1
|
Li J, Wu H, Zhou Y, Liu M, Zhou Y, Chu J, Kamili E, Wang W, Yang J, Lin L, Zhang Q, Yang S, Xu Y. Characterization and trans-generation dynamics of mitogene pool in the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae101. [PMID: 38922124 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Multicopied mitogenome are prone to mutation during replication often resulting in heteroplasmy. The derived variants in a cell, organ, or an individual animal constitute a mitogene pool. The individual mitogene pool is initiated by a small fraction of the egg mitogene pool. However, the characteristics and relationship between them has not yet been investigated. This study quantitatively analyzed the heteroplasmy landscape, genetic loads, and selection strength of the mitogene pool of egg and hatchling in the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) using high-throughput resequencing. The results showed heteroplasmic sites distribute across the whole mitogenome in both eggs and hatchlings. The dominant substitution was Transversion in eggs and Transition in hatching accounting for 95.23%±2.07% and 85.38%±6.94% of total HP sites, respectively. The total genetic loads were 0.293±0.044 in eggs and 0.228±0.022 in hatchlings (P=0.048). The dN/dS ratio was 58.03±38.98 for eggs and 9.44±3.93 for hatchlings (P=0.037). These results suggest that the mitogenomes were under strong positive selection in eggs with tolerance to variants with deleterious effects, while the selection was positive but much weaker in hatchlings showing marked quality control. Based on these findings, we proposed a trans-generation dynamics model to explain differential development mode of the two mitogene pool between oocyte maturation and ontogenesis of offspring. This study sheds light on significance of mitogene pool for persistence of populations and subsequent integration in ecological studies and conservation practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hengshu Wu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yingna Zhou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Manhong Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yongheng Zhou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jianing Chu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Elizabeth Kamili
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jincheng Yang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lijun Lin
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanchun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sekula M, Tworzydlo W, Bilinski SM. Balbiani body of basal insects is potentially involved in multiplication and selective elimination of mitochondria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8263. [PMID: 38594333 PMCID: PMC11004008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Oocytes of both vertebrates and invertebrates often contain an intricate organelle assemblage, termed the Balbiani body (Bb). It has previously been suggested that this assemblage is involved in the delivery of organelles and macromolecules to the germ plasm, formation of oocyte reserve materials, and transfer of mitochondria to the next generation. To gain further insight into the function of the Bb, we performed a series of analyses and experiments, including computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstructions, detection of DNA (mtDNA) synthesis as well as immunolocalization studies. We showed that in orthopteran Meconema meridionale, the Bb comprises a network of mitochondria and perinuclear nuage aggregations. As oogenesis progresses, the network expands filling almost entire ooplasm, then partitions into several smaller entities, termed micro-networks, and ultimately into individual mitochondria. As in somatic cells, this process involves microfilaments and elements of endoplasmic reticulum. We showed also that at least some of the individual mitochondria are surrounded by phagophores and eliminated via mitophagy. These findings support the idea that the Bb is implicated in the multiplication and selective elimination of (defective) mitochondria and therefore may participate in the transfer of undamaged (healthy) mitochondria to the next generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Sekula
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bahety D, Böke E, Rodríguez-Nuevo A. Mitochondrial morphology, distribution and activity during oocyte development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00064-X. [PMID: 38599901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria have a crucial role in cellular function and exhibit remarkable plasticity, adjusting both their structure and activity to meet the changing energy demands of a cell. Oocytes, female germ cells that become eggs, undergo unique transformations: the extended dormancy period, followed by substantial increase in cell size and subsequent maturation involving the segregation of genetic material for the next generation, present distinct metabolic challenges necessitating varied mitochondrial adaptations. Recent findings in dormant oocytes challenged the established respiratory complex hierarchies and underscored the extent of mitochondrial plasticity in long-lived oocytes. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial adaptations observed during oocyte development across three vertebrate species (Xenopus, mouse, and human), emphasising current knowledge, acknowledging limitations, and outlining future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Bahety
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvan Böke
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aida Rodríguez-Nuevo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang W, Wu F. Effects of adverse fertility-related factors on mitochondrial DNA in the oocyte: a comprehensive review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:27. [PMID: 36932444 PMCID: PMC10021953 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline of oocyte quality has profound impacts on fertilization, implantation, embryonic development, and the genetic quality of future generations. One factor that is often ignored but is involved in the decline of oocyte quality is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) abnormalities. Abnormalities in mtDNA affect the energy production of mitochondria, the dynamic balance of the mitochondrial network, and the pathogenesis of mtDNA diseases in offspring. In this review, we have detailed the characteristics of mtDNA in oocytes and the maternal inheritance of mtDNA. Next, we summarized the mtDNA abnormalities in oocytes derived from aging, diabetes, obesity, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) in an attempt to further elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying the decline in oocyte health. Because multiple infertility factors are often involved when an individual is infertile, a comprehensive understanding of the individual effects of each infertility-related factor on mtDNA is necessary. Herein, we consider the influence of infertility-related factors on the mtDNA of the oocyte as a collective perspective for the first time, providing a supplementary angle and reference for multi-directional improvement strategies of oocyte quality in the future. In addition, we highlight the importance of studying ART-derived mitochondrial abnormalities during every ART procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fuju Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomas L, Putnam A, Folkmann A. Germ granules in development. Development 2023; 150:286764. [PMID: 36715566 PMCID: PMC10165536 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of all germ cells is the presence of germ granules: assemblies of proteins and RNA that lack a delineating membrane and are proposed to form via condensation. Germ granules across organisms share several conserved components, including factors required for germ cell fate determination and maintenance, and are thought to be linked to germ cell development. The molecular functions of germ granules, however, remain incompletely understood. In this Development at a Glance article, we survey germ granules across organisms and developmental stages, and highlight emerging themes regarding granule regulation, dynamics and proposed functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas
- HHMI and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea Putnam
- HHMI and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew Folkmann
