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Jansen JM, Franse ME. Executive functioning in antisocial behavior: A multi-level systematic meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102408. [PMID: 38430781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurobiological information - including executive functioning - is increasingly relevant for forensic clinical practice, as well as for the criminal justice system. Previous meta-analyses report that antisocial populations show impaired performance on executive functioning tasks, but these meta-analyses are outdated, have limitations in their methodological approach, and are therefore in need of an update. The current multi-level meta-analysis including 133 studies (2008-2023) confirms impaired performance in executive functioning (d=.42), but studies are heterogeneous. Several moderator analyses showed that neuropsychological test used, type of executive function component, and control group characteristics moderated the overall effect. Specifically, matching psychiatric problems in the non-antisocial control group eliminated any differences in executive functioning between groups. No moderation effects were found for assessment quality, hot or cold executive functions, and various population characteristics. These results could indicate that the assessment of executive functioning in antisocial populations may be less relevant for recidivism risk assessment than thought, although this should first be assessed in prospective longitudinal studies. Executive functioning could potentially be used to identify or screen for individuals with certain treatment needs or be used as a responsivity factor, especially in disorders which are often underdiagnosed in criminal justice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Milan Jansen
- Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Inforsa, Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Melanie Elisabeth Franse
- Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Science and Education, Herman Gorterstraat 5, 3511EW Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333AK Leiden, Netherlands
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2
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Willemsen Y, Vacaru S, Beijers R, de Weerth C. Are adolescent diet quality and emotional eating predicted by history of maternal caregiving quality and concurrent inhibitory control? Appetite 2023; 190:107020. [PMID: 37678584 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The risk for unhealthy eating behaviour, including poor diet quality and emotional eating, is heightened in adolescence and could result in profound and long-lasting psychological and physical implications. Caregiving quality and adolescents' regulatory skills, such as inhibitory control, may play an essential role in the development of adolescent eating behaviour. This preregistered study investigated whether maternal caregiving throughout the first 14 years of life predicts adolescent diet quality and emotional eating and whether potential associations are mediated by adolescents' inhibitory control. In this low-risk community cohort, maternal caregiving quality was observed at child ages five weeks, 12 months, 2.5, 10, and 14 years. At age 14, diet quality and emotional eating were assessed through self-report. Adolescent inhibitory control was assessed with three behavioural tasks and a maternal report. Mediation analyses were performed with structural equation modelling in R. No evidence was found for links between maternal caregiving quality and adolescent diet quality and emotional eating. Higher levels of adolescent inhibitory control predicted better adolescent diet quality. Longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to investigate directionality, and replication studies are needed in more representative samples (e.g. including high-risk families). Such studies will shed further light on potential links between the history of caregiving behaviour and adolescent regulatory and eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Willemsen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefania Vacaru
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roseriet Beijers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina de Weerth
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Smith SA, Choo AL, Foster ME. Latent Class Analysis Reveals Distinct Groups Based on Executive Function and Socioemotional Traits, Developmental Conditions, and Stuttering: A Population Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:684-700. [PMID: 33782821 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has reported associations between weaker Executive Functions (EF), the set capacities that are needed to manage and allocate one's cognitive resources during cognitively challenging activities and various neurodevelopmental conditions, including stuttering. The majority of this research has been based on variable-centered approaches, which have the potential to obscure within-population heterogeneity. Person-centered analyses are essential to understanding multifactorial disorders where relationships between indicators have been elusive, such as stuttering. The current study addressed gaps in the literature by using latent class analysis (LCA), a person-centered approach, to identify homogenous subgroups within the National Health Interview Survey (2004-2018) publicly available data set. Using this exploratory approach, we examined the hypothesis that there exist distinct classes (or subgroups) of children based on parent reports of EF, Socioemotional (SE) traits, developmental atypicality, and stuttering. Our analyses revealed distinct subgroups with substantially different likelihoods of parent-reported stuttering behaviors and developmental atypicality. For children with both EF and SE difficulties, the likelihood of parental report of stuttering and atypical development was even higher, in fact this likelihood (of stuttering and not-typically developing) was highest among all subgroups. In contrast, children without difficulties were the least likely to be reported with stuttering or not-typically developing. Our findings are consistent with theoretical frameworks for stuttering, which cite EF as a crucial component in the disorder. Additionally, our findings suggest within-population heterogeneity among children with EF difficulties and, specifically, EF and SE heterogeneity among children who stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ashley Smith
- College of Education, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., EDU 302H, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | - Ai Leen Choo
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Georgia State University, 30 Pryor St. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Matthew E Foster
- Rightpath Research and Innovation Center, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MHC 1721, Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
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Inci Izmir SB, Ipci M, Ercan ES. Methylphenidate significantly improves neurocognitive impairments in children with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2022; 311:114492. [PMID: 35306379 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on scores on a neurocognitive test battery for individuals with various presentations of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the effect of comorbidities on executive function. This study included 861 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years who were diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-V criteria. The CNS Vital Signs Battery was utilized to compare the neuropsychological characteristics and MPH treatment responses of patients with predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) and combined (ADHD-C) presentations of ADHD. Before MPH administration, a statistically significant difference was observed between groups only for complex attention. In addition, the overall prevalence rate of psychiatric comorbidities was 45.5%, and no statistically significant differences were found in the ADHD-I group pre- versus post-MPH administration. Prior to the administration of MPH, statistically significant differences were observed within the ADHD-C group between those with or without comorbidities. However, after MPH administration, these differences between the groups disappeared. The effects of MPH on improving scores on neuropsychological subtests were similar between the groups with different presentations of ADHD. Additionally, MPH treatment was effective despite the presence of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melis Ipci
- Hasan Kalyoncu University, Psychology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Eyüp Sabri Ercan
- Ege University, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
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Wong TY, Zhang H, White T, Xu L, Qiu A. Common functional brain networks between attention deficit and disruptive behaviors in youth. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118732. [PMID: 34813970 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficits (AD) and disruptive behavior (DB) are highly comorbid youth externalizing behaviors. This study aimed to study reliable functional brain networks shared by AD and DB in youth aged from 8 to 21 years from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). The PNC study assessed AD and DB behaviors via Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). This study employed sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA) to examine the correlation of AD and DB behaviors with resting-state functional connectivity maps of the brain regions identified via activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and DB disorder (DBD). Our meta-analyses identified that the middle cingulate cortex, pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), and striatum had a great consensus in existing ADHD studies and the amygdala and inferior parietal lobule were consistently found in existing DBD studies. Our SCCA analysis revealed that the AD and DB behavioral items relevant to inattention and delinquency were correlated with the functional connectivity of the pre-SMA with the ventral attentional and frontoparietal networks (FPN), and the striatum with the default mode (DMN) and dorsal attentional networks. The AD and DB behavioral items relevant to inattention and irritability were associated with the functional connectivity between the amygdala and the DMN and FPN. Our findings suggest that the functional organization of the ADHD- and DBD-related brain regions provides insights on the shared neural basis in AD and DB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yat Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4 #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4 #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liyuan Xu
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, China
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Block E4 #04-08, Singapore 117583, Singapore; NUS (Suzhou) Research Institute, National University of Singapore, China; School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, China; The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University, United States.
