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Wang C, Wu E, Pu L. Enantioselective Fluorescent Recognition by Using a 1,1′-Binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine Derivative. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; 22904 Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Elaine Wu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; 22904 Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - Lin Pu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Virginia; 22904 Charlottesville Virginia USA
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2
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Determination of adulterated neem and flaxseed oil compositions by FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate regression analysis. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Simultaneous determination of estrogens (ethinylestradiol and norgestimate) concentrations in human and bovine serum albumin by use of fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate regression analysis. Talanta 2016; 152:401-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Padró JM, Osorio-Grisales J, Arancibia JA, Olivieri AC, Castells CB. Scope of partial least-squares regression applied to the enantiomeric composition determination of ketoprofen from strongly overlapped chromatographic profiles. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2423-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Padró
- LIDMA (Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos) y División Química Analítica; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - Jaiver Osorio-Grisales
- LIDMA (Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos) y División Química Analítica; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - Juan A. Arancibia
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET); Rosario Argentina
| | - Alejandro C. Olivieri
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET); Rosario Argentina
| | - Cecilia B. Castells
- LIDMA (Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos) y División Química Analítica; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; La Plata Argentina
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5
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Li Q, Huang Y, Duan J, Wu L, Tang G, Zhu Y, Min S. Sucrose as chiral selector for determining enantiomeric composition of metalaxyl by UV-vis spectroscopy and PLS regression. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 101:349-355. [PMID: 23123242 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study revealed that it was possible to determine the enantiomeric composition of with multivariate regression models of spectral data obtained by ordinary UV-vis spectrophotometry of enantiomeric guest-host complexes. The total 60samples involving three concentration levels of metalaxyl as low, medium and high were prepared for spectral collecting. Four methods of modeling were subsequently proposed and compared including two common ways and two compensating ways for variations in total analyte concentration. Firstly, without normalization robust modeling was failed to achieve while employing the medium concentration levels as calibration and the other two levels as a validation. The same case occurred when full-cross validation was conducted. Besides, two enhanced methods were developed to account for the systematic variation. One of which normalized the spectra with respect to the total concentration of enantiomeric, along with spectral data, as a variable in the statistical analysis. The other one ignored variations in total concentration, relying on the specific band normalization to sort out any variations due to total concentration differences. The results clearly demonstrated that the spectra according to concentration provided the acceptable predictive ability in determining enantiomeric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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6
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Bwambok DK, Challa SK, Lowry M, Warner IM. Amino Acid-Based Fluorescent Chiral Ionic Liquid for Enantiomeric Recognition. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5028-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9027774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David K. Bwambok
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Santhosh K. Challa
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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7
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Multicomponent analyses of chiral samples by use of regression analysis of UV-visible spectra of cyclodextrin guest-host complexes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1645-53. [PMID: 19484461 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the first combined use of analytical spectroscopy, guest-host chemistry, and multivariate regression analysis for determination of enantiometric composition of multicomponent samples of chiral analytes. Sample solutions containing multicomponent analytes of ephedrine, tryptophan, propranolol, and proline of varying enantiomeric composition with beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) or methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Me-BCD) as chiral host molecules were investigated using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy. The interactions of enantiomers of chiral analytes with chiral hosts resulted in the formation of transient diastereomeric inclusion complexes with varying spectral properties. Multivariate analysis using partial-least-square (PLS) regression was used to correlate subtle changes in the UV-visible spectra of the guest-host complexes with the enantiomeric composition of the calibration samples. These PLS regressions were carefully optimized and then used to predict the enantiomeric composition of multicomponent chiral analytes of validation samples. The results of these validation studies demonstrate the predictive ability of the regression models for determination of future enantiomeric composition of samples. The accuracy of the models to correctly predict the enantiomeric composition of samples, evaluated by use of the root mean square percent relative error (RMS%RE) was analyte and chiral host dependent. In general, better prediction of enantiomeric composition of samples and low RMS%RE values were obtained when Me-BCD was used as the chiral host. The analyses procedure reported here is simple, rapid, and inexpensive. In addition, this approach does not require prior separation of chiral analytes, thus reducing analysis time and eliminating the need for expensive chiral columns.