- HHMI and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sekula M, Tworzydlo W, Bilinski SM. Morphology and ultrastructure of the Balbiani body in the oocytes of closely related bush cricket species. Shared features reveal important aspect of functioning. ZOOLOGY 2022; 155:126051. [PMID: 36108419 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2022.126051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Balbiani bodies (Bbs) are female germline-specific organelle assemblages usually composed of mitochondria, Golgi complexes, elements of endoplasmic reticulum and accumulations of fine granular material, termed the nuage. Here we present results of morphological and ultrastructural analysis of the Bb of four bush crickets nested in four subfamilies of the family Tettigonidae. This study has revealed that Bbs of closely related species (belonging to the defined evolutionary line) are morphologically rather different. In two species (Meconema meridionale and Pholidoptera griseoaptera) the Bb has the form of a hollow hemisphere that covers a part of the germinal vesicle surface. In contrast, the Bb of Conocephalus fuscus and Leptophyes albovittata is less distinct and surrounds the whole or the majority of the germinal vesicle surface. Aside from this difference, the Bbs of all four studied species are built of identical sets of organelles and, most importantly, share one significant feature: close association of mitochondria and nuage accumulations. We show additionally that mitochondria remaining in direct contact with the nuage are characterized by distinct morphologies e.g. elongated, dumbbell shaped or bifurcated. In the light of our results and literature survey, the ancestral function of the Bb is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Sekula
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo J, Shen S, Xia J, Wang J, Gu Z. Mitochondria as the Essence of Yang Qi in the Human Body. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:336-348. [PMID: 36939762 PMCID: PMC9590506 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Yang Qi in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has many similarities with mitochondria in modern medicine. Both are indispensable to human beings and closely related to life and death. This article discusses the similarities in various aspects between mitochondria and Yang Qi, including body temperature, aging, newborns, circadian rhythm, immunity, and meridian. It is well-known that Yang Qi is vital for human health. Interestingly, decreased mitochondrial function is thought to be key to the development of various diseases. Here, we further explain diseases induced by Yang Qi deficiency, such as cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, sleep disorder, senile dementia, and metabolic diseases, from the perspective of mitochondrial function. We aim to establish similarities and connections between two important concepts, and hope our essay can stimulate further discussion and investigation on unifying important concepts in western medicine and alternative medicine, especially TCM, and provide unique holistic insights into understanding human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shiwei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jingjing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou, 511458 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Broz AK, Keene A, Fernandes Gyorfy M, Hodous M, Johnston IG, Sloan DB. Sorting of mitochondrial and plastid heteroplasmy in Arabidopsis is extremely rapid and depends on MSH1 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206973119. [PMID: 35969753 PMCID: PMC9407294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206973119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of new mitochondrial and plastid mutations depends on their ability to persist and spread among the numerous organellar genome copies within a cell (heteroplasmy). The extent to which heteroplasmies are transmitted across generations or eliminated through genetic bottlenecks is not well understood in plants, in part because their low mutation rates make these variants so infrequent. Disruption of MutS Homolog 1 (MSH1), a gene involved in plant organellar DNA repair, results in numerous de novo point mutations, which we used to quantitatively track the inheritance of single nucleotide variants in mitochondrial and plastid genomes in Arabidopsis. We found that heteroplasmic sorting (the fixation or loss of a variant) was rapid for both organelles, greatly exceeding rates observed in animals. In msh1 mutants, plastid variants sorted faster than those in mitochondria and were typically fixed or lost within a single generation. Effective transmission bottleneck sizes (N) for plastids and mitochondria were N ∼ 1 and 4, respectively. Restoring MSH1 function further increased the rate of heteroplasmic sorting in mitochondria (N ∼ 1.3), potentially because of its hypothesized role in promoting gene conversion as a mechanism of DNA repair, which is expected to homogenize genome copies within a cell. Heteroplasmic sorting also favored GC base pairs. Therefore, recombinational repair and gene conversion in plant organellar genomes can potentially accelerate the elimination of heteroplasmies and bias the outcome of this sorting process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Alexandra Keene
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | - Mychaela Hodous
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Iain G. Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5007, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5007, Norway
| | - Daniel B. Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Żelazowska M, Kujawa R. Microscopic study of the primary growth ovarian follicles of the pike-perch Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus 1758) (Actinopterygii, Perciformes). Micron 2022; 160:103318. [PMID: 35759902 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ovaries of Sander lucioperca (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) are made up of the germinal epithelium and ovarian follicles, in which primary oocytes grow. Each follicle is composed of an oocyte surrounded by flattened follicular cells, the basal lamina, and thecal cells. The early stages of oocyte development (primary growth = previtellogenesis) are not fully explained in this species. The results of research with the use of stereoscopic, light, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopes on ovarian follicles containing developing primary oocytes of S. lucioperca are presented. The polarization and ultrastructure of oocytes are described and discussed. The deposition of egg envelopes during the primary growth and the ultrastructure of the eggshell in maturing follicles of S. lucioperca are also presented. Nuclei in primary oocytes comprise lampbrush chromosomes, nuclear bodies, and nucleoli. Numerous additional nucleoli arise in the nucleoplasm during primary growth and locate close to the nuclear envelope. The Balbiani body in the cytoplasm of oocytes (ooplasm) is composed of nuage aggregations of nuclear origin and mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus. The presence of the Balbiani body was reported in oocytes of numerous species of Actinopterygii; however, its ultrastructure was investigated in a limited number of species. In primary oocytes of S. lucioperca, the Balbiani body is initially located in the perinuclear ooplasm on one side of the nucleus. Next, it surrounds the nucleus, expands toward the plasma membrane of oocytes (oolemma), and becomes fragmented. Within the Balbiani body, the granular nuage condenses in the form of threads, locates near the oolemma, at the vegetal oocyte pole, and then dissolves. Mitochondria and cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are present between the threads. During primary growth micropylar cells differentiate in the follicular epithelium. They contain cisternae and vesicles of the RER and Golgi apparatus as well as numerous dense vesicles suggesting high synthetic and secretory activity. During the final step of primary growth several follicular cells delaminate from the follicular epithelium, migrate toward the oocyte and submerge in the most external egg envelope. In the ooplasm, three regions are distinguished: perinuclear, endoplasm, and periplasm. Cortical alveoli arise in the perinuclear ooplasm and in the endoplasm as a result of the fusion of RER vesicles with Golgi ones. They are evenly distributed. Lamellar bodies in the periplasm store the plasma membrane and release it into a space between the follicular cells and the oocyte. The developing eggshell in this space is made up of two egg envelopes (the internal one and the external) that are pierced by canals formed around the microvilli of oocytes and the processes of follicular cells. In the deposition of egg envelopes the oocyte itself and follicular cells are engaged. In maturing ovarian follicles the eggshell is solid and the internal egg envelope is covered with protuberances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Żelazowska
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Roman Kujawa