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6
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Inhibitory Control Moderates the Effect of Anxiety on Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability: Findings from a Community Sample of Young School-Aged Children. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Choo AL, Smith SA, Li H. Associations between stuttering, comorbid conditions and executive function in children: a population-based study. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:113. [PMID: 33129350 PMCID: PMC7603732 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between executive function (EF), stuttering, and comorbidity by examining children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) with and without comorbid conditions. Data from the National Health Interview Survey were used to examine behavioral manifestations of EF, such as inattention and self-regulation, in CWS and CWNS. Methods The sample included 2258 CWS (girls = 638, boys = 1620), and 117,725 CWNS (girls = 57,512; boys = 60,213). EF, and the presence of stuttering and comorbid conditions were based on parent report. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the distribution of stuttering and comorbidity across group and sex. Regression analyses were to determine the effects of stuttering and comorbidity on EF, and the relationship between EF and socioemotional competence. Results Results point to weaker EF in CWS compared to CWNS. Also, having comorbid conditions was also associated with weaker EF. CWS with comorbidity showed the weakest EF compared to CWNS with and without comorbidity, and CWS without comorbidity. Children with stronger EF showed higher socioemotional competence. A majority (60.32%) of CWS had at least one other comorbid condition in addition to stuttering. Boys who stutter were more likely to have comorbid conditions compared to girls who stutter. Conclusion Present findings suggest that comorbidity is a common feature in CWS. Stuttering and comorbid conditions negatively impact EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Leen Choo
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Georgia State University, 30 Pryor St SW, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Sara Ashley Smith
- Department of Teaching and Learning, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Educational Policy Studies, Georgia State University, 30 Pryor St SW, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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Bonham MD, Shanley DC, Waters AM, Elvin OM. Inhibitory Control Deficits in Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder Compared to Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2020; 49:39-62. [PMID: 33048265 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control deficits are known to be characteristic of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); but it is unclear whether children with ODD/CD have inhibitory control problems independent of ADHD comorbidity. Previous reviews of inhibitory control and ODD/CD have only focused on one type of measure of inhibitory control or used non-clinical samples. The current meta-analysis explored inhibitory control problems of children with ODD/CD by systematically reviewing studies where children have a diagnosis of ODD and/or CD. Comparisons were made across 25 studies between children with ODD/CD, ODD/CD + ADHD, ADHD, and healthy controls (HC) on various measures of inhibitory control and ADHD symptomatology to explore impacts of ADHD comorbidity. A small significant effect (g = -0.58, p < .001) suggested children with ODD/CD are likely to have more difficulties with inhibitory control than healthy children. However, comparisons between clinical groups suggested this effect may be due to ADHD symptomatology present in each group. As difficulties with inhibitory control are similar, across clinical groups, a dimensional approach to understanding ODD/CD and ADHD may be more useful to consider in future diagnostic criteria. Similarities across clinical groups highlight that therapeutic approaches that assist children with disruptive behaviours could benefit from teaching children and their families how to cope with inhibitory control deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela D Bonham
- School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Quensland, 4122, Australia.
