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Waseem T, Ahmed M, Rajput TA, Babar MM. Molecular implications of glycosaminoglycans in diabetes pharmacotherapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125821. [PMID: 37467830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus causes a wide range of metabolic derangements with multiple organ damage. The microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes result partly from the damage to the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the basement membrane. GAGs are negatively charged polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units. They play a significant role in cellular proliferation and signal transduction. Destruction of extracellular matrix results in diseases in various organs including myocardial fibrosis, retinal damage and nephropathy. To substitute the natural GAGs pharmacotherapeutically, they have been synthesized by using basic disaccharide units. Among the four classes of GAGs, heparin is the most widely studied. Recent studies have revealed multiple significant GAG-protein interactions suggesting their use for the management of diabetic complications. Moreover, they can act as biomarkers for assessing the disease progression. A number of GAG-based therapeutic agents are being evaluated for managing diabetic complications. The current review provides an outline of the role of GAGs in diabetes while covering their interaction with different molecular players that can serve as targets for the diagnosis, management and prevention of diabetes and its complications. The medicinal chemistry and clinical pharmacotherapeutics aspects have are covered to aid in the establishment of GAG-based therapies as a possible avenue for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tausif Ahmed Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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Abstract
The efficacy of implanted biomaterials is largely dependent on the response of the host's immune and stromal cells. Severe foreign body response (FBR) can impede the integration of the implant into the host tissue and compromise the intended mechanical and biochemical function. Many features of FBR, including late-stage fibrotic encapsulation of implants, parallel the formation of fibrotic scar tissue after tissue injury. Regenerative organisms like zebrafish and salamanders can avoid fibrosis after injury entirely, but FBR in these research organisms is rarely investigated because their immune competence is much lower than humans. The recent characterization of a regenerative mammal, the spiny mouse (Acomys), has inspired us to take a closer look at cellular regulation in regenerative organisms across the animal kingdom for insights into avoiding FBR in humans. Here, we highlight how major features of regeneration, such as blastema formation, macrophage polarization, and matrix composition, can be modulated across a range of regenerative research organisms to elucidate common features that may be harnessed to minimize FBR. Leveraging a deeper understanding of regenerative biology for biomaterial design may help to reduce FBR and improve device integration and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Sapru
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michele N Dill
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chelsey S Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Garrudo FFF, Mikael PE, Xia K, Silva JC, Ouyang Y, Chapman CA, Hoffman PR, Yu Y, Han X, Rodrigues CAV, Cabral JMS, Morgado J, Ferreira FC, Linhardt RJ. The effect of electrospun scaffolds on the glycosaminoglycan profile of differentiating neural stem cells. Biochimie 2021; 182:61-72. [PMID: 33422570 PMCID: PMC7902476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of electrospun scaffolds for neural tissue engineering applications allows a closer mimicry of the native tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), important for the transplantation of cells in vivo. Moreover, the role of the electrospun fiber mat topography on neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation remains to be completely understood. In this work REN-VM cells (NSC model) were differentiated on polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers, obtained by wet/wet electrospinning, and on flat glass lamellas. The obtained differentiation profile of NSCs was evaluated using immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis was successfully emplyed to evaluate changes in the GAG profile of differentiating cells through the use of the highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Our results show that both culture platforms allow the differentiation of REN-VM cells into neural cells (neurons and astrocytes) similarly. Moreover, LC-MS/MS analysis shows changes in the production of GAGs present both in cell cultures and conditioned media samples. In the media, hyaluronic acid (HA) was detected and correlated with cellular activity and the production of a more plastic extracellular matrix. The cell samples evidence changes in chondroitin sulfate (CS4S, CS6S, CS4S6S) and heparan sulfate (HS6S, HS0S), similar to those previously described in vivo studies and possibly associated with the creation of complex structures, such as perineural networks. The GAG profile of differentiating REN-VM cells on electrospun scaffolds was analyzed for the first time. Our results highlight the advantage of using platforms obtain more reliable and robust neural tissue-engineered transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio F F Garrudo
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paiyz E Mikael
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - João C Silva
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yilan Ouyang
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Caitlyn A Chapman
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Pauline R Hoffman
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xiaurui Han
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Morgado
- Department of Bioengineering and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederico C Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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Huang H, Mao J, Liang Q, Lin J, Jiang L, Liu S, Sharp JS, Wei Z. Structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans from Oviductus ranae. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:25-33. [PMID: 33411075 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oviductus ranae (O.ran.) has been widely used as a tonic and a traditional animal-based Chinese medicine. O.ran. extracts have been reported to have numerous biological activities, including activities that are often associated with mammalian glycosaminoglycans such as anti-inflammatory, antiosteoperotic, and anti-asthmatic. Glycosaminoglycans are complex linear polysaccharides ubiquitous in mammals that possess a wide range of biological activities. However, their presence and possible structural characteristics within O.ran. were previously unknown. In this study, glycosaminoglycans were isolated from O.ran. and their disaccharide compositions were analyzed by liquid chromatography-ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-MS-ITTOF). Heparan sulfate (HS)/heparin (HP), chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) were detected in O.ran. with varied disaccharide compositions. HS species contain highly acetylated disaccharides, and have various structures in their constituent chains. CS/DS chains also possess a heterogeneous structure with different sulfation patterns and densities. This novel structural information could help clarify the possible involvement of these polysaccharides in the biological activities of O.ran..