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bogoch Y, Jamieson-Lucy A, Vejnar CE, Levy K, Giraldez AJ, Mullins MC, Elkouby YM. Stage Specific Transcriptomic Analysis and Database for Zebrafish Oogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826892. [PMID: 35733854 PMCID: PMC9207522 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oogenesis produces functional eggs and is essential for fertility, embryonic development, and reproduction. The zebrafish ovary is an excellent model to study oogenesis in vertebrates, and recent studies have identified multiple regulators in oocyte development through forward genetic screens, as well as reverse genetics by CRISPR mutagenesis. However, many developmental steps in oogenesis, in zebrafish and other species, remain poorly understood, and their underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we take a genomic approach to systematically uncover biological activities throughout oogenesis. We performed transcriptomic analysis on five stages of oogenesis, from the onset of oocyte differentiation through Stage III, which precedes oocyte maturation. These transcriptomes revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes across stages of oogenesis. We analyzed trends of gene expression dynamics along oogenesis, as well as their expression in pair-wise comparisons between stages. We determined their functionally enriched terms, identifying uniquely characteristic biological activities in each stage. These data identified two prominent developmental phases in oocyte differentiation and traced the accumulation of maternally deposited embryonic regulator transcripts in the developing oocyte. Our analysis provides the first molecular description for oogenesis in zebrafish, which we deposit online as a resource for the community. Further, the presence of multiple gene paralogs in zebrafish, and the exclusive curation by many bioinformatic tools of the single paralogs present in humans, challenge zebrafish genomic analyses. We offer an approach for converting zebrafish gene name nomenclature to the human nomenclature for supporting genomic analyses generally in zebrafish. Altogether, our work provides a valuable resource as a first step to uncover oogenesis mechanisms and candidate regulators and track accumulating transcripts of maternal regulators of embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Bogoch
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Allison Jamieson-Lucy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Karine Levy
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Mary C. Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yaniv M. Elkouby
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Charitonidou K, Panteris E, Ganias K. Balbiani body formation and cytoplasmic zonation during early oocyte development in two Clupeiform fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1223-1232. [PMID: 35244939 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Balbiani body (Bb) was examined in primary growth phase oocytes for the first time in two clupeoid fish species, the Mediterranean sardine, Sardina pilchardus, and the European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, which belong to different families, Clupeidae and Engraulidae, respectively. Cytoplasmic morphological changes of early secondary growth oocytes were also investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy, light and transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural observations showed that the two species develop a distinct spherical Bb. However, differences in the cytoplasm, mainly in the perinuclear area, were observed. Briefly, in sardine the Bb coexists with a thick perinuclear ring containing mitochondria, nuage, endoplasmic reticulum and small vesicles, while in anchovy this perinuclear ring is thinner, consisting of complexes of nuage and mitochondria. After the disassembly of the Bb, a prominent cytoplasmic zonation develops in the secondary growth oocytes of sardine and anchovy, although with different organelle distribution between the two species. Sardine oocytes exhibit a thick zone of endoplasmic reticulum around the nucleus, whereas in those of anchovy, a thick mitochondria-rich ring surrounding the nucleus was observed. The cytoplasmic characteristics, such as the perinuclear ring in primary oocytes in sardine and the mitochondria-rich ring of early secondary oocytes in anchovy, are also discernible in histological sections by standard procedures and could thus be used as indicators of maturity or imminent spawning period in routine light microscopy observations, providing a valuable tool for applied fisheries biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Charitonidou
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Ganias
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang C, Dominique GM, Champion MM, Huber PW. Remnants of the Balbiani body are required for formation of RNA transport granules in Xenopus oocytes. iScience 2022; 25:103878. [PMID: 35243240 PMCID: PMC8861640 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Balbiani body (Bb), an organelle comprised of mitochondria, ER, and RNA, is found in the oocytes of most organisms. In Xenopus, the structure is initially positioned immediately adjacent to the nucleus, extends toward the vegetal pole, and eventually disperses, leaving behind a region highly enriched in mitochondria. This area is later transversed by RNP complexes that are being localized to the vegetal cortex. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis prevents perinuclear formation of the transport complexes that can be reversed by a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, indicating the nucleotide is acting as a hydrotrope. The protein composition, sensitivity to hexanediol, and coalescence in the absence of transport provide evidence that the transport RNP complexes are biocondensates. The breakdown of the Bb engenders regions of clustered mitochondria that are used not to meet extraordinary energy demands, but rather to promote a liquid-liquid phase separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gena M. Dominique
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Paul W. Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li W, Jiang C, Zhang E. Advances in the phase separation-organized membraneless organelles in cells: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:4929-4946. [PMID: 35116344 PMCID: PMC8797891 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are micro-compartments that lack delimiting membranes, concentrating several macro-molecules with a high local concentration in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have shown that MLOs have pivotal roles in multiple biological processes, including gene transcription, RNA metabolism, translation, protein modification, and signal transduction. These biological processes in cells have essential functions in many diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and virus-related diseases. The liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) microenvironment within cells is thought to be the driving force for initiating the formation of micro-compartments with a liquid-like property, becoming an important organizing principle for MLOs to mediate organism responses. In this review, we comprehensively elucidated the formation of these MLOs and the relationship between biological functions and associated diseases. The mechanisms underlying the influence of protein concentration and valency on phase separation in cells are also discussed. MLOs undergoing the LLPS process have diverse functions, including stimulation of some adaptive and reversible responses to alter the transcriptional or translational processes, regulation of the concentrations of biomolecules in living cells, and maintenance of cell morphogenesis. Finally, we highlight that the development of this field could pave the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of LLPS-related diseases based on the understanding of phase separation in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Erhao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen Y, Fang X, Tian XQ, Cui Z, Feng HY, Qiu GF. Germ plasm and the origin of the primordial germ cells in the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:559-569. [PMID: 34599688 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Germ plasm is a special cytoplasmic component containing special RNAs and proteins, and is located in specific regions of oocytes and embryos. Only the blastomeres inheriting the germ plasm can develop into primordial germ cells (PGCs). By using Vasa mRNA as a germline marker, we previously demonstrated that germline specification followed the preformation mode in the prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. In this study, we raised the Vasa antibody to identify germ plasm in the oocyte and trace the origin and migration of PGCs. In previtellogenic oocytes, Vasa protein was detected in the perinuclear region, in which electron-dense granules associated with numerous mitochondria were mostly visualized under a transmission electron microscope. In mature oocytes, immunosignal was localized to a large granule under the plasma membrane. During early embryogenesis, the granule was inherited by a single blastomere from 1-cell to 16-cell stages, and thereafter was segregated into two daughter blastomeres at the 32-cell stage. In gastrula, the Vasa-positive cells were large with typical PGC characteristics, containing a big round nucleus and a prominent nucleolus. The immunosignal was localized to the perinuclear region again. In the zoea stage, the Vasa-positive cells migrated toward the genital ridge and clustered in the dorsomedial region close to the yolk portion. Accordingly, we concluded that the prawn PGCs could be specified from the 16-cell stage by inheriting the germplasm. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of the prawn germ plasm and PGCs. The continuous expression of Vasa protein throughout oogenesis and embryogenesis suggests that Vasa protein could be an important factor in germ plasm that functions in early germ cell specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hai-Yang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Gao-Feng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Pudong New Area, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Piccinini G, Iannello M, Puccio G, Plazzi F, Havird JC, Ghiselli F. Mitonuclear Coevolution, but not Nuclear Compensation, Drives Evolution of OXPHOS Complexes in Bivalves. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2597-2614. [PMID: 33616640 PMCID: PMC8136519 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Metazoa, four out of five complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are formed by subunits encoded by both the mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nuDNA) genomes, leading to the expectation of mitonuclear coevolution. Previous studies have supported coadaptation of mitochondria-encoded (mtOXPHOS) and nuclear-encoded OXPHOS (nuOXPHOS) subunits, often specifically interpreted with regard to the “nuclear compensation hypothesis,” a specific form of mitonuclear coevolution where nuclear genes compensate for deleterious mitochondrial mutations due to less efficient mitochondrial selection. In this study, we analyzed patterns of sequence evolution of 79 OXPHOS subunits in 31 bivalve species, a taxon showing extraordinary mtDNA variability and including species with “doubly uniparental” mtDNA inheritance. Our data showed strong and clear signals of mitonuclear coevolution. NuOXPHOS subunits had concordant topologies with mtOXPHOS subunits, contrary to previous phylogenies based on nuclear genes lacking mt interactions. Evolutionary rates between mt and nuOXPHOS subunits were also highly correlated compared with non-OXPHO-interacting nuclear genes. Nuclear subunits of chimeric OXPHOS complexes (I, III, IV, and V) also had higher dN/dS ratios than Complex II, which is formed exclusively by nuDNA-encoded subunits. However, we did not find evidence of nuclear compensation: mitochondria-encoded subunits showed similar dN/dS ratios compared with nuclear-encoded subunits, contrary to most previously studied bilaterian animals. Moreover, no site-specific signals of compensatory positive selection were detected in nuOXPHOS genes. Our analyses extend the evidence for mitonuclear coevolution to a new taxonomic group, but we propose a reconsideration of the nuclear compensation hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piccinini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iannello
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Puccio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Plazzi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Justin C Havird
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Fabrizio Ghiselli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Colnaghi M, Pomiankowski A, Lane N. The need for high-quality oocyte mitochondria at extreme ploidy dictates mammalian germline development. eLife 2021; 10:69344. [PMID: 34279226 PMCID: PMC8337077 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection against deleterious mitochondrial mutations is facilitated by germline processes, lowering the risk of genetic diseases. How selection works is disputed: experimental data are conflicting and previous modeling work has not clarified the issues; here, we develop computational and evolutionary models that compare the outcome of selection at the level of individuals, cells and mitochondria. Using realistic de novo mutation rates and germline development parameters from mouse and humans, the evolutionary model predicts the observed prevalence of mitochondrial mutations and diseases in human populations. We show the importance of organelle-level selection, seen in the selective pooling of mitochondria into the Balbiani body, in achieving high-quality mitochondria at extreme ploidy in mature oocytes. Alternative mechanisms debated in the literature, bottlenecks and follicular atresia, are unlikely to account for the clinical data, because neither process effectively eliminates mitochondrial mutations under realistic conditions. Our findings explain the major features of female germline architecture, notably the longstanding paradox of over-proliferation of primordial germ cells followed by massive loss. The near-universality of these processes across animal taxa makes sense in light of the need to maintain mitochondrial quality at extreme ploidy in mature oocytes, in the absence of sex and recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colnaghi
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pomiankowski
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Lane
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jeedigunta SP, Minenkova AV, Palozzi JM, Hurd TR. Avoiding Extinction: Recent Advances in Understanding Mechanisms of Mitochondrial DNA Purifying Selection in the Germline. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2021; 22:55-80. [PMID: 34038145 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-121420-081805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are unusual organelles in that they contain their own genomes, which are kept apart from the rest of the DNA in the cell. While mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is essential for respiration and most multicellular life, maintaining a genome outside the nucleus brings with it a number of challenges. Chief among these is preserving mtDNA genomic integrity from one generation to the next. In this review, we discuss what is known about negative (purifying) selection mechanisms that prevent deleterious mutations from accumulating in mtDNA in the germline. Throughout, we focus on the female germline, as it is the tissue through which mtDNA is inherited in most organisms and, therefore, the tissue that most profoundly shapes the genome. We discuss recent progress in uncovering the mechanisms of germline mtDNA selection, from humans to invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi P Jeedigunta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;
| | - Anastasia V Minenkova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;
| | - Jonathan M Palozzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;
| | - Thomas R Hurd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang Y, Ning C, Li Y, Wang Y, Hu J, Liu Y, Zhang M, Sun Y, Gu W, Zhang Y, Sun J, Xu S. Dynamic changes in mitochondrial DNA, morphology, and fission during oogenesis of a seasonal-breeding teleost, Pampus argenteus. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101558. [PMID: 34044232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play crucial roles during oocyte development. In this study, we have investigated mitochondrial morphology, mtDNA, Ca2+-ATP enzyme activity, and mitochondrial fission factor (mff) expression levels during oogenesis of the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus. The mtDNA increased with oocyte development, and mitochondrial morphology and distribution were stage-specific. In the perinucleolar oocytes, oval mitochondria were dispersed in the cytoplasm. In previtellogenic oocytes, mitochondria massively increased and aggregated, forming mitochondrial clouds. At the same time, two morphologically different types of mitochondria had been distinguished, one of which was elongated with well-developed cristae, and the other was round with distorted and fused cristae. During vitellogenesis, the increases in mitochondria with well-developed cristae and in Ca2+-ATPase enzymatic activity were accompanied by an accumulation of yolk substance, suggesting the possible participation of mitochondria in the formation of vitellogenesis. Furthermore, we examined the cDNA of mff its transcript levels in relation to oocyte development. The transcript levels of mff were high in the perinucleolar stage, increasing to the highest level at the previtellogenic stage. Immunocytochemistry showed that MFF was detected in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic and midvitellogenic oocytes. We speculated that the mff-mediated mitochondrial fission may play a crucial role in oocyte development, especially in vitellogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.