| | - Dianne C Shanley
- School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Quensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Quensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Olivia M Elvin
- School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Quensland, 4122, Australia
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Silva LAD, Doyenart R, Henrique Salvan P, Rodrigues W, Felipe Lopes J, Gomes K, Thirupathi A, Pinho RAD, Silveira PC. Swimming training improves mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:584-592. [PMID: 31081373 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1612041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of swimming-learning program of mental health parameters, cognition and motor coordination in students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thirty-three children of both sexes between 11 and 14 years were randomized into trained group (n = 18) and untrained group (n = 15). The training was performed for 8 weeks. Then, before and after 48 h of training period of both groups were submitted to find the mental health, cognition, motor coordination test, and physical fitness. Our results demonstrate that the aquatic exercise program significantly improved the depression parameters (p = 0.048), stress (p = 0.039), cognitive flexibility (p = 0.042) and selective attention (p = 0.047). In relation to motor coordination and physical fitness, the results showed significant improvements in the coordination of lower limbs laterality (p = 0.05), flexibility (p = 0.049), and abdominal resistance (p = 0.037). Taken together, the results suggest that swimming-learning program significantly improved the mental health, cognition, and motor coordination in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Acordi Da Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Doyenart
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Salvan
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Welber Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Felipe Lopes
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Karen Gomes
- Laboratory of Exercise Psychophysiology, Advanced Aquatic Exercise Research Group, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ricardo Aurino De Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná , Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Silveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopathology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Criciúma, Brazil
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Kleine Deters R, Naaijen J, Rosa M, Aggensteiner PM, Banaschewski T, Saam MC, Schulze UME, Sethi A, Craig MC, Sagar-Ouriaghli I, Santosh P, Castro-Fornieles J, Penzol MJ, Arango C, Werhahn JE, Brandeis D, Franke B, Glennon J, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ, Dietrich A. Executive functioning and emotion recognition in youth with oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:539-551. [PMID: 32212964 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1747114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Executive functioning and emotion recognition may be impaired in disruptive youth, yet findings in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are inconsistent. We examined these functions related to ODD and CD, accounting for comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and internalising symptoms.Methods: We compared executive functioning (visual working memory, visual attention, inhibitory control) and emotion recognition between youth (8-18 years old, 123 boys, 55 girls) with ODD (n = 44) or CD (with/without ODD, n = 48), and healthy controls (n = 86). We also related ODD, CD, and ADHD symptom counts and internalising symptomatology to all outcome measures, as well as executive functioning to emotion recognition.Results: Visual working memory and inhibitory control were impaired in the ODD and CD groups versus healthy controls. Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness recognition were impaired in the CD group; only anger recognition was impaired in the ODD group. Deficits were not explained by comorbid ADHD or internalising symptoms. Visual working memory was associated with recognition of all basic emotions.Conclusions: Our findings challenge the view that neuropsychological impairments in youth with ODD/CD are driven by comorbid ADHD and suggest possible distinct neurocognitive mechanisms in CD versus ODD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Kleine Deters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mireia Rosa
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clínic Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascal M Aggensteiner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Melanie C Saam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrike M E Schulze
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatry, Calw, Germany
| | - Arjun Sethi
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael C Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ilyas Sagar-Ouriaghli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paramala Santosh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clínic Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 2017SGR881, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Penzol
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia E Werhahn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Peiper NC, Ridenour TA, Fishbein DH. Characterizing psychiatric symptoms and neurocognitive functioning among substance-naïve early adolescents: Associations with sleep problems. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:439-449. [PMID: 31468719 PMCID: PMC10576860 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evidence consistently links psychiatric symptoms, reduced neurocognitive functioning (NCF) and sleep problems to the initiation of a wide range of risk behaviours. Less is known, however, about the associations between sleep problems with psychiatric symptoms and NCF among early adolescents yet to engage in substance use. METHODS The present study examined baseline data from an ongoing prospective study of 529 youth aged 10-12 years who completed a battery of instruments measuring symptom counts for four psychiatric disorders, performance on six tests of NCF and five types of sleep behaviour on week days. We used latent class analysis to classify the 473 substance-naïve youth into subtypes characterized by probabilistic patterns of psychiatric symptoms and poorer NCF. RESULTS Four subtypes emerged: normative (24% of the sample); nonspecific mental health symptoms (27%); lower neurocognitive function (24%) and comorbid psychiatric symptoms and lower neurocognitive function (25%). In a multivariable latent regression model, three or more sleep arousals per night, sleep phase of two or more hours and sleep latency of 20 minutes or more were significantly associated with the two classes having higher symptom counts. Lack of family support was significantly associated with the two classes having lower neurocognitive function and comorbid psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The youth subtypes in this study provide an important baseline characterization to subsequently understand how these neuropsychiatric relationships may change when substance use and other risk behaviours develop during adolescence. Implications for preventing and treating sleep problems associated with psychiatric comorbidity and neurocognitive dysfunctions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Peiper
- Louisville Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Epidemiology and Population, Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ty A. Ridenour
- Substance Use Prevention, Evaluation, and Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Diana H. Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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12
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Executive Functioning and Activity in Children: a Multimethod Examination of Working Memory, Inhibition, and Hyperactivity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1143-1153. [PMID: 32557161 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Two primary methods of quantifying executive functioning include self- or other-reports (i.e., questionnaire-based EF) and cognitive test performance (i.e., task-based EF). Despite their lack of concordance with one another and relatively inconsistent associations with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, both approaches have been utilized in attempts to advance our understanding of the role of EF in symptoms of ADHD. The current study is the first to incorporate a direct assessment of behavior (i.e., actigraphy) to further clarify the relation between EF and hyperactivity using a multi-method approach in a sample of children with a range of ADHD symptoms. Fifty-two children between the ages of 8 and 12 completed a testing session during which performance on working memory and inhibition computerized tasks, as well as actigraphy data, were collected. Additionally, parent reports of hyperactivity/impulsivity, working memory, and inhibition were obtained. As expected, questionnaire-based measures of working memory and inhibition were strongly associated with parent-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity, whereas only the latter was associated significantly with mechanically assessed movement. In contrast, task-based working memory performance was more strongly associated with parent-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity relative to task-based inhibition. Further, both task-based working memory and task-based inhibition were similarly associated with mechanically-assessed movement. Finally, compared to questionnaire-based EF, both measures of task-based EF accounted for more variance in objectively-assessed movement. Collectively, these results highlight the measurement issues in the present literature, the importance of careful task and questionnaire design, and the value that alternative approaches (e.g., actigraphy) may provide with respect to advancing our understanding of EF.
