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Dong WL, Li YY, Zhang YM, Peng QW, Lu GL, Chen CR. Influence of childhood trauma on adolescent internet addiction: The mediating roles of loneliness and negative coping styles. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:1133-1144. [PMID: 38186732 PMCID: PMC10768484 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i12.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the information age, the use of the internet and multimedia tools has large effects on the life of middle school students. Improper use of the internet may result in internet addiction (IA). Thus, actively exploring the factors influencing adolescent and the mechanism of addiction as well as promoting adolescent physical and mental health and academic development are priorities that families, schools, and society urgently need to address. AIM To explore the effect of childhood trauma on adolescent IA and to consider the roles of loneliness and negative coping styles. METHODS A total of 11310 students from six junior high schools in Henan, China, completed the child trauma questionnaire, IA test, loneliness scale, and simple coping style questionnaire. In addition, data were collected from 1044 adolescents with childhood trauma for analysis with IBM SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 28.0; we examined the relationships among childhood trauma, IA, loneliness, and negative coping styles. RESULTS We found that childhood trauma not only directly affected adolescents' IA but also affected IA through loneliness and negative coping styles. CONCLUSION Therefore, this study has theoretical implications regarding adolescent mental health and may inform interventions for IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Lin Dong
- College of Nursing and Health, Institute of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- College of Nursing and Health, Institute of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- College of Nursing and Health, Institute of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Qian-Wen Peng
- College of Nursing and Health, Institute of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Guang-Li Lu
- School of Business, Institute of Business Administration, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
| | - Chao-Ran Chen
- College of Nursing and Health, Institute of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, Henan Province, China
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Cruz D. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: Evaluation of Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:1099-1108. [PMID: 38045834 PMCID: PMC10689687 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma is known to put individuals at risk for mental and physical challenges later in life. Retrospective assessment of early abuse and neglect is critical for prevention and intervention efforts targeted at reducing the negative impacts of childhood trauma. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) is a widely used measure to assess trauma among adolescents and adults, though there are some inconsistencies with regard to its factor structure and psychometric properties. The purpose of the current study was twofold: (1) to evaluate the hypothesized five-factor structure of CTQ-SF and (2) to test measurement invariance (equivalence) of the instrument across gender and race in a large, nationally representative sample of US adults (N = 863). Confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that the five-factor model fit the data well. The results also show that the five-factor model is generally invariant by gender and racial/ethnic groups and that the form's subscales positively correlate with depression, anxiety, and abnormal inflammatory biomarker activity. Assessment is critical for the advocacy and treatment of individuals who have experienced abuse and neglect as children and adolescents. Our findings suggest that the CTQ-SF is a valuable tool for assessing childhood trauma and can be used in advocacy and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cruz
- The Institute for Trauma-Informed Research, Evaluation, and Training, LLC, Morris Plains, NJ 07950 United States
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Rossi R, Reda F, Federico I, Jannini TB, Socci V, D'Aurizio G, Pettorruso M, Pacitti F, Rossi A, Martinotti G, Di Lorenzo G. The association between traumatic experiences and substance and behavioral addictions in late adolescence: A role for PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:82-90. [PMID: 37897840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Traumatic experiences (TEs) are a risk factor for behavioral and substance addictions (SBAs). However, the role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (cPTSD) deserves further elucidation. The present study assesses the association between different types of TEs on cannabis, alcohol, gambling, and problematic internet use in late adolescents. Furthermore, this study aims at evaluating the role of PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on one thousand ten late adolescents (510 males, 498 females; age: mean = 18.7, SD = 0.65). Data regarding intentional (iTEs) and unintentional TEs (uTEs), cannabis, alcohol, gambling and problematic use of the internet (PIU), PTSD, and cPTSD were collected. Association between TEs, SBAs, and PTSD/cPTSD symptoms were explored by means of logistic regressions. Mediation was assessed using a path analysis. RESULTS uTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.34 [1.13,1.59]) and alcohol use (OR = 1.21 [1.10,1.35]), iTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.15 [1.06,1.25]), alcohol use (OR = 1.08 [1.02,1.13]), and PIU (OR = 1.17 [1.10,1.24]). PTSD was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.59 [1.03,2.46]) and PIU (OR = 1.92 [1.18,3.13]). cPTSD was associated with cannabis use (OR = 3.54 [1.56,8.04]) and PIU (OR = 5.13 [2.71,9.70]). cPTSD mediated 58.75% of the total effect of iTEs on cannabis. Regarding PIU, PTSD mediated 68.18% of the effect of uTEs; the effect of iTEs on PIU was mediated by 65.5% via cPTSD and 34.45% via PTSD. CONCLUSION cPTSD and SBAs show a complex pattern of association. A thorough assessment of stress-related conditions, including cPTSD, is of pivotal importance in treating SBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Reda
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Isabella Federico