| | - Chao Ning
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaya Li
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jiabao Hu
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Man Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yibo Sun
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiwei Gu
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiachu Sun
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanliang Xu
- College of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Filimonova S. Female reproductive system and oogenesis in the mite Bakericheyla chanayi. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 62:101047. [PMID: 33770520 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of the female reproductive system of a cheyletid mite Bakericheyla chanayi (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) is investigated for the first time. This system consists of an unpaired ovary, glandular oviduct, receptaculum seminis, long cuticle-lined vagina, and genital atrium terminating in the genital opening. A separate sperm access system has not been found. The receptaculum seminis opens into the distal oviduct region, where fertilization apparently takes place. The ovary contains clusters of oogonia (cystocytes), clustered early meiotic cells, a few growing previtellogenic oocytes, and 3 large nurse cells. The dorsal ovarian region is occupied by the clusters of bacteriocytes which harbor symbiotic bacteria. Oocytes undergo vitellogenesis in individual ovarian pouches, each connected to the corresponding nurse cell by an intercellular bridge. The fine structure of the bridge suggests transport between the interconnected cells in the course of vitellogenesis. The population of cystocytes was shown to be heterogenic. The electron-light cells enter meiosis and develop into the oocytes or nurse cells. The electron-dense cystocytes do not show meiotic transformation and probably give rise to the bacteriocytes. The early development of the nurse cells and oocytes is similar and accompanied by the blebbing of the nuclear envelope, appearance of nuage material and Balbiani bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Filimonova
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Petrushko MP, Buderatska NO, Gontar JV, Yurchuk TO. Morphological and Molecular Cytogenetic Characteristics of Giant Human Oocytes. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Mukherjee N, Mukherjee C. Germ cell ribonucleoprotein granules in different clades of life: From insects to mammals. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1642. [PMID: 33555143 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are no newcomers in biology. Found in all life forms, ranging across taxa, these membrane-less "organelles" have been classified into different categories based on their composition, structure, behavior, function, and localization. Broadly, they can be listed as stress granules (SGs), processing bodies (PBs), neuronal granules (NGs), and germ cell granules (GCGs). Keeping in line with the topic of this review, RNP granules present in the germ cells have been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions including cellular specification, differentiation, proliferation, and so forth. The mechanisms used by them can be diverse and many of them remain partly obscure and active areas of research. GCGs can be of different types in different organisms and at different stages of development, with multiple types coexisting in the same cell. In this review, the different known subcategories of GCGs have been studied with respect to five distinct model organisms, namely, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus, Zebrafish, and mammals. Of them, the cytoplasmic polar granules in Drosophila, P granules in C. elegans, balbiani body in Xenopus and Zebrafish, and chromatoid bodies in mammals have been specifically emphasized upon. A descriptive account of the same has been provided along with insights into our current understanding of their functional significance with respect to cellular events relating to different developmental and reproductive processes. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kamnate A, Sirisin J, Polsan Y, Chomphoo S, Watanabe M, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. In situ localization of diacylglycerol lipase α and β producing an endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and of cannabinoid receptor 1 in the primary oocytes of postnatal mice. J Anat 2021; 238:1330-1340. [PMID: 33398893 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanism of the endocannabinoid (eCB) signal, which has so far been shown to work in oocyte genesis and maturation, it is critical to clarify detailed localization of the eCB synthesizing enzyme molecules as well as receptors for eCBs in oocytes in the ovary in situ. For this purpose, diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) α and β are involved in the synthesis of an eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). DGLα/β and the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) for 2-AG were shown to be localized to the primary oocytes of postnatal mice using immuno-light and electron microscopy. It was found that two types of localization existed: first, immunoreactivities for DGLα and β were weakly detected throughout the ooplasm in light microscopy for which the intracellular membranes of vesicles forming tiny scattered aggregates were responsible. Secondly, DGLβ-immunoreactivity was distinctly confined to the nuage of Balbiani bodies and small nuage-derivative structures; both amorphous materials and membranes of vesicles were responsible for their localization. On the other hand, the weak immunoreactivity for CB1 was localized in a pattern similar to the first one for DGLs, but not found in a pattern for the Balbiani nuage. Two routes of functional exertion of 2-AG synthesized by DGLs were suggested from the two types of localization: one was that the eCB synthesized at all the sites of DGLs is released from the oocytes and exerts paracrine or autocrine effects on adjacent intra-ovarian cells as well as the oocytes themselves. The other was that the eCB synthesized within the nuage was involved in the modulation of the posttranscriptional processing of oocytes. Owing to the failure in the detection of CB1 in the Balbiani nuage, however, the validity of the latter possibility remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anussara Kamnate
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Juthathip Sirisin
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yada Polsan
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Surang Chomphoo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Emenecker RJ, Holehouse AS, Strader LC. Emerging Roles for Phase Separation in Plants. Dev Cell 2020; 55:69-83. [PMID: 33049212 PMCID: PMC7577370 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell internal environment is a dynamic, intricate landscape composed of many intracellular compartments. Cells organize some cellular components through formation of biomolecular condensates-non-stoichiometric assemblies of protein and/or nucleic acids. In many cases, phase separation appears to either underly or contribute to the formation of biomolecular condensates. Many canonical membraneless compartments within animal cells form in a manner that is at least consistent with phase separation, including nucleoli, stress granules, Cajal bodies, and numerous additional bodies, regulated by developmental and environmental stimuli. In this Review, we examine the emerging roles for phase separation in plants. Further, drawing on studies carried out in other organisms, we identify cellular phenomenon in plants that might also arise via phase separation. We propose that plants make use of phase separation to a much greater extent than has been previously appreciated, implicating phase separation as an evolutionarily ancient mechanism for cellular organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Emenecker
