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Ben Yair Y, Hoch L. Offender Rehabilitation: The Middle Way of Maimonides to Mental and Social Health. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:2690-2708. [PMID: 37291381 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional religious and spiritual texts offer a surprising wealth of relevant theoretical and practical knowledge about human behavior. This wellspring may contribute significantly to expanding our current body of knowledge in the social sciences, and criminology in particular. In Jewish religious texts, specifically by Maimonides, we can find profound analyses of human traits and guidelines for a normative way of life. Among other things, modern criminological literature attempts to link certain character traits and divergent behaviors. Using the hermeneutic phenomenological approach, this present study analyzed Maimonidean writings, mainly Laws of Human Dispositions, in order to understand Moses ben Maimon (1138-1204) and his view of character traits. The analysis yielded four themes: (1) Human personality between nature and nurture; (2) The complexity of human personality, imbalance and criminality; (3) Extremism as a way to achieve balance; and (4) The Middle Way, flexibility and common sense. These themes can serve therapeutic purposes, as well as inform a rehabilitation model. Grounded in a theoretical rationale about the nature of humans, this model is designed to direct individuals to balance their traits by self-reflection and constant practice of the Middle Way. The article concludes by proposing that implementing this model may promote normative behavior and thus contribute to rehabilitating offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitzhak Ben Yair
- The Department of Behavioral Science, Zefat Academic College, 11 Jerusalem St., P.O.B 160, Zefat, Israel.
| | - Liron Hoch
- The Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zefat Academic College, Zefat, Israel
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2
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Ramião E, Geraldo A, Figueiredo P, Barroso R, Barbosa F. Do Juveniles Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses Have Higher Callous-Unemotional Traits Compared to Juveniles Who Have Committed General Offenses? A Systematic Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:525. [PMID: 39062348 PMCID: PMC11273882 DOI: 10.3390/bs14070525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of assessing psychopathic traits in juveniles who have committed sexual offenses has been established in individuals who demonstrate a particularly severe and violent pattern of behavior. Additionally, the assessment of these traits in other juveniles might be relevant considering that higher levels of these traits represent an increased probability of the juvenile committing offenses. This study is a systematic review of the literature about the presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in juveniles who have committed sexual and non-sexual offenses, in order to ascertain eventual differences between these groups regarding the presence of CU traits. Studies were obtained from multiple databases, with predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria, according to PRISMA-P guidelines. A total of 18 studies were reviewed and included in the final analysis. The 18 studies used measures of CU traits and reported descriptive categories of CU traits in juveniles who have committed general offenses or juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Meta-analytic procedures such as pooled means, pooled variances, and pooled standard deviations are presented in this study. The main conclusion obtained is that juveniles who have committed general offenses present higher levels of CU traits compared to juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Although the review highlights limitations in the literature, the identification of these characteristics in different types of juveniles who have committed offenses is important to shed light on the phenomenon and develop interventions better suited to their characteristics. Recommendations for future research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Ramião
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Geraldo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESS-IPP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Barroso
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Research of Human Sexuality (Sexlab), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- U.North Psychology Consortium, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (P.F.)
- U.North Psychology Consortium, Portugal
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Speck JS, Frick PJ, Vaughan EP, Walker TM, Robertson EL, Ray JV, Myers TDW, Thornton LC, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. Health Service Utilization in Adolescents Following a First Arrest: The Role of Antisocial Behavior, Callous-Unemotional Traits, and Juvenile Justice System Processing. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2024; 51:393-405. [PMID: 38427148 PMCID: PMC11076348 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-024-01341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that youth exhibiting antisocial behavior are at risk for utilizing a disproportionate amount of health services compared to youth without these problems. The present study investigates whether being processed by the juvenile justice system and showing callous-unemotional (CU) traits independently predict health service utilization (medical and mental health service use and out-of-home placement) over and above the severity of antisocial behavior across adolescence. A total of 766 participants who had been arrested for the first time in adolescence provided data at ten appointments over a period of seven years. Results showed that self-reported antisocial behavior at the time of arrest predicted increased use of most health service use types over the next seven years (i.e. medicine prescriptions, tests for sexually transmitted infections, mental health service appointments, and out-of-home placements). All except prescription medication use remained significant when controlling for justice system processing and CU traits. Further, justice system processing added significantly to the prediction of medical service appointments. Whereas CU traits were associated with mental health service appointments and out-of-home placements, these did not remain significant when controlling for severity of antisocial behavior. These findings are consistent with prior research documenting the health care costs of antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne S Speck
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Erin P Vaughan
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Toni M Walker
- Harris County Juvenile Probation Department, Houston, USA
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de Oliveira JD, Jordaan J, Cronjé M. Morality, self-control, age, type of offence and sentence length as predictors of psychopathy amongst female incarcerated offenders in South Africa. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299847. [PMID: 38547082 PMCID: PMC10977693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in female incarcerated offenders nationally and internationally. Despite this trend, literature and research on female offenders remain limited compared to their male counterparts. Evidence of the relationship between certain personality disorders and offending behaviour has led numerous countries to prioritise identifying and assessing personality disorders among the offender population. Psychopathic personality traits may contribute to women's risk factors for expressing antisocial behaviours, resulting in their potential future incarceration. Thus, a need exists to understand possible factors that may predict the expression of psychopathic traits in females, which may have notable utility among female offenders. This study aimed to investigate possible predictor variables of psychopathy amongst incarcerated female offenders in South Africa. A quantitative research approach, non-experimental research type, and correlational research design were employed. A convenience sampling technique was used. The sample consisted of 139 (N = 139) female offenders housed in two correctional centres in South Africa who voluntarily participated in this study. Correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analysis procedures were conducted to analyse the results. Results indicated (i) a certain combination of predictor variables that statistically and practically significantly explained both primary and secondary psychopathy and (ii) individual predictor variables (e.g., Impulsivity, Simple Tasks, Risk-Seeking, and Self-Centredness) that explained both primary and secondary psychopathy statistically and practically significantly. This study provides valuable information about the possible predictor variables of psychopathy amongst female offenders within the context of South Africa. However, further research must be conducted to validate these findings and advance our knowledge on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Jordaan
- Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Matthew Cronjé
- Department of Criminology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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Cauffman E, Gillespie ML, Beardslee J, Davis F, Hernandez M, Williams T. Adolescent Contact, Lasting Impact? Lessons Learned From Two Longitudinal Studies Spanning 20 Years of Developmental Science Research With Justice-System-Involved Youths. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2023; 24:133-161. [PMID: 38236945 PMCID: PMC10799550 DOI: 10.1177/15291006231205173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize key findings from 20 years of research conducted at the intersection of developmental psychology and juvenile justice in the United States. We predominantly examine data from two large-scale, multisite longitudinal studies involving justice-system-involved adolescents-the Pathways to Desistance study and the Crossroads study. Topics of discussion include predictors of offending and desistance from crime; youth outcomes and psychosocial needs; and emerging research, programs, and policy initiatives. First, individual-level (e.g., age, psychosocial maturity) and contextual-level (e.g., antisocial peers, exposure to violence) risk factors associated with offending are explored. Second, we discuss short-term and long-term outcomes of justice-system contact for youths engaging in moderate offenses. We highlight main findings from the Crossroads study indicating that youths who are sanctioned by the justice system at their first arrest have worse outcomes than youths who are diverted from formal processing. Additionally, we discuss the high prevalence of youths' exposure to violence and mental health disorders as well as the differential treatment of youths of color in the justice system. Third, we extend the conversation to justice-system-involved young adults and discuss emerging, innovative legal solutions, including young adult courts. Last, we discuss real-world implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie L Gillespie
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Jordan Beardslee
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Frank Davis
- Alternate Public Defender's Office, Orange County, California
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Goulter N, Oberth C, McMahon RJ, Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Crowley DM, Bates JE, Pettit GS. Predictive Validity of Adolescent Callous-Unemotional Traits and Conduct Problems with Respect to Adult Outcomes: High- and Low-Risk Samples. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1321-1335. [PMID: 35262849 PMCID: PMC9931993 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Current understanding of the predictive validity of callous-unemotional (CU) traits is limited by (a) the focus on externalizing psychopathology and antisocial behaviors, (b) a lack of long-term prospective longitudinal data, (c) samples comprised of high-risk or low-risk individuals. We tested whether adolescent CU traits and conduct problems were associated with theoretically relevant adult outcomes 12-18 years later. Participants were drawn from two studies: higher-risk Fast Track (FT; n = 754) and lower-risk Child Development Project (CDP; n = 585). FT: conduct problems positively predicted externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and partner violence, and negatively predicted health, wellbeing, and education. Three conduct problems × CU traits interaction effects were also found. CDP: CU traits positively predicted depression and negatively predicted health and education; conduct problems positively predicted externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and substance use, and negatively predicted wellbeing. CU traits did not provide incremental predictive validity for multiple adult outcomes relative to conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Goulter
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Carla Oberth
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth A Dodge
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Max Crowley
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - John E Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Gregory S Pettit
- Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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7
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Sakki H, Clair MS, Hwang S, Allen JL. The association between callous-unemotional traits and substance use in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:502-517. [PMID: 37390924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are characterized by a lack of guilt and empathy, restricted affect, and low concern about performance, and are increasingly recognized as co-occurring with substance use in youth. However, there is mixed evidence concerning whether they make a unique contribution to substance use. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to quantify the association between CU traits and substance use in childhood, accounting for potential moderators including sample characteristics (age, gender, community versus clinical/forensic samples), CU traits measure and informant, and study design (cross-sectional or longitudinal). Separate meta-analyses were conducted for alcohol, cannabis, and a substance use composite. Small, significant associations were found between CU traits and alcohol (θ = 0.17), cannabis (θ = 0.17) and the substance use composite (θ = 0.15), which were present in both community and clinical/forensic samples. Findings suggest that CU traits co-occur with a range of substance use problems, and that CU traits should be considered in assessments of youth presenting with substance use problems regardless of the nature of the setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sakki
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michelle St Clair
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Suhlim Hwang
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, Institute of Education, 25 Woburn Square, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Jennifer L Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, 10 West, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Floyd LJ, Brown K. Perceived neighborhood disorder as a moderator of the relationship between marijuana use and disinhibition in a sample of emerging adult African American females. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37270673 PMCID: PMC10694336 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2195691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinhibition is associated with myriad risk-taking behaviors and adverse outcomes. Both marijuana use and poor neighborhood conditions have been associated with disinhibition. However, the extent to which neighborhood disorder interacts with marijuana use to influence disinhibition has not been studied, extensively. A better understanding of these relationships has implications for designing more effective tailored place-based interventions that aim to reduce risk taking behaviors and related adverse social and health outcomes associated with marijuana use. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of perceived neighborhood disorder and marijuana use on disinhibition. The sample included 120 African American female residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods (Mage = 23.6 ± 3.46). We employed hierarchical linear regression analysis to examine the interactive effects of marijuana use and perceived neighborhood disorder on disinhibition, while controlling for age and education. The interaction term was marginally significant (b = 5.66; t(109) = 1.72, p = .08). Next, the conditional effects were explored. Results indicated the association of marijuana use with disinhibition was stronger for females in the higher neighborhood disorder group, compared to those in the lower neighborhood disorder group (10.40 and 4.51, respectively). Our findings support the need for more research on the potential of neighborhood disorder to amplify the effects of marijuana use on disinhibition and related neurobehavioral traits. The identification of contextual moderators and high-risk sub-groups will aid in the design of more tailored place-based interventions that aim to reduce risk-taking behavior among those most vulnerable.