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Huang
- Institute of Glycobiochemistry, National Engineering Research Centre of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fu Zhou University, Fu Zhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Mao
- Institute of Glycobiochemistry, National Engineering Research Centre of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fu Zhou University, Fu Zhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Quntao Liang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fu Zhou University, Fu Zhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghui Lin
- Institute of Glycobiochemistry, National Engineering Research Centre of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fu Zhou University, Fu Zhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilong Jiang
- Institute of Glycobiochemistry, National Engineering Research Centre of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fu Zhou University, Fu Zhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutao Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fu Zhou University, Fu Zhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Institute of Glycobiochemistry, National Engineering Research Centre of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fu Zhou University, Fu Zhou, 350002, People's Republic of China.
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Lu A, Baker-Nigh A, Sun P. Operation spinal cord regeneration: Patterning information residing in extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01531. [PMID: 31944630 PMCID: PMC7010577 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injuries are devastating, with many complications beyond paralysis and loss of sensory function. Although spinal cord regeneration can revolutionize treatment for spinal cord injuries, the goal has not yet been achieved. The regenerative mechanism of axolotls demonstrates that the regeneration is a repeat of developmental process that all animals have all the genes, but axolotls have both the genes and the patterning information to do it at the adult stage. METHODS A narrative review was conducted. Relevant studies were collected via an English-language PubMed database search and those known to the authors. RESULTS Research during the past 30 years reveals that growth factors, along with spinal cord extracellular matrix, especially glycosaminoglycans, regulates axonal regrowth. Degrading chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans by injecting the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase improves axonal sprouting and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in both rodents and rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, the brain is one of the first organs to develop during the embryonic period, and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are key molecules required for brain development. CONCLUSIONS Patterning information residing in glycosaminoglycans might be key elements in restricting spinal cord regeneration. A recommended solution is not to edit the human genome, considering the conserved signaling pathways between animals, but to take advantage of the regenerative mechanism of axolotls and the current knowledge about the pattern-forming glycosaminoglycans for successful spinal cord regeneration and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lu
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Program in Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alaina Baker-Nigh
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.,Program in Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Shrestha A, Allen BN, Wiley LA, Tucker BA, Worthington KS. Development of High-Resolution Three-Dimensional-Printed Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds and Their Compatibility with Pluripotent Stem Cells and Early Retinal Cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 36:42-55. [PMID: 31414943 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Widely used approaches for retinal disease modeling and in vitro therapeutic testing can be augmented by using tissue-engineered scaffolds with a precise 3-dimensional structure. However, the materials currently used for these scaffolds are poorly matched to the biochemical and mechanical properties of the in vivo retina. Here, we create biopolymer-based scaffolds with a structure that is amenable to retinal tissue engineering and modeling. Methods: Optimal two-photon polymerization (TPP) settings, including laser power and scanning speed, are identified for 4 methacrylated biopolymer formulations: collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a 50/50 mixture of gelatin/HA, each with methylene blue as a photoinitiator. For select formulations, fabrication accuracy and swelling are determined and biocompatibility is evaluated by using human induced pluripotent stem cells and rat postnatal retinal cells. Results: TPP is feasible for each biopolymer formulation, but it is the most reliable for mixtures containing gelatin and the least reliable for HA alone. The mean size of microscaffold pores is within several microns of the intended value but the overall structure size is several times greater than the modeled volume. The addition of HA to gelatin scaffolds increases cell viability and promotes neuronal phenotype, including Tuj-1 expression and characteristic morphology. Conclusion: We successfully determined a useful range of TPP settings for 4 methacrylated biopolymer formulations. When crosslinked, these extracellular matrix-derived molecules support the growth and attachment of retinal cells. We anticipate that when combined with existing patient-specific approaches, this technique will enable more efficient and accurate retinal disease modeling and therapeutic testing in vitro than current techniques allow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwin Shrestha
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Roy J. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brittany N Allen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Luke A Wiley
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Roy J. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Roy J. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kristan S Worthington
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Roy J. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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