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sekula M, Tworzydlo W, Bilinski SM. Morphogenesis of the Balbiani body in developing oocytes of an orthopteran, Metrioptera brachyptera, and multiplication of female germline mitochondria. J Morphol 2020; 281:1142-1151. [PMID: 32767591 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Balbiani body (Bb) is a female germline specific organelle complex. Although the morphology and morphogenesis of the Bb have been analyzed in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species, the role and ultimate fate of this organelle assemblage are still under debate. As a result, various functions have been attributed to the Bb in given animal lineages or even species. Our analyses showed that in the bush cricket, Metrioptera brachyptera, the Bb is an elaborate and highly dynamic structure positioned at one side of the oocyte nucleus. It forms in early previtellogenic oocytes and consists of two compartments: perinuclear and cytoplasmic. In the cytoplasmic compartment, characteristic complexes of nuage and polymorphous mitochondria are present. Computer-aided 3D reconstructions revealed that mitochondria clustered around neighboring nuage accumulations remain in a physical contact and form an extensive, though dispersed network. As oogenesis progresses, nuage/mitochondria complexes are partitioned into progressively smaller entities that become separated from each other. Concurrently, the mitochondrial network splits into small individual mitochondria populating the whole ooplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the latter process involves dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Collectively, our findings suggest that in basal insect species, the Bb might be responsible for the selection as well as multiplication of the oocyte mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Sekula
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Żelazowska M, Halajian A. Asymmetry in the cytoplasm of oocytes of largescale yellowfish Labeobarbus marequensis Smith 1841 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). J Morphol 2020; 281:997-1009. [PMID: 32562511 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ovaries of the largescale yellowfish, Labeobarbus marequensis (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), are made up of the germinal epithelium, nests of late chromatin nucleolus stage oocytes, and ovarian follicles. Each follicle is composed of a single oocyte, which is surrounded by somatic follicular cells and a basal lamina covered by thecal cells. We describe polarization and ultrastructure of oocytes during the primary growth stage. The oocyte nucleus contains lampbrush chromosomes, nuclear bodies and fibrillar material in which multiple nucleoli arise. Nuage aggregations composed of material of a nuclear origin are present in the perinuclear cytoplasm. The Balbiani body (Bb) contains aggregations of nuage, rough endoplasmic reticulum, individual mitochondria and complexes of mitochondria with nuage (cement). Some mitochondria in the Bb come into close contact with endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and vesicles that contain granular material. At the start of primary growth, the Bb is present in the cytoplasm close to the nucleus. Next, it expands towards the oocyte plasma membrane. In these oocytes, a spherical structure, the so-called yolk nucleus, arises in the Bb. It consists of granular nuage in which mitochondria and vesicles containing granular material are immersed. Later, the Bb becomes fragmented and a fully grown yolk nucleus is present in the vegetal region. It contains numerous threads composed of granular nuage, mitochondria, lysosome-like organelles and autophagosomes. We discuss the formation of autophagosomes in the cytoplasm of primary growth oocytes. During the final step of primary growth, the cortical alveoli arise in the cytoplasm and are distributed evenly. The eggshell is deposited on the external surface of the oocyte plasma membrane and is made up of two egg envelopes that are pierced by numerous pore canals. The external egg envelope is covered in protuberances. During primary growth no lipid droplets are synthesized or stored in the oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Żelazowska
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ali Halajian
- DST-NRF SARChI Research Chair (Ecosystem Health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghiselli F, Maurizii MG, Reunov A, Ariño-Bassols H, Cifaldi C, Pecci A, Alexandrova Y, Bettini S, Passamonti M, Franceschini V, Milani L. Natural Heteroplasmy and Mitochondrial Inheritance in Bivalve Molluscs. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1016-1032. [PMID: 31120503 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of mitochondrial genome within an individual, a condition commonly reported as unfavorable and affecting mitonuclear interactions. So far, no study has investigated heteroplasmy at protein level, and whether it occurs within tissues, cells, or even organelles. The only known evolutionarily stable and natural heteroplasmic system in Metazoa is the Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI)-reported so far in ∼100 bivalve species-in which two mitochondrial lineages are present: one transmitted through eggs (F-type) and the other through sperm (M-type). Because of such segregation, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins reach a high amino acid sequence divergence (up to 52%) between the two lineages in the same species. Natural heteroplasmy coupled with high sequence divergence between F- and M-type proteins provides a unique opportunity to study their expression and assess the level and extent of heteroplasmy. Here, for the first time, we immunolocalized F- and M-type variants of three mitochondrially-encoded proteins in the DUI species Ruditapes philippinarum, in germline and somatic tissues at different developmental stages. We found heteroplasmy at organelle level in undifferentiated germ cells of both sexes, and in male soma, whereas gametes were homoplasmic: eggs for the F-type and sperm for the M-type. Thus, during gametogenesis, only the sex-specific mitochondrial variant is maintained, likely due to a process of meiotic drive. We examine the implications of our results for DUI proposing a revised model, and we discuss interactions of mitochondria with germ plasm and their role in germline development. Molecular and phylogenetic evidence suggests that DUI evolved from the common Strictly Maternal Inheritance, so the two systems likely share the same underlying molecular mechanism, making DUI a useful system for studying mitochondrial biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ghiselli
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Maurizii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Arkadiy Reunov
- National Scientific Centre of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Far Eastern Branch, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.,Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish N.S. B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Helena Ariño-Bassols
- Departamento de Fisiología e Inmunología, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carmine Cifaldi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Andrea Pecci
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Yana Alexandrova
- National Scientific Centre of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Far Eastern Branch, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Simone Bettini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Marco Passamonti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Valeria Franceschini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Liliana Milani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tworzydlo W, Sekula M, Bilinski SM. Transmission of Functional, Wild-Type Mitochondria and the Fittest mtDNA to the Next Generation: Bottleneck Phenomenon, Balbiani Body, and Mitophagy. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E104. [PMID: 31963356 PMCID: PMC7016935 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important role of mitochondria is to supply cells with metabolic energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As synthesis of ATP molecules is accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly vulnerable to impairment and, consequently, accumulation of deleterious mutations. In most animals, mitochondria are transmitted to the next generation maternally, i.e., exclusively from female germline cells (oocytes and eggs). It has been suggested, in this context, that a specialized mechanism must operate in the developing oocytes enabling escape from the impairment and subsequent transmission of accurate (devoid of mutations) mtDNA from one generation to the next. Literature survey suggest that two distinct and irreplaceable pathways of mitochondria transmission may be operational in various animal lineages. In some taxa, the mitochondria are apparently selected: functional mitochondria with high inner membrane potential are transferred to the cells of the embryo, whereas those with low membrane potential (overloaded with mutations in mtDNA) are eliminated by mitophagy. In other species, the respiratory activity of germline mitochondria is suppressed and ROS production alleviated leading to the same final effect, i.e., transmission of undamaged mitochondria to offspring, via an entirely different route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Szczepan M. Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (W.T.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Albertini DF. Phase transitions in human ARTs: fertility preservation comes of age. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:1763-1765. [PMID: 31432303 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