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9
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Robertson AA, Gardner S, Dembo R, Dennis M, Pankow J, Wilson KJ. Impact of implementation interventions to improve substance use service delivery on recidivism among justice-involved youth. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:12. [PMID: 36853574 PMCID: PMC9972752 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are prevalent among justice-involved youth (JIY) and are a robust predictor of re-offending. Only a fraction of JIY with substance use problems receive treatment. This paper describes the impacts of system-level efforts to improve identification and referral to treatment on recidivism of JIY. A cluster randomized trial involving 20 county juvenile justice agency sites across 5 states was used to implement an organizational intervention (Core vs Enhanced) to juvenile justice staff and community-based treatment providers, working with 18,698 JIY from March 2014 to August 2017. Recidivism rates over four study time periods were examined. Logistic regression was used to predict recidivism as a function of site, need for SUD services, level of supervision, time, organizational intervention, and time x intervention interaction terms. Results indicated that Enhanced sites showed decreased levels of recidivism compared to Core-only sites, where it increased over time. Additionally, need for SU services, level of supervision, and site were significant predictors of reoffending. Findings suggest the potential value of facilitation of juvenile justice agency efforts to increasing identification of and referral to SUD services of JIY in need of such services for reducing further contact with the legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A. Robertson
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, 1 Research Blvd., Suite 103, Starkville, MS 39759 USA
| | - Sheena Gardner
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, 1 Research Blvd., Suite 103, Starkville, MS 39759 USA
| | - Richard Dembo
- Department of Criminology, College of Behavioral & Criminal Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Michael Dennis
- Lighthouse Institute, Chestnut Health Systems, Normal, IL USA
| | - Jennifer Pankow
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Khirsten J. Wilson
- Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, 1 Research Blvd., Suite 103, Starkville, MS 39759 USA
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Donohue MR, Hoyniak CP, Tillman R, Barch DM, Luby J. Associations of observed callous-unemotional behaviors in early childhood with conduct problems and substance use over 14 years. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:421-432. [PMID: 36914291 PMCID: PMC10014890 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors (i.e., low concern and active disregard for others) uniquely predict severe conduct problems and substance use when present by late childhood. Less is known about the predictive utility of CU behaviors displayed in early childhood, when morality is developing and interventions may be more effective. Children aged 4-7 years (N = 246; 47.6% girls) completed an observational task wherein they were encouraged to tear an experimenter's valued photograph, and blind raters coded children's displayed CU behaviors. During the next 14 years, children's conduct problems (i.e., oppositional defiant and conduct symptoms) and age of onset of substance use were assessed. Compared to children displaying fewer CU behaviors, children displaying greater CU behaviors were 7.61 times more likely to meet criteria for a conduct disorder (n = 52) into early adulthood (95% CI, 2.96-19.59; p = <.0001), and their conduct problems were significantly more severe. Greater CU behaviors were associated with earlier onset of substance use (B = -.69, SE = .32, t = -2.14, p = .036). An ecologically valid observed indicator of early CU behavior was associated with substantially heightened risk for conduct problems and earlier onset substance use into adulthood. Early CU behavior is a powerful risk marker identifiable using a simple behavioral task which could be used to target children for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rose Donohue
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Caroline P Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA
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Donohue MR, Hoyniak CP, Tillman R, Barch DM, Luby J. Callous-Unemotional Traits as an Intervention Target and Moderator of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Emotion Development Treatment for Preschool Depression and Conduct Problems. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:1394-1403. [PMID: 33865929 PMCID: PMC8689660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Callous-unemotional (CU) traits-characterized by low empathy, prosociality, and guilt-predict severe and persistent conduct problems. Although some interventions for conduct problems have been less effective in children with high levels of CU traits, studies have not examined whether CU traits interfere with treatment for other childhood disorders. Moreover, few treatments have demonstrated efficacy in decreasing CU traits themselves in early childhood. This study examined whether Parent-Child Interaction Therapy-Emotion Development (PCIT-ED), a novel PCIT adaptation that promotes emotional competence with demonstrated efficacy in treating preschool-onset major depressive disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, was also effective in treating these disorders in children displaying higher levels of CU traits. The study also examined whether PCIT-ED treatment produced significant and sustained decreases in CU traits. METHOD This study examined 3- to 5-year-olds (N = 114) with preschool-onset major depressive disorder who completed the PCIT-ED trial. Children were randomly assigned to either immediate PCIT-ED treatment (n = 64) or a waitlist control condition (n = 50) in which they received the active treatment after 18 weeks. Psychiatric diagnoses and severity and CU traits in children were assessed at baseline, immediately after treatment, and 18 weeks after treatment completion. RESULTS Compared with the waitlist, PCIT-ED effectively reduced major depressive disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschoolers, regardless of initial levels of CU traits. Moreover, CU traits decreased from before to after treatment, and this treatment effect was sustained 18 weeks after treatment. CONCLUSION Results support that novel interventions that enhance emotional development display significant promise in treating CU traits-behaviors that left untreated predict severe conduct problems, criminality, and substance use. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION A Randomized Controlled Trial of PCIT-ED for Preschool Depression; https://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02076425.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rose Donohue
- Drs. Donohue, Hoyniak, Barch, and Luby and Ms. Tillman are with Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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12
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Hsini A, Aouina AA, Ridha R, Cheour M. Correlates of psychopathy in a Tunisian sample of incarcerated women. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 82:102232. [PMID: 34385020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable effort has been devoted to elucidating correlates of psychopathy in males, but only few researchers have turned their attention to this field in female counterparts, with most of the research in this field having been driven from western countries. We aimed to explore psychopathic traits, impulsiveness and psychiatric symptoms that characterize a Tunisian female prison population. METHOD Data were collected in a cross-sectional design during September 2017. The sample was comprised of 100 adult females who were incarcerated at the "Manouba Women's Prison" at the time of the survey. The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and The Brief Symptom Inventory were used. RESULTS In the univariate analysis, socioeconomic level (p = .001), tobacco use (p = .001), poly drug use (p = .014) and physically aggressive behaviors in the 6 months before incarceration (p = .043) were significantly associated with psychopathy total scores. After multivariable adjustment, motor impulsiveness (β = 0.426, p < .01) and phobic anxiety (β = 0.284, p < .05) contributed significantly to the variance of psychopathy total scores. CONCLUSION The current findings not only add to the growing body of literature on female psychopathy, but also help inform decision making about mental health-related programs and policies in female prison settings in underdeveloped and underrepresented countries similar to our sociocultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia; Razi Hospital, Mannouba, Tunisia.
| | - Ameni Hsini
- Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia; Razi Hospital, Mannouba, Tunisia.
| | - Asma Achouri Aouina
- Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia; Manouba Women's Prison, The General Direction of Prisons and Rehabilitation, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Rym Ridha
- Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia; Razi Hospital, Mannouba, Tunisia.
| | - Majda Cheour
- Tunis El Manar University, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia; Razi Hospital, Mannouba, Tunisia.
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Winters DE, Brandon-Friedman R, Yepes G, Hinckley JD. Systematic review and meta-analysis of socio-cognitive and socio-affective processes association with adolescent substance use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108479. [PMID: 33444900 PMCID: PMC7943258 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social impairments are important features of a substance use disorder diagnosis; and recent models suggest early impairments in socio-cognitive and -affective processes may predict future use. However, no systematic reviews are available on this topic. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses exploring the association between social-cognitive and -affective processes (empathy, callous-unemotional (CU) traits, theory of mind, and social cognition) and substance use frequency (alcohol, cannabis, general drug use). We examined moderating effects of study design, gender, age, and weather conduct problems were controlled for. We also review brain studies related to social cognition and substance use disorder (SUD) risk. RESULTS Systematic review suggested a negative association for positively valenced constructs with substance use but mixed results on the negatively valenced construct CU traits. Meta-analyses revealed moderate positive association between CU traits with alcohol and general drug use but no significance with cannabis use. Moderate effect sizes were found for CU traits in youth predicting severity of substance use by late adolescence and significantly accounted for variance independently of conduct problems. Significant moderators included gender proportions, sample type, and age. Neuroimaging meta-analysis indicated 10 coordinates that were different in youth at a high risk/with SUD compared to controls. Three of these coordinates associate with theory of mind and social cognition. CONCLUSION Socio-cognitive and -affective constructs demonstrate an association with current and future substance use, and neural differences are present when performing social cognitive tasks in regions with strongest associations with theory of mind and social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E Winters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States.