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Maloney KA, Schmidt AT, Hanten GR, Levin HS. [Formula: see text] Executive dysfunction in children and adolescents with behavior disorders and traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:69-82. [PMID: 31311419 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1640868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to contribute to deficits in executive functioning (EF). Executive functioning abilities are disrupted in adolescents with either conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder, collectively known as disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs). There is little research on the relationship between executive dysfunction and DBDs in a group with a confirmed history of TBI. The current study endeavored to examine EF abilities, as measured by parent report on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), in four groups: (1) adolescents with a TBI history and co-occurring DBDs history, (2) adolescents with a TBI history and no DBDs history, (3) adolescents with an orthopedic injury (OI) history and co-occurring DBDs history, and (4) adolescents with an OI history and no DBDs history. Groups were matched on the basis of age at injury and estimated socioeconomic status. Participants were evaluated at five time-points throughout the study, within 1 month of injury (initial assessment), 3, 12, 18, and 24 months post-injury. Results indicated the TBI and DBDs group was not significantly different from the OI and DBDs group, and both DBDs groups suffered higher levels of executive dysfunction than the TBI only and OI only groups, which were not significantly different from each other. Results also showed across the four groups, EF deficits were significantly lower at 1 month and 24 months post-injury, suggesting a positive trajectory in EF skill development. Results are discussed in terms of the prognostic importance of EF deficits in children with DBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Maloney
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Adam T Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Gerri R Hanten
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harvey S Levin
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Verhoef REJ, Alsem SC, Verhulp EE, De Castro BO. Hostile Intent Attribution and Aggressive Behavior in Children Revisited: A Meta-Analysis. Child Dev 2019; 90:e525-e547. [PMID: 31165477 PMCID: PMC6851691 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To test specific hypotheses about the relation between hostile intent attribution (HIA) and children’s aggressive behavior, a multilevel meta‐analysis was conducted on 111 studies with 219 effect sizes and 29.272 participants. A positive association between HIA and aggression was found, but effect sizes varied widely between studies. Results suggested that HIA is a general disposition guiding behavior across a broad variety of contexts, whereas the strength of the relation between HIA and aggression depends on the level of emotional engagement. The relation is stronger for more reliable HIA measures, but is not stronger for reactive aggression or co‐morbid attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder than for aggression in general. The importance of understanding specific moderators of effect size for theory development is discussed.
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Krieger V, Amador-Campos JA, Gallardo-Pujol D. Temperament, executive function, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents: The mediating role of effortful control. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:615-633. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1599824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Krieger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Amador-Campos
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gallardo-Pujol
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
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AuBuchon AM, Pisoni DB, Kronenberger WG. Evaluating Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users' Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Strategies in Verbal Working Memory. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:1016-1032. [PMID: 30986139 PMCID: PMC6802891 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-h-18-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The current study adopts a systematic approach to the examination of working memory components in pediatric cochlear implant (CI) users by separately assessing contributions of encoding, storage, and retrieval. Method Forty-nine long-term CI users and 56 typically hearing controls completed forward and backward span tasks with 3 stimulus sets: visually presented digits, pictures of concrete nouns, and novel symbols. In addition, measures associated with each memory stage were collected: Rapid digit naming provided an estimate of phonological recoding speed, nonword repetition assessed the robustness of representations within phonological storage, and vocabulary knowledge (as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; Dunn & Dunn, 1997 ) estimated redintegration abilities during retrieval. Results Linear mixed modeling revealed that digit naming speed and vocabulary knowledge were consistently related to short-term and working memory span in both CI users and typically hearing controls. However, nonword repetition only contributed to the model for short-term memory. Conclusions Nonword repetition, an index of phonological storage, explained little of the individual variability inworking memory differences between CI users and typically hearing peers. On the other hand, individual differences in encoding and retrieval explained a significant amount of outcome variability in both short-term and working memory tasks. Differences between CI users and typically hearing peers in working memory therefore appear to reflect process components of encoding and retrieval and not simply differences in memory storage. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7849394.
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Shaked D, Faulkner LMD, Tolle K, Wendell CR, Waldstein SR, Spencer RJ. Reliability and validity of the Conners' Continuous Performance Test. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 27:478-487. [PMID: 30793982 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1570199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Conners' Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition (CCPT-2) is a widely used measure of attention and impulsivity, however, only a minimal amount is known about its reliability. To clarify the psychometric properties of the CCPT-2, we assessed its performance stability and related it to criterion measures. A total of 91 undergraduate students completed the CCPT-2, the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), and reported on sleep during two sessions approximately one week apart. They completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) at session one and the Stroop Color and Word Test at session two. Findings indicated that the CCPT-2 had strong internal consistency, adequate test-retest reliability for commission errors and response time, poor test-retest reliability for omission errors, and practice effects for omission and commission errors. The CCPT-2 was largely unrelated to the BRIEF-A, Stroop Color and Word Test, and the STPI. More sleep was related to a quicker response time and more commission errors on the CCPT-2, and the BRIEF-A's Behavior Regulation Index was positively related to commission errors. Relative to the omission error component of the CCPT-2, commission errors and response time may be useful and stable measures of sustained attention and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Shaked
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren M. D. Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Tolle
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carrington R. Wendell