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Tommaso B Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giulia D'Aurizio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Stefanovics EA, Potenza MN, Tsai J, Pietrzak RH. Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Recreational and At-Risk/Problematic Gambling in a National Sample of U.S. Military Veterans. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1077-1097. [PMID: 36378356 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gambling among U.S. military veterans is common, with more extensive involvement linked to gambling disorder and associated problems. This study examined associations between recreational gambling (RG) and at-risk/problem gambling (ARPG), and clinical measures (psychiatric disorders, substance use), behaviors (suicidality, homelessness, arrests) and functioning in a nationally representative sample of U.S. military veterans. Data were analyzed from 4069 veterans who participated in the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Chi-square tests, analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and logistic regressions were conducted to examine unadjusted and adjusted associations between gambling group status and lifetime and current psychiatric diagnoses and behavioral and functioning measures. A significant minority of U.S. veterans reported gambling, with 27.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.5-29.1%) exhibiting RG and 4.9% (95% CI 4.0-5.9%) screening positive for ARPG. The prevalence of ARPG was higher among younger, non-White, male veterans, while RG was more prevalent among retired veterans and those with higher household incomes relative to non-gambling (NG) individuals. ARPG was associated with greater trauma burden, lifetime and current psychiatric diagnoses, mental health treatment, alcohol and drug use disorders, suicidal ideation, homelessness, arrests, and poorer functioning relative to NG and RG, with stronger magnitude differences relative to NG. RG was associated with substance use disorders and arrest histories relative to NG. Results of the current study provide an up-to-date estimate of the current prevalence of RG and ARPG among U.S. veterans and underscore the importance of routine screening and monitoring of gambling problems, as well as interventions for ARPG in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Stefanovics
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs New England Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System (116A-4), 950 Campbell Avenue, Building 36, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jack Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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Stefanovics EA, Potenza MN, Szymkowiak D, Tsai J. Chronically homeless veterans with gambling disorder: Epidemiology, clinical correlates, and traumatic experiences. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:118-124. [PMID: 37339548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling disorder (GD) is often a concern for people living in poverty. Although GD has been correlated with homelessness, there has been no study of factors related to chronic homelessness among veterans with GD. METHOD This study used data from specialized homeless programs from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Homeless Operations Management System to explore prevalence and correlates of chronic homelessness among veterans with GD in this program and to describe initial descriptive epidemiology. Chi-square tests, analyses of variance, and logistic regressions were conducted to examine differences in sociodemographic, military, clinical, and behavioral characteristics between veterans with versus without chronic homelessness. RESULT Of 6053 veterans with GD, 1733 (28.6%) had chronic homelessness. Veterans with versus without chronic homelessness were more likely to be older, male, unemployed, and of low educational attainment and report having spent fewer years in the military. Chronic homelessness was associated with elevated odds of mental health and medical diagnoses, traumatic experiences, incarceration, and suicidal thoughts. Veterans with versus without chronic homelessness more frequently reported needing substance use, medical and psychiatric treatments but expressed low interest in participation in psychiatric treatment. CONCLUSION Veterans with GD and chronic homelessness have more clinical and behavioral concerns and needs for treatment, but participate in treatment at lower rates. It may be important to address both chronic homelessness and GD concurrently in order to effectively support veterans facing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Stefanovics
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs New England, Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), West Haven, CT, USA; National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dorota Szymkowiak
- National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jack Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Yang M, Sheng X, Ge M, Zhang L, Huang C, Cui S, Yuan Q, Ye M, Zhou R, Cao P, Peng R, Zhou X, Zhang K. Childhood trauma and psychological sub-health among Chinese adolescents: the mediating effect of Internet addiction. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:762. [PMID: 36471293 PMCID: PMC9721004 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors related to psychological sub-health (PSH) have been widely described, but the research on the mechanism behind the complex relationship between childhood trauma and PSH is limited. This study investigated the current situation and risk factors of PSH among Chinese adolescents. And further, explore whether Internet addiction (IA) plays a potential mediating effect in childhood trauma and PSH. METHODS The study was conducted in October 2020 in Anhui Province, China. The PSH state of 866 adolescents was investigated, including demographic information such as gender, age, and grade. Childhood trauma, IA, and PSH were measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF), Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents (MSQA). The mediating effect is further verified by the structural equation model (SEM). RESULTS In this study, 866 adolescents were selected as subjects, and the proportion of male and female is roughly equal. The prevalence of PSH in adolescents was 25.8%, and left-behind children, boarding, or adolescents who have had non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are more likely to have PSH. Through the mediation test, the direct effect of childhood trauma on PSH was 0.23 (95% CI [4.91,9.00],p <0.001), and the mediating effect of IA on childhood trauma and PSH was 0.07 (95% CI [1.42, 3.32],p <0.001). and the proportion of them is 75.14% and 24.86% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma has direct and indirect effects on PSH, and IA plays a mediating effect in the indirect effect. Therefore, clarifying these relationships helps formulate and implement effective interventions to improve psychological health (PH) in Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Xuanlian Sheng
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Menglin Ge
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Ling Zhang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Cui Huang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Shu Cui
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Qiuyu Yuan
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Mengting Ye
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Ruochen Zhou
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Panpan Cao
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Ran Peng
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XAnhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006 Anhui China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006, Anhui, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, No. 64 Chaohubei Road, Hefei, 238006, Anhui, China.