| | | | - Gabriel Yepes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
| | - Jesse D Hinckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United States
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Ellis RA, Awada SR, Orcutt HK, Shelleby EC. Childhood Maltreatment and Risky Substance Use Behaviors: The Mediating Roles of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms & Callous Unemotional Traits. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:388-395. [PMID: 33426983 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1868519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: A robust relationship has been established between childhood maltreatment and risky substance use. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and callous-unemotional (CU) traits, both of which can be consequences of childhood maltreatment, have been implicated as potential mediators of this relationship, but despite phenotypic overlap have not been examined within the same model. Objective: The current cross-sectional study examined the indirect effect of childhood maltreatment severity on risky drug and alcohol use behaviors though PTSS and CU traits. Methods: Undergraduates (n = 355, 54.4% female) with childhood maltreatment histories completed questionnaires regarding childhood maltreatment, PTSS, substance use behaviors, and CU traits. Path modeling was utilized to examine indirect effects of childhood maltreatment on risky alcohol and drug use behaviors. Results: Overall the model demonstrated good fit. PTSS and CU traits were found to fully mediate the childhood maltreatment severity to risky alcohol use behaviors, with PTSS demonstrating a trending mediational effect to risky drug usage. Results support multiple pathways to risky alcohol use for individuals with childhood maltreatment histories through PTSS and CU traits, suggesting both PTSS as well as CU traits as potential targets of intervention for alcohol misuse among individuals with childhood maltreatment experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A Ellis
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Samantha R Awada
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Holly K Orcutt
- Psychology Department, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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Halladay J, Woock R, El-Khechen H, Munn C, MacKillop J, Amlung M, Ogrodnik M, Favotto L, Aryal K, Noori A, Kiflen M, Georgiades K. Patterns of substance use among adolescents: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108222. [PMID: 32971420 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review characterizes empirically derived patterns of multiple (multi-) substance use among adolescents. A secondary objective was to examine the extent to which mental health symptomatology was included in the empirical analyses examining substance use patterns. METHODS Eligible studies included those that used cluster-based approaches, included the assessment of at least two different substances, and were based on study samples with mean ages between 11 and 18 years. 4665 records were screened including 461 studies for full-text screening. RESULTS 70 studies were included with common clusters being: low use, single or dual substance use, moderate general multi-use, and high multi-use. The most common patterns of single or multi-substance use were: alcohol only, alcohol with cannabis and/or tobacco, and use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis with and without other drugs. Lower socioeconomic status, older age, and male gender were consistent predictors of multi-use clusters. Only 37 % of studies compared differences in levels of mental health across clusters with symptoms consistently associated with a greater likelihood of multi-use. Only 29 % of studies included mental health indicators in cluster-based analyses, with over half identifying distinct mental health and substance use clusters. Fit indices in cluster analyses and measurement properties of substance use were heterogeneous and inconsistently reported across studies. CONCLUSIONS Distinct patterns of substance use were derived but methodological differences prevented direct comparison and reduced capacity to generalize across studies. There is a need to establish standardized methodological approaches to identify robust patterns of substance use to enhance etiological, prognostic, and intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Halladay
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada.
| | - R Woock
- Department of Social Sciences, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - H El-Khechen
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada.
| | - C Munn
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - J MacKillop
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada; Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - M Amlung
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada; Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - M Ogrodnik
- NeuroFit Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Canada.
| | - L Favotto
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada.
| | - K Aryal
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada.
| | - A Noori
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada.
| | - M Kiflen
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - K Georgiades
- Department of Health Research, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton ON L8S 4S4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Canada.
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Jonas K, Kochanska G. An Imbalance of Approach and Effortful Control Predicts Externalizing Problems: Support for Extending the Dual-Systems Model into Early Childhood. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 46:1573-1583. [PMID: 29372367 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the association between deficits in effortful control and later externalizing behavior is well established, many researchers (Nigg Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3-4), 395-422, 2006; Steinberg Developmental Review, 28(1), 78-106, 2008) have hypothesized this association is actually the product of the imbalance of dual systems, or two underlying traits: approach and self-regulation. Very little research, however, has deployed a statistically robust strategy to examine that compelling model; further, no research has done so using behavioral measures, particularly in longitudinal studies. We examined the imbalance of approach and self-regulation (effortful control, EC) as predicting externalizing problems. Latent trait models of approach and EC were derived from behavioral measures collected from 102 children in a community sample at 25, 38, 52, and 67 months (2 to 5 ½ years), and used to predict externalizing behaviors, modeled as a latent trait derived from parent-reported measures at 80, 100, 123, and 147 months (6 ½ to 12 years). The imbalance hypothesis was supported: Children with an imbalance of approach and EC had more externalizing behavior problems in middle childhood and early preadolescence, relative to children with equal levels of the two traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Jonas
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, HSC T10-060 Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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Zwaanswijk W, van Geel M, Vedder P. Socioeconomic Status and Psychopathic Traits in a Community Sample of Youth. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 46:1643-1649. [PMID: 29508114 PMCID: PMC6208875 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study aims to address socioeconomic status (SES) as a moderating variable between psychopathic traits and conduct problems in a sample of 2432 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 14.50 years, SD = 1.67, 56% male). Both family and neighborhood SES were measured, with income as a proxy for the level of SES. There were small but significant positive correlations between the behavioral and interpersonal dimensions of psychopathy and family SES, a small but significant negative correlation between the affective dimension and neighborhood SES, and a small and significant positive correlation between neighborhood SES and the behavioral dimension of psychopathy. Results further showed that the relations between youth psychopathic traits were moderated by neither family SES nor neighborhood SES. The results suggest that the relations between psychopathic traits and conduct problems are equally strong for lower and higher SES youth. Taken together, these findings warrant the conclusions that SES does not play a role as a moderator in the relation between psychopathy and conduct problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Zwaanswijk
- Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Mitch van Geel
- Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Vedder
- Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Centifanti LC, Shaw H, Atherton KJ, Thomson ND, MacLellan S, Frick PJ. CAPE for measuring callous-unemotional traits in disadvantaged families: a cross-sectional validation study. F1000Res 2019; 8:1027. [PMID: 32185018 PMCID: PMC7059787 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19605.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are important for designating a distinct subgroup of children and adolescents with behaviour problems. As a result, CU traits are now used to form the specifier "with Limited Prosocial Emotions" that is part of the diagnostic criteria for the Conduct Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases 11 th Revision (ICD-11). Given this inclusion in major classification systems, it is important to develop and test methods for assessing these traits that can be used in clinical settings. The present study aimed to validate a clinician rating of CU traits, the Clinical Assessment of Prosocial Emotions, Version 1.1 (CAPE 1.1), in a sample of hard-to-reach families referred to a government program designed to prevent the development of behaviour problems in high risk families. Methods: Clinical ratings of children were obtained from 34 families of children ages 3 to 19 (M=12.2; SD=4.3). The ratings on the CAPE 1.1 were based on interviews with both parent and child. Results : Of the sample, 21% (100% male) met the diagnostic cut-off for the specifier according to the CAPE 1.1, and CAPE 1.1 scores were associated with parent ratings of CU traits, psychopathic traits, and externalising behaviours. CAPE 1.1 ratings were also associated with risk for violence obtained from case files. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary evidence for the validity of the CAPE 1.1 as clinician rated measure of CU traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Shaw
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Nicholas D. Thomson
- Department of Surgery Division of Acute Care Surgical Services, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
- Institute for Learning Sciences and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Centifanti LC, Shaw H, Atherton KJ, Thomson ND, MacLellan S, Frick PJ. CAPE for measuring callous-unemotional traits in disadvantaged families: a cross-sectional validation study. F1000Res 2019; 8:1027. [PMID: 32185018 PMCID: PMC7059787 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19605.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are important for designating a distinct subgroup of children and adolescents with behaviour problems. As a result, CU traits are now used to form the specifier "with Limited Prosocial Emotions" that is part of the diagnostic criteria for the Conduct Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Diseases 11 th Revision (ICD-11). Given this inclusion in major classification systems, it is important to develop and test methods for assessing these traits that can be used in clinical settings. The present study aimed to validate a clinician rating of CU traits, the Clinical Assessment of Prosocial Emotions, Version 1.1 (CAPE 1.1), in a sample of hard-to-reach families referred to a government program designed to prevent the development of behaviour problems in high risk families. Methods: Clinical ratings of children were obtained from 34 families of children ages 5 to 18 (M=13.5; SD=3.2). The ratings on the CAPE 1.1 were based on interviews with both parent and child. Results: Of the sample, 21% (100% male) met the diagnostic cut-off for the specifier according to the CAPE 1.1, and CAPE 1.1 scores were associated with parent ratings of CU traits, psychopathic traits, and externalising behaviours. CAPE 1.1 ratings were also associated with risk for violence obtained from case files. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary evidence for the validity of the CAPE 1.1 as clinician rated measure of CU traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Shaw
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Nicholas D. Thomson
- Department of Surgery Division of Acute Care Surgical Services, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
- Institute for Learning Sciences and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Baggio S, Heller P, Barnert ES, Tran NT, Gétaz L, Wolff H. Substance use Initiation among Justice-Involved Youths: Evidence from the Pathways to Desistance Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2019.1578711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Life Course and Social Inequality Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Heller
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth S. Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Australian Center for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Watika, India
| | - Laurent Gétaz
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health and Adult Psychiatry Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Liu L, Wang N, Tian L. The Parent-Adolescent Relationship and Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Self-Control. Front Psychol 2019; 10:542. [PMID: 30949091 PMCID: PMC6435964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study primarily aimed to examine whether self-control serves as a moderator in the associations between parent-adolescent relationships, including parental support and parent-adolescent conflict, and risk-taking behaviors among adolescents. The 917 Chinese adolescents whose mean age was 14.38 years (SD = 1.69) completed questionnaires effectively. The results indicated that the relationships between either parental support or parent-adolescent conflict and adolescent risk-taking behavior were moderated by self-control. Among those adolescents with lower levels of self-control, both higher levels of parent-adolescent conflict and lower levels of perceived parental support predicted more risk-taking behaviors, but their predicting roles got weakened with the increase of the level of self-control. Accordingly, good parent-adolescent relationship, particularly less parent-adolescent conflict, is critical for decreasing adolescent risk-taking. Otherwise, improving self-control is particularly helpful to those adolescents having more conflict with their parents or less parental support to decrease their risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lumei Tian
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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22
