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Xia X, Gai Y, Feng H, Qin C, Pan D, Song Y, Zhang Y, Lan X. Florescence Imaging Lung Cancer with a Small Molecule MHI-148. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:1523-1530. [PMID: 32780263 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MHI-148 is a type of heptamethine cyanine dye that can cross the cytoplasmic membrane of lung cancer cells. Here we tested the cytotoxic, in vivo imaging of MHI-148 in lung-cancer nude mice model. Ex vivo imaging was also been measured by testing the major tissue fluorescence intensity. And, the small molecular compound MHI-148 had low cytotoxicity which could be visualized at 1 h post-injection in tumor. From ex vivo fluorescence imaging, the tumor showed the highest uptake of MHI-148 among all the selected organs expect for the time point of 2 h. MHI-148 could be used for effective imaging in lung cancer tissue with good stability and specificity, which suggested that MHI-148 could be an effective tumor clinical imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongfeng Pan
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Yiling Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Butnarasu C, Barbero N, Barolo C, Visentin S. Squaraine dyes as fluorescent turn-on sensors for the detection of porcine gastric mucin: A spectroscopic and kinetic study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 205:111838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Li J, Zhuge X, Li Y, Yuan C. The water-soluble indolium-based fluorescence probes for detection of the extreme acidity or extreme alkalinity. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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4
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Shershov VE, Kuznetsova VE, Lapa SA, Spitsyn MA, Guseinov TO, Tkachev YV, Zasedatelev AS, Chudinov AV. Synthesis and characterization of novel zwitterionic heptamethine indocyanine fluorophores. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Funabiki K, Yagi K, Ueta M, Nakajima M, Horiuchi M, Kubota Y, Mastui M. Rational Molecular Design and Synthesis of Highly Thermo- and Photostable Near-Infrared-Absorbing Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes with the Use of Fluorine Atoms. Chemistry 2016; 22:12282-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Funabiki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yagi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu Japan
| | - Masato Ueta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nakajima
- Yokkaichi Plant & Research Laboratories JSR Corporation; 100 Kawajiricho, Yokkaichi-shi Mie 510-8552 Japan
| | - Masako Horiuchi
- Yokkaichi Plant & Research Laboratories JSR Corporation; 100 Kawajiricho, Yokkaichi-shi Mie 510-8552 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu Japan
| | - Masaki Mastui
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu Japan
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Saccone D, Galliano S, Barbero N, Quagliotto P, Viscardi G, Barolo C. Polymethine Dyes in Hybrid Photovoltaics: Structure-Properties Relationships. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Moriarty RD, Martin A, Adamson K, O'Reilly E, Mollard P, Forster RJ, Keyes TE. The application of water soluble, mega-Stokes-shifted BODIPY fluorophores to cell and tissue imaging. J Microsc 2014; 253:204-18. [PMID: 24467513 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) fluorophores are widely used in bioimaging to label proteins, lipids and nucleotides, but in spite of their attractive optical properties they tend to be prone to self-quenching because of their notably small Stokes shift. Herein, we compare two BODIPY compounds from a recently developed family of naphthyridine substituted BODIPY derivatives, one a visible emitting derivative (BODIPY-VIS) and one a near-infrared emitting fluorophore with a Stokes shift of approximately 165 nm as contrast reagents for live mammalian cells and murine brain tissue. The compounds were rendered water soluble by their conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Both PEGylated compounds exhibited good cell uptake compared with their parent compounds and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed all dyes explored to be nuclear excluding, localizing predominantly within the lipophilic organelles; the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that these BODIPY derivatives are modestly cytotoxic at concentrations exceeding 10 μM where they induce apoptosis and necrosis. Although the quantum yield of emission of the visible emitting fluorophore was over an order of magnitude greater than the Mega-Stokes shifted probe, the latter showed considerably reduced tendency to self quench and less interference from autofluorescence. The near-infrared probe also showed good penetrability and staining in live tissue samples. In the latter case similar tendency to exclude the nucleus and to localize in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was observed as in live cells. This to our knowledge is the first demonstration of such a Mega-Stokes BODIPY probe applied to cell and tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Moriarty
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Miao JT, Fan C, Shi XY, Sun R, Xu YJ, Ge JF. Colorimetric and ratiometric pH responses by the protonation of phenolate within hemicyanine. Analyst 2014; 139:6290-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01505c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The indolium–phenol based tetramethylene hemicyanine has colorimetric and ratiometric optical responses under acidic and basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tao Miao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chen Fan
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medicinal College of Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Shi
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ru Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu-Jie Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medicinal College of Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian-Feng Ge
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
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Miao JT, Fan C, Sun R, Xu YJ, Ge JF. Optical properties of hemicyanines with terminal amino groups and their applications in near-infrared fluorescent imaging of nucleoli. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:7065-7072. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cellular dye with properties of long-wave emission, large Stokes shift, water solubility, low cytotoxicity, and good photostability is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Tao Miao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Fan
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Ge
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Near infrared dye functionalized MWCNT as an effective initiator for the ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Yuan L, Lin W, Zheng K, He L, Huang W. Far-red to near infrared analyte-responsive fluorescent probes based on organic fluorophore platforms for fluorescence imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:622-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1456] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wagh A, Qian SY, Law B. Development of Biocompatible Polymeric Nanoparticles for in Vivo NIR and FRET Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:981-92. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200637h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Wagh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Steven Y. Qian