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8
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Williams AA, Fakayode SO, Lowry M, Warner IM. A versatile chiral selector for determination of enantiomeric composition of fluorescent and nonfluorescent chiral molecules using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Chirality 2009; 21:305-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lowry M, Fakayode SO, Geng ML, Baker GA, Wang L, McCarroll ME, Patonay G, Warner IM. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4551-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800749v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Maxwell L. Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Gary A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Matthew E. McCarroll
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Gabor Patonay
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110, Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute and the Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
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11
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RICHARD GERALDI, MARWANI HADIM, JIANG SHAN, FAKAYODE SAYOO, LOWRY MARK, STRONGIN ROBERTM, WARNER ISIAHM. Chiral recognition of amino acids by use of a fluorescent resorcinarene. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:476-80. [PMID: 18498687 PMCID: PMC2662756 DOI: 10.1366/000370208784344514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties of a chiral boronic acid based resorcinarene macrocycle employed for chiral analysis were investigated. Specifically, the emission and excitation characteristics of tetraarylboronate resorcinarene macrocycle (TBRM) and its quantum yield were evaluated. The chiral selector TBRM was investigated as a chiral reagent for the enantiomeric discrimination of amino acids using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Chiral recognition of amino acids in the presence of the macrocycle was based on diastereomeric complexes. Results demonstrated that TBRM had better chiral discrimination ability for lysine as compared to the other amino acids. Partial least squares regression modeling (PLS-1) of spectral data for macrocycle-lysine guest-host complexes was used to correlate the changes in the fluorescence emission for a set of calibration samples consisting of TBRM in the presence of varying enantiomeric compositions of lysine. In addition, validation studies were performed using an independently prepared set of samples with different enantiomeric compositions of lysine. The results of multivariate regression modeling indicated good prediction ability of lysine, which was confirmed by a root mean square percent relative error (RMS%RE) of 5.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- GERALD I. RICHARD
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (G.I.R., H.M.M., S.J., M.L., I.M.W.); Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589 (H.M.M.); Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110 (S.O.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 (R.M.S.)
| | - HADI M. MARWANI
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (G.I.R., H.M.M., S.J., M.L., I.M.W.); Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589 (H.M.M.); Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110 (S.O.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 (R.M.S.)
| | - SHAN JIANG
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (G.I.R., H.M.M., S.J., M.L., I.M.W.); Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589 (H.M.M.); Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110 (S.O.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 (R.M.S.)
| | - SAYO O. FAKAYODE
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (G.I.R., H.M.M., S.J., M.L., I.M.W.); Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589 (H.M.M.); Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110 (S.O.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 (R.M.S.)
| | - MARK LOWRY
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (G.I.R., H.M.M., S.J., M.L., I.M.W.); Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589 (H.M.M.); Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110 (S.O.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 (R.M.S.)
| | - ROBERT M. STRONGIN
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (G.I.R., H.M.M., S.J., M.L., I.M.W.); Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589 (H.M.M.); Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110 (S.O.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 (R.M.S.)
| | - ISIAH M. WARNER
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (G.I.R., H.M.M., S.J., M.L., I.M.W.); Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589 (H.M.M.); Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27110 (S.O.F.); and Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207 (R.M.S.)