29
|
Żelazowska M, Halajian A. Previtellogenic oocytes of South African largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides
Lacépède 1802 (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) - the Balbiani body, cortical alveoli and developing eggshell. J Morphol 2019; 280:360-369. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Żelazowska
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - Ali Halajian
- Department of Biodiversity; University of Limpopo; Sovenga South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bilinski SM, Jaglarz MK, Tworzydlo W. Organelle assemblages implicated in the transfer of oocyte components to the embryo: an insect perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 31:1-7. [PMID: 31109662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Besides reserve materials (yolk spheres, lipid droplets), ribosomes and various mRNA species, insect oocytes contain large easily morphologically recognizable organelle assemblages: the Balbiani body and the oosome (pole plasm). These assemblages are implicated in the transfer of oocyte components (mitochondria, polar granules) to the embryo that is to offspring. Here, we review present knowledge of morphology, morphogenesis, molecular composition and function/s of these assemblages. We discuss also the morphogenesis and presumed function of unconventional organelle assemblages, dormant stacks of endoplasmic reticulum, recently described in the oocytes and early embryos of a viviparous dermapteran, Hemimerus talpoides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan M Bilinski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Mariusz K Jaglarz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jamieson-Lucy A, Mullins MC. The vertebrate Balbiani body, germ plasm, and oocyte polarity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 135:1-34. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
32
|
Del Pino EM. Embryogenesis of Marsupial Frogs (Hemiphractidae), and the Changes that Accompany Terrestrial Development in Frogs. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:379-418. [PMID: 31598865 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The developmental adaptations of the marsupial frogs Gastrotheca riobambae and Flectonotus pygmaeus (Hemiphractidae) are described and compared with frogs belonging to seven additional families. Incubation of embryos by the mother in marsupial frogs is associated with changes in the anatomy and physiology of the female, modifications of oogenesis, and extraordinary changes in embryonic development. The comparison of early development reveals that gene expression is highly conserved. However, the timing of gene expression varies between frog species. There are two modes of gastrulation according to the onset of convergent extension. In gastrulation mode 1, convergent extension is an intrinsic mechanism of gastrulation. This gastrulation mode occurs in frogs with aquatic reproduction, such as Xenopus laevis. In gastrulation mode 2, convergent extension occurs after the completion of gastrulation movements. Gastrulation mode 2 occurs in frogs with terrestrial reproduction, such as the marsupial frog, G. riobambae. The two modes of frog gastrulation resemble the two transitions toward meroblastic cleavage of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). The comparison indicates that a major event in the evolution of frog terrestrial development is the separation of convergent extension from gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia M Del Pino
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Milani L, Maurizii MG. Insights into Germline Development and Differentiation in Molluscs and Reptiles: The Use of Molecular Markers in the Study of Non-model Animals. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:321-353. [PMID: 31598863 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When shifting research focus from model to non-model species, many differences in the working approach should be taken into account and usually methodological modifications are required because of the lack of genetics/genomics and developmental information for the vast majority of organisms. This lack of data accounts for the largely incomplete understanding of how the two components-genes and developmental programs-are intermingled in the process of evolution. A deeper level of knowledge was reached for a few model animals, making it possible to understand some of the processes that guide developmental changes during evolutionary time. However, it is often difficult to transfer the obtained information to other, even closely related, animals. In this chapter, we present and discuss some examples, such as the choice of molecular markers to be used to characterize differentiation and developmental processes. The chosen examples pertain to the study of germline in molluscs, reptiles, and other non-model animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Milani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Maurizii
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The subphylum Chelicerata represents one of the oldest groups among arthropods and comprises more than a dozen orders. Representatives of particular orders differ significantly in their external morphology, reproductive biology, behavior, and structure of internal organs, e.g. of the respiratory system. However, in almost all chelicerates (excluding some mites) the female gonads show a similar architecture. In this chapter, the chelicerate-type ovary structure and the course of oogenesis are described. Structural and functional diversities of the chelicerate-type ovary in non-matrotrophic and matrotrophic arachnids are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jędrzejowska
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Germ plasm provides clues on meiosis: the concerted action of germ plasm granules and mitochondria in gametogenesis of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. ZYGOTE 2018; 27:25-35. [PMID: 30523771 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199418000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryGerm plasm-related structures (GPRS) are known to accompany meiotic cell differentiation but their dynamics are still poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the ultrastructural mechanisms of GPRS transformation during oogenesis and spermatogenesis of the bivalve mollusc Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam), exploring patterns of GPRS activity occurring at meiosis onset, sex-specific difference/similarity of such patterns, and the involvement of mitochondria during GPRS-assigned events. In the two sexes, the zygotene-pachytene stage of meiosis is anticipated by three shared steps. First, the dispersion of germ plasm granules containing the germ line determinant VASA occurs. Second, the VASA protein deriving from germ plasm granules enters neighbouring mitochondria and appears to induce mitochondrial matter release, as supported by cytochrome B localization outside the mitochondria. Third, intranuclear VASA entrance occurs and the protein appears involved in chromatin reorganization, as supported by VASA localization in synaptonemal complexes. In spermatogenesis, these three steps are sufficient for the normal course of meiosis. In oogenesis, these are followed by the action of 'germ plasm granule formation complex', a novel type of structure that appears alternative to the Balbiani body. The possibility of germ plasm involvement in reproductive technologies is also suggested.