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shari R. Waldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J. Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Medrano E, Flores-Lázaro JC, Nicolini H. Learning Process During Risk Detection in Adolescents With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:1140-1149. [PMID: 25846227 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715573995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and describe the performance during the learning process of risk-detection versus risk-benefit processing in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. METHOD Thirty-five adolescents with ADHD and 26 paired controls participated. The tests applied are Iowa-type children version paradigm and Stroop test. RESULTS Adolescents with ADHD exhibited lower risk-benefit processing capacity and lower ability to detect risk selections; main findings also indicate that adolescents with ADHD were slower to learn to avoid risk choices. In addition, they also presented a deficient inhibitory control. CONCLUSION Results confirm the presence of a deficit in advantageous choice in adolescents with ADHD. By providing a measure of risk choice-and not only a net score-we show that adolescents with ADHD also fail to avoid risk choices. This deficit is mainly because they are slower in learning how to avoid risk choices, and not simply deficient. Literature is scarce concerning studies with Iowa-type paradigms in samples intregated exclusively by adolescents. More research is needed to clarify the nature of these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Medrano
- 1 Child Psychiatric Hospital, Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Mexico City, Mexico.,2 National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Julio C Flores-Lázaro
- 1 Child Psychiatric Hospital, Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Mexico City, Mexico.,2 National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.,3 National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico
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Leave everything to the imagination: Cognitive functioning of individuals high in dissociative absorption and imaginative involvement. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a brief, easy to use behavior checklist to address common limitations in the use of ADHD rating scales in busy clinical settings. METHOD Items for the CHAOS ( Conduct- Hyperactive- Attention Problem- Oppositional Symptom) scale were developed based on the ratings of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria provided by experienced clinicians. The scale was administered to mothers of 205 clinically referred children for the purpose of subscale creation based on principal components analysis (PCA). Reliability and validity were analyzed using a separate sample of 139 children referred for psychological testing. RESULTS PCA resulted in four subscales (Attention Problems, Hyperactivity-Impulsivity, Oppositional Behavior, and Conduct Problems), which demonstrated moderate to high test-retest and interrater reliability. Subscale scores correlated significantly with subscales from a DSM-referenced behavior checklist, along with tests of executive functioning. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the CHAOS scale is a brief, psychometrically sound tool for evaluation and monitoring of ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess D Levy
- 1 Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - David W Dunn
- 1 Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Ter-Stepanian M, Grizenko N, Cornish K, Talwar V, Mbekou V, Schmitz N, Joober R. Attention and Executive Function in Children Diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Disorders. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY = JOURNAL DE L'ACADEMIE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANT ET DE L'ADOLESCENT 2017; 26:21-30. [PMID: 28331500 PMCID: PMC5349279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between comorbid disorders and executive function (EF) in children diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). METHODS Three hundred and fifty-five, 6-12 year old children clinically diagnosed with ADHD were included in the study. Comorbid anxiety disorders, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) were examined. The EF domains were assessed using the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of London (ToL), Finger Windows (FW) and Self Ordered Pointing Test (SOPT). RESULTS The findings indicate that children with comorbid anxiety disorders performed worse in domains measured by CPT and prior to controlling for age and sex, by FW. However, once sex was controlled for the results for FW were no longer significant. Children with CD obtained lower scores on WCST. Furthermore, a significant sex by CD interaction was observed. CONCLUSION These results indicate that comorbid disorders should be carefully examined as they play a significant role in EF performance and subsequently in day-to-day functioning of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Kim Cornish
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry & Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Victoria Talwar
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Valentin Mbekou
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Norbert Schmitz
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Ridha Joober
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Program, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
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Castellanos I, Kronenberger WG, Pisoni DB. Questionnaire-based assessment of executive functioning: Psychometrics. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2016; 7:93-109. [PMID: 27841670 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2016.1248557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The psychometric properties of the Learning, Executive, and Attention Functioning (LEAF) scale were investigated in an outpatient clinical pediatric sample. As a part of clinical testing, the LEAF scale, which broadly measures neuropsychological abilities related to executive functioning and learning, was administered to parents of 118 children and adolescents referred for psychological testing at a pediatric psychology clinic; 85 teachers also completed LEAF scales to assess reliability across different raters and settings. Scores on neuropsychological tests of executive functioning and academic achievement were abstracted from charts. Psychometric analyses of the LEAF scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, parent-teacher inter-rater reliability in the small to large effect size range, and test-retest reliability in the large effect size range, similar to values for other executive functioning checklists. Correlations between corresponding subscales on the LEAF and other behavior checklists were large, while most correlations with neuropsychological tests of executive functioning and achievement were significant but in the small to medium range. Results support the utility of the LEAF as a reliable and valid questionnaire-based assessment of delays and disturbances in executive functioning and learning. Applications and advantages of the LEAF and other questionnaire measures of executive functioning in clinical neuropsychology settings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Castellanos
- a Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - William G Kronenberger
- b Department of Psychiatry , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - David B Pisoni
- c Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington , Indiana , USA
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Li Y, Jiang WQ, Du YS, Coghill D. Relationships between behavioral symptoms of non-medicated Chinese children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and parenting stress: Comparison of different subtypes and comorbidities. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2016; 8:127-35. [PMID: 26403485 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To identify the characteristics of behavior problems among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their relation with parenting stress. METHODS The Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) and Parenting Stress Index (PSI) were used to assess the symptoms and parenting stress of 132 non-medicated children with ADHD as compared with 88 healthy controls. RESULTS Every PSQ factor of ADHD children was higher than in the control group; children with the combined subtype of ADHD had the highest scores in conduct and learning problems, impulsivity/hyperactivity, and overall hyperactivity index; the PSI total stress, child domain, and parent domain scores were all higher in the ADHD group than in the control group; children with the combined subtype of ADHD had the highest score in the competence subscale of the parent domain, whereas the PSI total stress score of parents of children with ADHD and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was higher than that of parents of children with only ADHD. The PSI total stress score was positively correlated with all PSQ factor scores. The PSQ factors of conduct problems and learning problems were found to be significant predictors in a regression analysis. DISCUSSION The children with ADHD exhibited abnormal parenting stress compared with healthy controls, which was much more pronounced when the children had comorbid ODD. Furthermore, parenting stress was related with the severity of ADHD symptoms, suggesting that children with the combined subtype of ADHD require particular attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Qing Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Song Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - David Coghill