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
| | - Benedict Law
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
58108-6050, United States
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Chen S, Liu J, Liu Y, Su H, Hong Y, Jim CKW, Kwok RTK, Zhao N, Qin W, Lam JWY, Wong KS, Tang BZ. An AIE-active hemicyanine fluorogen with stimuli-responsive red/blue emission: extending the pH sensing range by “switch + knob” effect. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc01108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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14
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Karton-Lifshin N, Segal E, Omer L, Portnoy M, Satchi-Fainaro R, Shabat D. A Unique Paradigm for a Turn-ON Near-Infrared Cyanine-Based Probe: Noninvasive Intravital Optical Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10960-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203145v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naama Karton-Lifshin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ehud Segal
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Liora Omer
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Moshe Portnoy
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and ‡Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Tei L, Mazooz G, Shellef Y, Avni R, Vandoorne K, Barge A, Kalchenko V, Dewhirst MW, Chaabane L, Miragoli L, Longo D, Neeman M, Aime S. Novel MRI and fluorescent probes responsive to the Factor XIII transglutaminase activity. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2011; 5:213-22. [PMID: 20812289 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases, including factor XIII and tissue transglutaminase, participate in multiple extracellular processes associated with remodeling of the extracellular matrix during wound repair, blood clotting, tumor progression and fibrosis of ischemic injuries. The aim of this work was to evaluate a novel substrate analog for transglutaminase optimized by molecular modeling calculations (DCCP16), which can serve for molecular imaging of transglutaminase activity by magnetic resonance imaging and by near-infrared imaging. Experimental data showed covalent binding of Gd-DCCP16 and DCCP16-IRIS Blue to human clots, to basement membrane components and to casein in purified systems as well as in three-dimensional multicellular spheroids. In vivo, DCCP16 showed enhancement with a prolonged retention in clots and tumors, demonstrating the ability to detect both factor XIII and tissue transglutaminase mediated covalent binding of the contrast material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121, Alessandria, Italy
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Yang X, Shi C, Tong R, Qian W, Zhau HE, Wang R, Zhu G, Cheng J, Yang VW, Cheng T, Henary M, Strekowski L, Chung LWK. Near IR heptamethine cyanine dye-mediated cancer imaging. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2833-44. [PMID: 20410058 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near-IR fluorescence imaging has great potential for noninvasive in vivo imaging of tumors. In this study, we show the preferential uptake and retention of two hepatamethine cyanine dyes, IR-783 and MHI-148, in tumor cells and tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IR-783 and MHI-148 were investigated for their ability to accumulate in human cancer cells, tumor xenografts, and spontaneous mouse tumors in transgenic animals. Time- and concentration-dependent dye uptake and retention in normal and cancer cells and tissues were compared, and subcellular localization of the dyes and mechanisms of the dye uptake and retention in tumor cells were evaluated using organelle-specific tracking dyes and bromosulfophthalein, a competitive inhibitor of organic anion transporting peptides. These dyes were used to detect human cancer metastases in a mouse model and differentiate cancer cells from normal cells in blood. RESULTS These near-IR hepatamethine cyanine dyes were retained in cancer cells but not normal cells, in tumor xenografts, and in spontaneous tumors in transgenic mice. They can be used to detect cancer metastasis and cancer cells in blood with a high degree of sensitivity. The dyes were found to concentrate in the mitochondria and lysosomes of cancer cells, probably through organic anion transporting peptides, because the dye uptake and retention in cancer cells can be blocked completely by bromosulfophthalein. These dyes, when injected to mice, did not cause systemic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These two heptamethine cyanine dyes are promising imaging agents for human cancers and can be further exploited to improve cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yang
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kiyose K, Aizawa S, Sasaki E, Kojima H, Hanaoka K, Terai T, Urano Y, Nagano T. Molecular Design Strategies for Near-Infrared Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes Based on the Unique Spectral Properties of Aminocyanines. Chemistry 2009; 15:9191-200. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gianotti E, Bertolino CA, Benzi C, Nicotra G, Caputo G, Castino R, Isidoro C, Coluccia S. Photoactive hybrid nanomaterials: indocyanine immobilized in mesoporous MCM-41 for "in-cell" bioimaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:678-687. [PMID: 20355990 DOI: 10.1021/am800196r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are being explored as versatile tools for various biomedical and biotechnological applications including disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and intracellular imaging. In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of a fluorescent hybrid mesoporous silica nanomaterial, which is noncytotoxic and shows great potential for "in-cell" bioimaging applications, will be described. The hybrid mesoporous material has been obtained by confining highly fluorescent organic dyes, belonging to the indocyanine family, within the channels of mesoporous MCM-41. To explore the dispersion of the dye inside the mesoporous channels and the formation of dye aggregates, several hybrid samples with increasing dye/MCM-41 loading (up to 100 mg/g) were prepared. A uniform distribution of monomeric 1,1'-diethyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide has been achieved at low dye loading (1 mg/g), as evidenced by photoluminescence spectra and lifetime, while a progressive formation of J-aggregates is induced by an increase in the dye loading. To elucidate the properties of the dye immobilized in mesoporous MCM-41, a detailed physical chemical characterization by structural (X-ray diffraction), volumetric and optical (Fourier transform infrared, diffuse-reflectance UV-vis and photoluminescence) techniques has been performed. By ultrasonication of the bulk material, nanoparticles of 2-20 nm diameter were obtained. Biocompatibility, endocytic uptake, and intracellular compartmentalization of such fluorescent nanoparticles were investigated in mammalian cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS Centre of Excellence, Universita di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
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Dynamic exchange of heterocyclic subunits during halogen substitution in chloroheptamethinecyanine dyes by benzoazolium salts. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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