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Waller R, Hicks BM. Trajectories of alcohol and marijuana use among primary versus secondary psychopathy variants within an adjudicated adolescent male sample. Personal Disord 2019; 10:87-96. [PMID: 30080061 PMCID: PMC6318045 DOI: 10.1037/per0000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between low-anxious primary versus high-anxious secondary psychopathy is well-established among incarcerated adults and adolescents. However, no studies have used a prospective longitudinal approach to explore whether primary versus secondary psychopathy variants have different rates of alcohol and marijuana use across adolescence, and what mechanisms account for these differences. The sample was 1,170 male adolescents who had interacted with the justice system, with data collected as part of the Pathways to Desistance project. We used interviewer assessments of psychopathy and self-reported anxiety at baseline to identify primary and secondary psychopathy subgroups. We explored subgroup differences via self-reported measures of psychopathic traits and anxiety, aggression, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at baseline and a 6-month follow-up. Finally, we tested whether groups had different trajectories of alcohol and marijuana use over 4 years, and whether poor impulse control or anxiety mediated these differences. Latent profile analysis identified four groups: low-anxious primary psychopathy, high-anxious secondary psychopathy, anxious only, and low risk. The secondary group had similar levels of aggression and psychopathy to the primary group, but more depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The primary and secondary psychopathy variants did not differ in rates of alcohol or marijuana use across adolescence, but alcohol use among secondary variants was specifically mediated via poor impulse control. The findings establish two psychopathy groups that differ meaningfully in their internalizing psychopathology and pathways to alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Wojciechowski TW. Developmental Trajectories of Opioid Use Among Juvenile Offenders: An Epidemiological Examination of Group Characteristics and Criminological Risk Factors. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1203-1213. [PMID: 30767596 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1573837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Investigate patterns of change and continuity in opioid use among juvenile offenders during adolescence and early adulthood. Identify demographic characteristics of trajectory groups of opioid users. Examine the relevance of risk factors for predicting assignment to opioid use trajectory groups. METHODS The Pathways to Desistance sample, consisting of longitudinal data of 1,134 juvenile offenders, was utilized in analyses. Using group-based trajectory modeling, patterns of opioid use were identified. χ2 tests provide information about the significant differences in gender, race, and socioeconomic status composition among the subgroups. Multinomial logistic regression were estimated to identify the relevance of risk factors for predicting assignment to subgroups. RESULTS A four-group model best fit the opioid use data (Abstaining, Low Accelerating, High Accelerating, Desisting). Race significantly delineated group membership at the bivariate level. Risk factor analysis indicated that lower self-control assessed at baseline predicted elevated risk of assignment to the Low Accelerating and High Accelerating groups. Higher frequency of marijuana use at baseline and a lifetime history of having experienced victimization was associated with assignment to the Desisting group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic opioid use exists at elevated prevalence among juvenile offenders. Adolescents in the criminal justice system with low self-control should be targeted for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Wojciechowski
- a Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law and Society , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Little S, Stewart A, Ryan N. Restorative Justice Conferencing: Not a Panacea for the Overrepresentation of Australia's Indigenous Youth in the Criminal Justice System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:4067-4090. [PMID: 29552908 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18764524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Restorative justice conferencing is a police diversionary strategy used extensively in Australian jurisdictions to channel young offenders away from formal court processing. Advocates view conferencing as culturally appropriate and a means to reduce the overrepresentation of Indigenous young people because it is rooted in Indigenous justice traditions. However, whether conferencing is effective at reducing recidivism by Indigenous young people compared with non-Indigenous young people remains unknown. We examine this using a longitudinal cohort of youth offenders from Australia. Propensity score matching was used to match Indigenous and non-Indigenous young people at their first conference and examined reoffending outcomes to explore its efficacy at reducing recidivism ( n = 394). Results indicate that, despite statistically controlling for factors related to reoffending, recidivism levels postconference were significantly higher for Indigenous young people. These results suggest that conferencing is unlikely to address the problem of Indigenous overrepresentation within Australia's youth justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Little
- 1 Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Stewart
- 1 Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Ryan
- 1 Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Anderson SL, Zheng Y, McMahon RJ. Do Callous-Unemotional Traits and Conduct Disorder Symptoms Predict the Onset and Development of Adolescent Substance Use? Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:688-698. [PMID: 29455341 PMCID: PMC6097951 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-018-0789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite strong evidence of the relationship between conduct disorder (CD) symptoms and substance use, it is unclear how callous-unemotional (CU) traits predict substance use over and above CD symptoms, and their potential interaction. This study used data from 753 participants followed from grade 7 to 2-years post-high school. Latent growth curve models showed that CU traits predicted the onset of cigarette use, alcohol misuse, and a substance use composite at grade 7 only when no CD symptoms were present. Among those without CD symptoms, boys showed greater change in the odds of using cigarettes, and were more likely to misuse alcohol or use any substance at grade 7 than girls. However, CD symptoms, CU traits, and their interaction did not predict the linear rates of growth of substance use over time. Thus, CU traits may uniquely predict adolescent substance use when CD symptoms are not present. This research has implications for predicting onset of adolescent substance use and for incorporating the assessment of CU traits into interventions targeting adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Institute for the Reduction of Youth Violence, Simon Fraser University, RCB 7220.1, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
- B. C. Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yao Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Psychology, Institute for the Reduction of Youth Violence, Simon Fraser University, RCB 7220.1, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- B. C. Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Centifanti LCM, Negen J. Strong evidence that callous-unemotional traits are not related to risk-taking task performance. F1000Res 2018; 7:502. [PMID: 29862023 PMCID: PMC5954327 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14623.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypothesized association between callous-unemotional (CU) traits and risk-taking may account for the link between CU traits and real-world risky behaviors, such as illegal behavior. Prior findings show that reward and punishment responsivity differs in relation to CU traits, but is not associated with general risk-taking. However this has only been examined previously with one task, only with a frequentist framework, and with limited interpretation. Here, we expand to another task and to Bayesian analyses. A total of 657 participants (52% female) completed the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (essentially a gambling task), and the Stoplight driving task, which repeatedly presents participants with riskier or less risky choices to make while driving. We found strong evidence for the null model, in which there is no relation between the two risk-taking tasks and CU traits (R 2 = 0.001; BF 10 = 1/60.22). These results suggest that general risk-taking does not underlie the real-world risky behavior of people with CU traits. Alternative explanations include a different method of valuing certain outcomes.