Collapse
|
36
|
Roovers EF, Kaaij LJT, Redl S, Bronkhorst AW, Wiebrands K, de Jesus Domingues AM, Huang HY, Han CT, Riemer S, Dosch R, Salvenmoser W, Grün D, Butter F, van Oudenaarden A, Ketting RF. Tdrd6a Regulates the Aggregation of Buc into Functional Subcellular Compartments that Drive Germ Cell Specification. Dev Cell 2018; 46:285-301.e9. [PMID: 30086300 PMCID: PMC6084408 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phase separation represents an important form of subcellular compartmentalization. However, relatively little is known about how the formation or disassembly of such compartments is regulated. In zebrafish, the Balbiani body (Bb) and the germ plasm (Gp) are intimately linked phase-separated structures essential for germ cell specification and home to many germ cell-specific mRNAs and proteins. Throughout development, these structures occur as a single large aggregate (Bb), which disperses throughout oogenesis and upon fertilization accumulates again into relatively large assemblies (Gp). Formation of the Bb requires Bucky ball (Buc), a protein with prion-like properties. We found that the multi-tudor domain-containing protein Tdrd6a interacts with Buc, affecting its mobility and aggregation properties. Importantly, lack of this regulatory interaction leads to significant defects in germ cell development. Our work presents insights into how prion-like protein aggregations can be regulated and highlights the biological relevance of such regulatory events. Tdrd6a is required for Bucky ball mobility within aggregates, and for PGC formation Maternal Tdrd6a coordinates transcript deposition into future PGCs A dimethylated tri-RG motif in Bucky ball mediates interaction with Tdrd6a The tri-RG motif is essential for Balbiani body and germ cell formation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elke F Roovers
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucas J T Kaaij
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Redl
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alfred W Bronkhorst
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kay Wiebrands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chung-Ting Han
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany; CeGaT GmbH, Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Riemer
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Dosch
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology, Center of Molecular Bioscience, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraβe 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominic Grün
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René F Ketting
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chiaratti MR, Garcia BM, Carvalho KF, Machado TS, Ribeiro FKDS, Macabelli CH. The role of mitochondria in the female germline: Implications to fertility and inheritance of mitochondrial diseases. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:711-724. [PMID: 29418047 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a fundamental role during development of the female germline. They are fragmented, round, and small. Despite these characteristics suggesting that they are inactive, there is accumulating evidence that mitochondrial dysfunctions are a major cause of infertility and generation of aneuploidies in humans. In addition, mitochondria and their own genomes (mitochondrial DNA-mtDNA) may become damaged with time, which might be one reason why aging leads to infertility. As a result, mitochondria have been proposed as an important target for evaluating oocyte and embryo quality, and developing treatments for female infertility. On the other hand, mutations in mtDNA may cause mitochondrial dysfunctions, leading to severe diseases that affect 1 in 4,300 people. Moreover, very low levels of mutated mtDNA seem to be present in every person worldwide. These may increase with time and associate with late-onset degenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and common cancers. Mutations in mtDNA are transmitted down the maternal lineage, following a poorly understood pattern of inheritance. Recent findings have indicated existence in the female germline of a purifying filter against deleterious mtDNA variants. Although the underlying mechanism of this filter is largely unknown, it has been suggested to rely on autophagic degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria or selective replication/transmission of non-deleterious variants. Thus, understanding the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial inheritance is important both to improve diagnosis and develop therapeutic tools for preventing transmission of mtDNA-encoded diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto Chiaratti
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Bruna Martins Garcia
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Karen Freire Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Thiago Simões Machado
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Małota K, Student S, Świątek P. Low mitochondrial activity within developing earthworm male germ-line cysts revealed by JC-1. Mitochondrion 2018; 44:111-121. [PMID: 29398303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The male germ-line cysts that occur in annelids appear to be a very convenient model for spermatogenesis studies. Germ-line cysts in the studied earthworm are composed of two compartments: (1) germ cells, where each cell is connected via one intercellular bridge to (2) an anuclear central cytoplasmic mass, the cytophore. In the present paper, confocal and transmission electron microscopy were used to follow the changes in the mitochondrial activity and ultrastructure within the cysts during spermatogenesis. JC-1 was used to visualize the populations of mitochondria with a high and low membrane potential. We used the spot detection Imaris software module to obtain the quantitative data. We counted and compared the 'mitochondrial spots' - the smallest detectable signals from mitochondria. It was found that in all of the stages of cyst development, the majority of mitochondria spots showed a green fluorescence, thus indicating a low mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Moreover, the number of active mitochondria spots that were visualized by red JC-1 fluorescence (high MMP) drastically decreased as spermatogenesis progressed. As much as 26% of the total number of mitochondrial spots in the spermatogonial cysts showed a high MMP - 19% in the spermatocytes, 24% in the isodiametric spermatids and 3% and 6%, respectively, in the cysts that were holding early and late elongate spermatids. The mitochondria were usually thread-like and had an electron-dense matrix and lamellar cristae. Then, during spermiogenesis, the mitochondria within both the spermatids and the cytophore had a tendency to form aggregates in which the mitochondria were cemented by an electron-dense material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Małota
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Student
- Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|