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Eslami Amirabadi MR, Davari-Ashtiani R, Khademi M, RajeziEsfahani S, Emamalizadeh B, Movafagh A, Arabgol F, Sadr S, Darvish H, Razjouyan K. No Evidence for Association Between Norepinephrine Transporter-3081 (A/T) Polymorphism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian Population. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e22996. [PMID: 26421175 PMCID: PMC4584105 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.229961v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can lead to drastic problems for the patient and its worldwide prevalence is 5%-12%. It also has many comorbidities with other disorders, and the genetic contribution seems the most significant cause. Objectives: The current study was conducted to investigate the association between norepinephrine transporter-3081 (A/T) polymorphisms and ADHD in Iranian population. Patients and Methods: Participants were chosen from children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD referred to Imam Hoseyn Hospital. A child and adolescent psychiatrist confirmed the diagnosis using the Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structural interview. The control group was from pupils of schools in Tehran (capital city of Iran) who had no history or presence of psychiatric and medical complications. Also, a child and adolescent psychiatrist confirmed their health using the K-SADS-PL semi-structural interview. Genetic examinations were DNA distraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), which were conducted according to standard protocols. The statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and Fisher's exact test in SPSS version 21. Results: The percentages of ADHD subtypes for combined, inattentive, and hyperactive/impulsive were 72.2%, 17.2%, and 11.9%, respectively. There was no significant association between norepinephrine transporter polymorphism and ADHD (P = 0.81). Moreover, no significant relationship was found between gender [male (P = 0.92) and female (P = 0.63)] and polymorphism. No significant association was found between subtypes of ADHD [combined (P = 0.46), inattentive (P = 0.41), hyperactive/impulsive (P = 0.32)] and polymorphism SCL6A2. This lack of association can also be seen in gender in every subtype. Conclusions: The results of the study show no significant association between norepinephrine transporter polymorphism SCL6A2 and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rozita Davari-Ashtiani
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mojgan Khademi
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sepideh RajeziEsfahani
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Babak Emamalizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fariba Arabgol
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Said Sadr
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Authors: Katayoon Razjoyan, Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2123872572, E-mail: ; Hossein Darvish, Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2123872572, E-mail:
| | - Katayoon Razjouyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Authors: Katayoon Razjoyan, Department of Psychiatry, Imam Hosein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2123872572, E-mail: ; Hossein Darvish, Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-2123872572, E-mail:
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Tillman C, Brocki KC, Sørensen L, Lundervold AJ. A longitudinal examination of the developmental executive function hierarchy in children with externalizing behavior problems. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:496-506. [PMID: 23676626 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713488439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a 4-year longitudinal design, we evaluated two hypotheses based on developmental executive function (EF) hierarchy accounts in a sample of children with externalizing problems. METHOD The participants performed EF tasks when they were between 8 and 12 years (M = 9.93), and again approximately 4 years later when they were between 12 and 15 years (M = 13.36). RESULTS Inhibition in middle childhood predicted working memory (WM) 4 years later. Further, deficits in inhibition and sustained attention were more prominent in middle rather than late childhood, whereas poor WM was salient throughout these periods. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypotheses that EFs develop hierarchically and that EF deficits in ADHD are more prominent in actively developing EFs. They also emphasize ADHD as a developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Sørensen
- University of Bergen, Norway Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- University of Bergen, Norway Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway
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Hummer TA, Wang Y, Kronenberger WG, Dunn DW, Mathews VP. The relationship of brain structure to age and executive functioning in adolescent disruptive behavior disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:210-7. [PMID: 25533028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing brain maturation in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) may provide insight into the progression of their behavioral deficits. Therefore, this study examined how age and executive functioning were related to structural neural characteristics in DBD. Thirty-three individuals (aged 13-17) with a DBD, along with a matched control sample, completed neuropsychological testing and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure gray matter volume and microstructural white matter properties. Voxel-based morphometry quantified gray matter volume, and diffusion tensor imaging measured fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter tracts. In the anterior cingulate, gray matter volume decreased with age in healthy controls but showed no such change in the DBD sample. In the corpus callosum and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), FA increased with age in the control sample significantly more than in the DBD sample. Executive functioning, particularly working memory, was associated with SLF FA bilaterally. However, the relationship of SLF FA to working memory performance was weaker in the DBD sample. These data suggest that youth with DBD have altered brain development compared with typically developing youth. The abnormal maturation of the anterior cingulate and frontoparietal tracts during adolescence may contribute to the persistence of behavioral deficits in teens with a DBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Hummer
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - David W Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vincent P Mathews
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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AuBuchon AM, Pisoni DB, Kronenberger WG. Verbal processing speed and executive functioning in long-term cochlear implant users. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2015; 58:151-62. [PMID: 25320961 PMCID: PMC4329274 DOI: 10.1044/2014_jslhr-h-13-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to report how verbal rehearsal speed (VRS), a form of covert speech used to maintain verbal information in working memory, and another verbal processing speed measure, perceptual encoding speed, are related to 3 domains of executive function (EF) at risk in cochlear implant (CI) users: verbal working memory, fluency-speed, and inhibition-concentration. METHOD EF, speech perception, and language outcome measures were obtained from 55 prelingually deaf, long-term CI users and matched controls with normal hearing (NH controls). Correlational analyses were used to assess relations between VRS (articulation rate), perceptual encoding speed (digit and color naming), and the outcomes in each sample. RESULTS CI users displayed slower verbal processing speeds than NH controls. Verbal rehearsal speed was related to 2 EF domains in the NH sample but was unrelated to EF outcomes in CI users. Perceptual encoding speed was related to all EF domains in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Verbal rehearsal speed may be less influential for EF quality in CI users than for NH controls, whereas rapid automatized labeling skills and EF are closely related in both groups. CI users may develop processing strategies in EF tasks that differ from the covert speech strategies routinely employed by NH individuals.