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Thornton LC, Frick PJ, Ray JV, Wall Myers TD, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. Risky Sex, Drugs, Sensation Seeking, and Callous Unemotional Traits in Justice-Involved Male Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 48:68-79. [PMID: 29236522 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1399398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined whether callous-unemotional (CU) traits predicted risky sexual behavior (i.e., unprotected sex, casual sex) and whether substance use and sensation seeking mediated this relationship over 24 months in justice-involved young men. Participants (N = 1,216) were an ethnically and racially diverse sample (46.3% White Latino, 38% Black, 15.7% White non-Latino) of first-time offending male adolescents (ages 13-17 years) from 3 U.S. cities. Participants completed 5 self-reported interviews at 6-month intervals over 2 years. Bootstrapped mediation analyses were conducted to test direct effects of CU traits on risky sexual behaviors, as well as indirect effects through substance use and sensation seeking. CU traits at baseline were positively associated with risky sexual behavior 18-24 months later. CU traits were also associated with the hypothesized mediators, sensation seeking and substance use, measured 6-12 months after baseline. CU traits exerted direct effects on later unprotected sex and casual sex, as well as indirect effects through substance use but not sensation seeking. These effects were largely unchanged when accounting for the youth's level of self-reported delinquency. These findings demonstrate that CU traits predict later risky sexual outcomes, and this is at least partly explained by substance use. Further, the findings highlight the importance of CU traits for several outcomes that are of significant public health concern among justice-involved adolescents, namely, risky sexual behavior and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Thornton
- a Center for Neurobehavioral Research , Boys Town National Research Hospital
| | - Paul J Frick
- b Department of Psychology , Louisiana State University.,c Learning Sciences Institute of Australia , Australian Catholic University
| | - James V Ray
- d Department of Criminal Justice , University of Central Florida
| | | | - Laurence Steinberg
- f Department of Psychology, Temple University.,g Department of Psychology, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Elizabeth Cauffman
- h Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine
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Childhood Neglect, Internalizing Symptoms and Adolescent Substance Use: Does the Neighborhood Context Matter? J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1582-1597. [PMID: 28455636 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood neglect is associated with risk behaviors in adolescence, including substance use. There is evidence that internalizing behaviors may serve as a mechanism linking childhood neglect and substance use; however, further research is needed to examine this developmental pathway. According to developmental and ecological approaches, the neighborhood context and the developmental timing of maltreatment should both be considered when examining the sequelae of childhood neglect. Hence, the present study uses a longitudinal sample of youth (N = 965, 49.1% female, 59.2% African-American) to examine the influence of timing in the relationship between childhood neglect and adolescent psychopathology, and to examine the indirect effects of child neglect on substance use via internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Furthermore, the role of neighborhood disorder in this indirect effect was tested. Five data collection time points were used: Time 1(M age = 4.557, SD age = .701), Time 2 (M age = 6.422, SD age = .518), Time 3 (M age = 12.370, SD age = .443), Time 4 (M age = 14.359, SD age = .452), and Time 5 (M age = 16.316, SD age = .615). The findings showed that internalizing problems mediated the link between the severity of neglect in early childhood and adolescent substance use, and this pathway was moderated by neighborhood disorder. These results have implications for preventative interventions aimed toward reducing substance use for at-risk adolescents.
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Jensen M, Chassin L, Gonzales NA. Neighborhood Moderation of Sensation Seeking Effects on Adolescent Substance Use Initiation. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1953-1967. [PMID: 28220280 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent substance use carries a considerable public health burden, and early initiation into use is especially problematic. Research has shown that trait sensation seeking increases risk for substance use initiation, but less is known about contextual factors that can potentially unmask this risk. This study utilized a diverse longitudinal subsample of youth (N = 454) from a larger study of familial alcoholism (53.1% female, 61% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 27.8% Hispanic, 11.2% other ethnicity). Study questions examined sensation seeking in early adolescence (mean age = 12.16) and its relations with later substance use initiation (mean age = 15.69), and tested whether neighborhood disadvantage moderated sensation seeking's effects on initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. Neighborhood disadvantage significantly moderated the relation between sensation seeking and all three forms of substance use. For the most part, sensation seeking effects were weakened as neighborhood disadvantage increased, with the most advantaged neighborhoods exhibiting the strongest link between sensation seeking and substance use initiation. These results highlight the importance of focusing on relatively advantaged areas as potentially risky environments for the sensation seeking pathway to substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaeline Jensen
- Center for Developmental Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 E. Franklin Street Suite 200, CB #8115, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-8115, USA.
| | - Laurie Chassin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Nancy A Gonzales
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
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Fine A, Mahler A, Steinberg L, Frick PJ, Cauffman E. Individual in Context: The Role of Impulse Control on the Association between the Home, School, and Neighborhood Developmental Contexts and Adolescent Delinquency. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:1488-1502. [PMID: 27663574 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social ecological theories and decades of supporting research suggest that contexts exert a powerful influence on adolescent delinquency. Individual traits, such as impulse control, also pose a developmental disadvantage to adolescents through increasing risk of delinquency. However, such individual differences may also predispose some youth to struggle more in adverse environments, but also to excel in enriched environments. Despite the prominence of impulse control in both developmental and criminological literatures, researchers are only beginning to consider impulse control as an individual characteristic that may affect developmental outcomes in response to environmental input. Using a racially diverse (Latino 46 %; Black 37 %; White 15 %; other race 2 %) sample of 1,216 first-time, male, juvenile offenders from the longitudinal Crossroads Study, this study examined key interactions between baseline impulse control and the home, school, and neighborhood contexts in relation to delinquency within the following 6 months. The results indicated that even after accounting for prior delinquency, youth in more negative home, school, and neighborhood contexts engaged in the same amount of delinquency in the following 6 months regardless of their level of impulse control. However, the effects of positive home, school, and neighborhood contexts on delinquency were stronger for youth with moderate or high impulse control and minimally affected youth with low impulse control. The findings suggest two risk factors for delinquency: low impulse control as a dispositional vulnerability that operates independently of developmental context, and a second that results from a contextual vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fine
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
| | - Alissa Mahler
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul J Frick
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD, Australia
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