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12
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Bwambok DK, Marwani HM, Fernand VE, Fakayode SO, Lowry M, Negulescu I, Strongin RM, Warner IM. Synthesis and characterization of novel chiral ionic liquids and investigation of their enantiomeric recognition properties. Chirality 2008; 20:151-8. [PMID: 18092298 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of amino acid ester based chiral ionic liquids, derived from L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester chloride. The synthesis was accomplished via an anion metathesis reaction between commercially available L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester chloride using a variety of counterions such as lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide, silver nitrate, silver lactate, and silver tetrafluoroborate. Both enantiomeric forms were obtained as confirmed by bands of opposite sign in the circular dichroism spectra. The L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide were obtained as liquids at room temperature and intriguingly exhibited the highest thermal stability (up to 263 degrees C). In addition, the ionic liquids demonstrated enantiomeric recognition ability as evidenced by splitting of racemic Mosher's sodium salt signal using a liquid state (19)F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The L- and D-alanine tert butyl ester chloride resulted in solid salts with nitrate, lactate, and tetrafluoroborate anions. This illustrates the previously observed tunability of ionic liquid synthesis, resulting in ionic liquids of varying properties as a function of varying the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Bwambok
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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13
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Calleja-Amador C, Rabbe DH, Busch KW, Busch MA. Novel spectropolarimeter employing fixed polarizers for the determination of optically active samples. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:402-413. [PMID: 18416899 DOI: 10.1366/000370208784046830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel spectropolarimeter, based on modification of an ordinary, inexpensive, multiwavelength ultraviolet (UV)-visible-near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer, is described and applied to the determination of sucrose, sucrose inversion, and enantiomeric composition of solutions of (R)-(+)-limonene and (S)-(-)-limonene. The instrument has no moving parts, and optical rotation measurements are encoded as an apparent absorbance. Apparent absorbance measurements can be combined with multivariate statistical analysis over a wide spectral range, and a background correction technique that employs the sample as its own blank provides an effective means of correcting for the presence of chromophores that also absorb over the wavelengths of interest. The instrument was tested against an ordinary polarimeter and showed good performance with both colorless and colored samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calleja-Amador
- Center for Analytical Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
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Chiral analysis by multivariate regression modeling of spectral data using cyclodextrin guest–host complexes—Methods for determining enantiomeric composition with varying chiral analyte concentration. Talanta 2008; 75:572-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Williams AA, Fakayode SO, Alptürk O, Jones CM, Lowry M, Strongin RM, Warner IM. Determination of enantiomeric compositions of analytes using novel fluorescent chiral molecular micelles and steady state fluorescence measurements. J Fluoresc 2008; 18:285-96. [PMID: 17985217 PMCID: PMC2662355 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-007-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel fluorescent chiral molecular micelles (FCMMs) were synthesized, characterized, and employed as chiral selectors for enantiomeric recognition of non-fluorescent chiral molecules using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the fluorescence technique allowed for investigation of low concentrations of chiral selector (3.0 x 10(-5) M) and analyte (5.0 x 10(-6) M) to be used in these studies. The chiral interactions of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine in the presence of FCMMs poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-tryptophanate) [poly-L-SUW], poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-tyrosinate) [poly-L-SUY], and poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-phenylalininate) [poly-SUF] were based on diastereomeric complex formation. Poly-L-SUW had a significant fluorescence emission spectral difference as compared to poly-L-SUY and poly-L-SUF for the enantiomeric recognition of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine. Studies with the hydrophobic molecule alpha-pinene suggested that poly-L-SUY and poly-L-SUF had better chiral discrimination ability for hydrophobic analytes as compared to hydrophilic analytes. Partial-least-squares regression modeling (PLS-1) was used to correlate changes in the fluorescence emission spectra of poly-L-SUW due to varying enantiomeric compositions of glucose, tartaric acid, and serine for a set of calibration samples. Validation of the calibration regression models was determined by use of a set of independently prepared samples of the same concentration of chiral selector and analyte with varying enantiomeric composition. Prediction ability was evaluated by use of the root-mean-square percent relative error (RMS%RE) and was found to range from 2.04 to 4.06%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Sayo O. Fakayode
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA
| | - Onur Alptürk
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Christina M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 434 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA, e-mail:
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