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Hummer TA, Kronenberger WG, Wang Y, Anderson CC, Mathews VP. Association of television violence exposure with executive functioning and white matter volume in young adult males. Brain Cogn 2014; 88:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salum GA, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Vandekerckhove J, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Moriyama TS, Graeff-Martins AS, de Alvarenga PG, do Rosário MC, Manfro GG, Polanczyk G, Rohde LAP. Specificity of basic information processing and inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2014; 44:617-631. [PMID: 23561016 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both inhibitory-based executive functioning (IB-EF) and basic information processing (BIP) deficits are found in clinic-referred attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) samples. However, it remains to be determined whether: (1) such deficits occur in non-referred samples of ADHD; (2) they are specific to ADHD; (3) the co-morbidity between ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) has additive or interactive effects; and (4) IB-EF deficits are primary in ADHD or are due to BIP deficits. METHOD We assessed 704 subjects (age 6-12 years) from a non-referred sample using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) and classified them into five groups: typical developing controls (TDC; n = 378), Fear disorders (n = 90), Distress disorders (n = 57), ADHD (n = 100), ODD/CD (n = 40) and ADHD+ODD/CD (n = 39). We evaluated neurocognitive performance with a Two-Choice Reaction Time Task (2C-RT), a Conflict Control Task (CCT) and a Go/No-Go (GNG) task. We used a diffusion model (DM) to decompose BIP into processing efficiency, speed-accuracy trade-off and encoding/motor function along with variability parameters. RESULTS Poorer processing efficiency was found to be specific to ADHD. Faster encoding/motor function differentiated ADHD from TDC and from fear/distress whereas a more cautious (not impulsive) response style differentiated ADHD from both TDC and ODD/CD. The co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD/CD reflected only additive effects. All ADHD-related IB-EF classical effects were fully moderated by deficits in BIP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings challenge the IB-EF hypothesis for ADHD and underscore the importance of processing efficiency as the key specific mechanism for ADHD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Sergeant
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - A Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P M Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T S Moriyama
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A S Graeff-Martins
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Gomes de Alvarenga
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C do Rosário
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G G Manfro
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A P Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhu Y, Ying K, Wang J, Su L, Chen J, Lin F, Cai D, Zhou M, Wu D, Guo C, Wang S. Differences in functional activity between boys with pure oppositional defiant disorder and controls during a response inhibition task: a preliminary study. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 8:588-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sørensen L, Plessen KJ, Adolfsdottir S, Lundervold AJ. The specificity of the Stroop interference score of errors to ADHD in boys. Child Neuropsychol 2013; 20:677-91. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2013.855716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dolan M, Lennox C. Cool and hot executive function in conduct-disordered adolescents with and without co-morbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: relationships with externalizing behaviours. Psychol Med 2013; 43:2427-2436. [PMID: 23363609 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understanding of the exact nature of executive function (EF) deficits in conduct disorder (CD) remains elusive because of issues of co-morbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Seventy-two adolescents with CD, 35 with CD + ADHD and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were assessed on a computerized battery of putative 'cool' and 'hot' EFs. Participants also completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). RESULTS In the cool EF tasks such as planning, the CD + ADHD group in particular showed most notable impairments compared to HCs. This pattern was less evident for set shifting and behavioural inhibition but there were significant correlations between errors scores on these tasks and indices of externalizing behaviours on the CBCL across the sample. For hot EF tasks, all clinical groups performed worse than HCs on delay of gratification and poor performance was correlated with externalizing scores. Although there were no notable group differences on the punishment-based card-playing task, there were significant correlations between ultimate payout and externalizing behaviour across groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings highlight the fact that there may be more common than distinguishing neuropsychological underpinnings to these co-morbid disorders and that a dimensional symptom-based approach may be the way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolan
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Bexkens A, Van der Molen MW, Collot d'Escury-Koenigs AML, Huizenga HM. Interference control in adolescents with mild-to-borderline intellectual disabilities and/or behavior disorders. Child Neuropsychol 2013; 20:398-414. [PMID: 23755963 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2013.799643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate interference control in adolescents with Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disability (MBID) by addressing two key questions. First, as MBID is often associated with comorbid behavior disorders (BD), we investigated whether MBID and BD both affect interference control. Second, we studied whether interference control deficits are associated to problems in everyday executive functioning. Four groups of adolescents with and without MBID and/or BD performed the Eriksen flanker task, requiring participants to respond to a central target while ignoring interfering flanking stimuli. Their teachers rated behavior on the Behavior Rating Inventory Executive Function (BRIEF). We found pronounced effects of MBID but not BD on flanker interference control. In contrast, we observed pronounced effects of BD, but not MBID, on the BRIEF. In addition, flanker interference scores and BRIEF scores did not correlate. These results are taken to suggest that adolescents with MBID are characterized by deficits in interference control that do not become manifest in ratings of everyday executive functioning. In contrast, adolescents with BD are not characterized by deficits in interference control but do show elevated ratings of deficits in everyday executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bexkens
- a Department of Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Abstract
Children with epilepsy are at risk for behavioral and cognitive comorbidities. Potential etiologies can be assessed in part by neuroimaging. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a major role in presurgical evaluation and prediction of postoperative outcome by mapping of language and memory. Structural MRI and functional MRI have shown changes in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior, common comorbidities in children with epilepsy. Neuroimaging has the potential for significantly increasing understanding of the basis of cognitive and behavioral problems in children with epilepsy.
