cells (in lipid free media) with a solution for FSL constructs for 1-2 hours at 37°C(4-10). During the incubation the FSL constructs spontaneously incorporate into the membrane, and the process is complete. Washing is optional. Cells modified by FSL constructs are known as kodecytes(6-9), while virions are kodevirions(10). FSL constructs as direct infusions and kodecytes/kodevirions have been used in experimental animal models(7,8,10). All kodecytes/kodevirions appear to retain their normal vitality and functionality while gaining the new function of the F moiety(7,8,10,11). The combination of dispersibility in biocompatible media, spontaneous incorporation into cell membranes, and apparent low toxicity, makes FSL constructs valuable research tools for the study of cells and virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Blake
- Biotechnology Research Institute, AUT University and KODE Biotech Ltd
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16
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Georgakopoulos T, Komarraju S, Henry S, Bertolini J. An improved Fc function assay utilizing CMV antigen-coated red blood cells generated with synthetic function-spacer-lipid constructs. Vox Sang 2011; 102:72-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The combination of carbohydrate and lipid generates unusual molecules in which the two distinctive halves of the glycoconjugate influence the function of each other. Membrane glycolipids can act as primary receptors for carbohydrate binding proteins to mediate transmembrane signaling despite restriction to the outer bilayer leaflet. The extensive heterogeneity of the lipid moiety plays a significant, but still largely unknown, role in glycosphingolipid function. Potential interplay between glycolipids and their fatty acid isoforms, together with their preferential interaction with cholesterol, generates a complex mechanism for the regulation of their function in cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford A Lingwood
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Molecular Structure and Function, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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18
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Kim M, Binnington B, Sakac D, Fernandes KR, Shi SP, Lingwood CA, Branch DR. Comparison of detection methods for cell surface globotriaosylceramide. J Immunol Methods 2011; 371:48-60. [PMID: 21726561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface-expressed glycosphingolipid (GSL), globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)), is becoming increasingly important and is widely studied in the areas of verotoxin (VT)-mediated cytotoxicity, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immunology and cancer. However, despite its diverse roles and implications, an optimized detection method for cell surface Gb(3) has not been determined. GSLs are differentially organized in the plasma membrane which can affect their availability for protein binding. To examine various detection methods for cell surface Gb(3), we compared four reagents for use in flow cytometry analysis. A natural ligand (VT1B) and three different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were optimized and tested on various human cell lines for Gb(3) detection. A differential detection pattern of cell surface Gb(3) expression, which was influenced by the choice of reagent, was observed. Two mAb were found to be suboptimal. However, two other methods were found to be useful as defined by their high percentage of positivity and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values. Rat IgM anti-Gb(3) mAb (clone 38-13) using phycoerythrin-conjugated secondary antibody was found to be the most specific detection method while the use of VT1B conjugated to Alexa488 fluorochrome was found to be the most sensitive; showing a rare crossreactivity only when Gb(4) expression was highly elevated. The findings of this study demonstrate the variability in detection of Gb(3) depending on the reagent and cell target used and emphasize the importance of selecting an optimal methodology in studies for the detection of cell surface expression of Gb(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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19
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Branch DR. Role of G protein-coupled vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in HIV integration. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of HIV infection is closely linked to the replication of the virus in vivo. Even though the progress in anti-HIV-1 chemotherapy in the past several years has been dramatic, the efficient protection against HIV-1 infection still remains one of the most important global challenges. The complete blockage of AIDS progression appears to be difficult with current treatment due to the rapid occurrence of viral drug-resistance, increasing cost and the likelihood of adverse side effects. Furthermore, although originally regarded with high hope, development of a suitable vaccine appears to be years away. The purpose of this article is to describe previous findings regarding a potentially important role of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (VPAC) family of G protein-coupled receptors in HIV-1 infection, to provide evidence for the involvement of these receptors in providing signals that can control the integration of the virus into the host DNA and to report new findings that support a role for VPAC receptors in the facilitation of HIV integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Branch
- Research & Development, Canadian Blood Services, Immunology Hub, Toronto Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada
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20
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Oliver C, Blake D, Henry S. In vivo neutralization of anti-A and successful transfusion of A antigen-incompatible red blood cells in an animal model. Transfusion 2011; 51:2664-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Histo-blood group antigens belonging to the P1PK and GLOB blood group systems are involved in bacterial infections, but a substantial body of evidence is emerging that some of these glycosphingolipids play a role in HIV infection. These recent findings have raised additional questions regarding the possible role of the P/Gb3 histo-blood group antigen in HIV-1 infection. RECENT FINDINGS Early studies implicated a number of glycosphingolipids able to interact with HIV envelope glycoprotein 120. It has been recently reported that cellular or soluble P/Gb3 histo-blood group antigen provides protection from HIV-1 infection. This resistance mechanism appears to be mediated through inhibition of fusion of the HIV-1 envelope to the cell target membrane. Protection has been shown to be provided to both HIV-1 X4 and R5 tropic strains. Indeed, an inverse correlation has been documented between the expression of P/Gb3 on the cellular membrane and susceptibility to HIV infection. Moreover, soluble P/Gb3 analogues have been shown to inhibit HIV infection. SUMMARY The P/Gb3 histo-blood group antigen is the first described cell surface expressed natural resistance factor for prevention of HIV infection. Increased expression of P/Gb3 correlates to decreased HIV infection, whereas decreased or absent P/Gb3 increases HIV susceptibility. Soluble P/Gb3 analogues can inhibit HIV by two mechanisms: direct inhibition of the free virus and inhibition of viral entry. Future development of soluble P/Gb3 analogues, pharmacologic means of increasing cell surface expression of P/Gb3 on HIV susceptible target cells or both may result in novel therapeutic modalities for the prevention and eradication of HIV/AIDS.
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Borges AR, Wieczorek L, Johnson B, Benesi AJ, Brown BK, Kensinger RD, Krebs FC, Wigdahl B, Blumenthal R, Puri A, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Polonis VR, Schengrund CL. Multivalent dendrimeric compounds containing carbohydrates expressed on immune cells inhibit infection by primary isolates of HIV-1. Virology 2010; 408:80-8. [PMID: 20880566 PMCID: PMC2966527 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific glycosphingolipids (GSL), found on the surface of target immune cells, are recognized as alternate cell surface receptors by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein. In this study, the globotriose and 3'-sialyllactose carbohydrate head groups found on two GSL were covalently attached to a dendrimer core to produce two types of unique multivalent carbohydrates (MVC). These MVC inhibited HIV-1 infection of T cell lines and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by T cell line-adapted viruses or primary isolates, with IC(50)s ranging from 0.1 to 7.4 μg/ml. Inhibition of Env-mediated membrane fusion by MVC was also observed using a dye-transfer assay. These carbohydrate compounds warrant further investigation as a potential new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. The data presented also shed light on the role of carbohydrate moieties in HIV-1 virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosa Borges
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Benitra Johnson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | - Alan J. Benesi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Bruce K. Brown
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Richard D. Kensinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Blumenthal
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | - Anu Puri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Deborah L. Birx
- Military HIV Research Program, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Military HIV Research Program, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD
| | - Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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