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Toplak ME, West RF, Stanovich KE. Practitioner review: do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:131-43. [PMID: 23057693 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both performance-based and rating measures are commonly used to index executive function in clinical and neuropsychological assessments. They are intended to index the same broad underlying mental construct of executive function. The association between these two types of measures was investigated in the current article. METHOD AND RESULTS We examined the association between performance-based and rating measures of executive function in 20 studies. These studies included 13 child and 7 adult samples, which were derived from 7 clinical, 2 nonclinical, and 11 combined clinical and nonclinical samples. Only 68 (24%) of the 286 relevant correlations reported in these studies were statistically significant, and the overall median correlation was only .19. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that performance-based and rating measures of executive function assess different underlying mental constructs. We discuss how these two types of measures appear to capture different levels of cognition, namely, the efficiency of cognitive abilities and success in goal pursuit. Clinical implications of using performance-based and rating measures of executive function are discussed, including the use of these measures in assessing ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie E Toplak
- Department of Psychology, LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Toronto, ONT, Canada.
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de Zeeuw P, Weusten J, van Dijk S, van Belle J, Durston S. Deficits in cognitive control, timing and reward sensitivity appear to be dissociable in ADHD. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51416. [PMID: 23236497 PMCID: PMC3517570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neurobiological models of ADHD suggest that deficits in different neurobiological pathways may independently lead to symptoms of this disorder. At least three independent pathways may be involved: a dorsal frontostriatal pathway involved in cognitive control, a ventral frontostriatal pathway involved in reward processing and a frontocerebellar pathway related to temporal processing. Importantly, we and others have suggested that disruptions in these three pathways should lead to separable deficits at the cognitive level. Furthermore, if these truly represent separate biological pathways to ADHD, these cognitive deficits should segregate between individuals with ADHD. The present study tests these hypotheses in a sample of children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD and controls. 149 Subjects participated in a short computerized battery assessing cognitive control, timing and reward sensitivity. We used Principal Component Analysis to find independent components underlying the variance in the data. The segregation of deficits between individuals was tested using Loglinear Analysis. We found four components, three of which were predicted by the model: Cognitive control, reward sensitivity and timing. Furthermore, 80% of subjects with ADHD that had a deficit were deficient on only one component. Loglinear Analysis statistically confirmed the independent segregation of deficits between individuals. We therefore conclude that cognitive control, timing and reward sensitivity were separable at a cognitive level and that deficits on these components segregated between individuals with ADHD. These results support a neurobiological framework of separate biological pathways to ADHD with separable cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick de Zeeuw
- Neuroimaging Lab, Developmental Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Wang Y, Horst KK, Kronenberger WG, Hummer TA, Mosier KM, Kalnin AJ, Dunn DW, Mathews VP. White matter abnormalities associated with disruptive behavior disorder in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012; 202:245-51. [PMID: 22743120 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) are among the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in children and adolescents. Some important characteristics of DBD vary based on the presence or absence of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which may affect the understanding of and treatment decision-making related to the disorders. Thus, identifying neurobiological characteristics of DBD with comorbid ADHD (DBD+ADHD) can provide a basis to establish a better understanding of the condition. This study aimed to assess abnormal white matter microstructural alterations in DBD+ADHD as compared to DBD alone and healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Thirty-three DBD (19 with comorbid ADHD) and 46 age-matched healthy adolescents were studied using DTI. Fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD) were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Significantly lower FA and higher MD, RD and AD in many white matter fibers were found in adolescents with DBD+ADHD compared to controls. Moreover, lower FA and higher RD were also found in the DBD+ADHD versus the DBD alone group. Alterations of white matter integrity found in DBD patients were primarily associated with ADHD, suggesting that ADHD comorbidity in DBD is reflected in greater abnormality of microstructural connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, IU Center for Neuroimaging, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Vitulano ML, Fite PJ, Wimsatt AR, Rathert JL, Hatmaker RS. Gender differences in consequences of ADHD symptoms in a community-based organization for youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025411430776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been linked to disruptive behavior and disciplinary consequences; however, the variables involved in this process are largely unknown. The current study examined rule-breaking behavior as a mediator of the relation between ADHD symptoms and disciplinary actions 1 year later during after-school care at a community-based organization in a sample of 147 school-age children ( M = 8.22 years; 54.4% male). Additionally, gender was examined as a moderator of these relations. Total ADHD symptoms positively predicted rule-breaking behavior at 1-year follow-up, which in turn was positively associated with disciplinary actions also at 1-year follow-up. Gender moderated these relations, such that the mediated effect of rule-breaking behavior on the association between total ADHD symptoms and disciplinary actions was significant for boys but not for girls. Further, when ADHD symptom dimensions were simultaneously included in the model, only hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were a positive predictor of rule-breaking behavior, and rule-breaking behavior mediated this link between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and disciplinary actions. However, when examining ADHD symptom dimensions, no gender differences emerged. Implications for findings and future directions are discussed.
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Peters C, Algina J, Smith SW, Daunic AP. Factorial validity of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)-Teacher form. Child Neuropsychol 2012; 18:168-81. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2011.594427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM. Physical Exercise Alleviates ADHD Symptoms: Regional Deficits and Development Trajectory. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:195-209. [PMID: 21850535 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Taddei S, Contena B, Caria M, Venturini E, Venditti F. Evaluation of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disability on the WISC and Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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