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Gambling in Sub-Saharan Africa: Traditional Forms and Emerging Technologies. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:373-384. [PMID: 36312763 PMCID: PMC9595076 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The gambling industry in Africa has seen substantial growth and evolution over recent years with a growing body of literature describing these shifts. Here, we provide a narrative synthesis of the extant literature on the origins, trends and consequences of the expansion and intensification of the commercial gambling industry in sub-Saharan Africa with a reference for future research on gambling as a growing public health concern. Recent Findings The historical shift and permeation of gambling in sub-Saharan Africa is diverse with evidence of certain countries following a neo-colonial logic. Advances in technology have made gambling more accessible and created new markets in Africa. A key motive driving gambling on the continent is a lack of stable employment. While the intensification and growth of Africa’s gambling industry has brought economic benefits to some African investors and individuals, this has been accompanied by a range of gambling harms. Legislation and policies designed to better regulate the gambling industry and redress these harms are needed. In this context, a small number of services and campaigns designed to mitigate gambling harms demonstrate promise, but more research is needed in this area. Summary The gambling industry in sub-Saharan Africa has undergone a dramatic transformation. While it is true that the growth of the African gambling industry has provided an additional revenue stream to governments, it is also necessary to acknowledge the concurrent rise in gambling addiction and the health-related and social harms that it elicits. As such, designing effective regulatory measures and policy interventions that can reduce the public health burden of gambling harms is vital. However, these interventions need to take in to account the significance of cultural differences that exist among countries on the continent.
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Habelt L, Kemmler G, Defrancesco M, Spanier B, Henningsen P, Halle M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Hüfner K. Why do we climb mountains? An exploration of features of behavioural addiction in mountaineering and the association with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 273:639-647. [PMID: 35980451 PMCID: PMC10085896 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Common knowledge implies that individuals engaging in outdoor sports and especially in regular and extreme mountaineering are exceptionally healthy and hardened. Physical activity in outdoor environments has a positive effect on physical and mental health. However, regular and/or extreme mountaineering might share similarities with behavioural addictions and could thus also have a negative impact on health. In this cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study, we collected data on exercise and mountaineering addiction (Exercise Addiction Inventory; original and adapted version for mountaineering; Exercise Dependence Scale adapted version for mountaineering). Further surveyed parameters included mountaineering habits, Risk-Taking Inventory, Sensation-Seeking/Emotion Regulation/Agency Scale (SEAS), resilience, self-perceived stress, physical activity in metabolic units and mental health. Comparisons were performed between individuals with symptoms of addiction to mountaineering (MA) and individuals without symptoms of addiction to mountaineering or sports in general (CO) using non-parametric analyses. We analysed data from 335 participants, n = 88 thereof with addiction to mountaineering (MA) and n = 247 control participants (CO). The MA group scored significantly higher with regards to self-perceived stress (p < 0.001) and included a significantly higher number of individuals affected by symptoms of depression (p < 0.001), symptoms of anxiety (p < 0.001), symptoms of eating disorders (p < 0.001), alcohol abuse or dependence (p < 0.001), illicit drug abuse (p = 0.050), or current and history of psychiatric disorders (p < 0.001). Individuals with MA showed higher values in all SEAS subscales as well as increased risk-taking (p < 0.001). Regular and extreme mountaineering can display features of a behavioural addiction and is associated with psychiatric disorders. Behavioural addiction in mountaineering is associated with higher levels of sensation-seeking, emotion regulation, and agency, as well as increased risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Habelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Defrancesco
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianca Spanier
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Henningsen
- Department of Psychosomatics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and Medical Psychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Sexton HG, Olszewski NA, Risher ML. The Effects of Rosiglitazone on Task Specific Anxiety-Like Behavior and Novelty Seeking in a Model of Chronic Adolescent Unpredictable Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:830310. [PMID: 35221947 PMCID: PMC8874210 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.830310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized as a period of increased social behavior, risk taking, and novelty seeking, partly due to ongoing maturation in critical brain areas and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) negative-feedback system. During this period there is heightened vulnerability to stress that can drive neuro-immune-endocrine remodeling, resulting in the emergence of maladaptive behaviors that increase susceptibility to alcohol and substance abuse. Here we used a rat model to investigate the impact of chronic adolescent unpredictable stress on a battery of behavioral measures to assess anxiety, novelty seeking, risk taking, depression, and voluntary ethanol consumption while determining whether the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone can attenuate these effects. Adolescent female rats that experienced stress showed increased risk taking behavior and novelty seeking behavior with no change in ethanol consumption. The administration of rosiglitazone during stress induction attenuated stress-induced cortisol elevation, normalized risk taking behavior in a model anxiety, and attenuated novelty seeking in a task-specific manner. Depressive-like behavior was not impacted by adolescent unpredictable stress or the administration of rosiglitazone. The results from this study demonstrate that exposure to unpredictable stress during adolescence increases the prevalence of maladaptive behaviors that are known to increase susceptibility to alcohol and substance abuse, and that rosiglitazone may be an effective therapeutic to attenuate the emergence of select risk taking and novelty seeking behaviors in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Sexton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
- Hershel ‘Woody’ Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nathan A. Olszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Mary-Louise Risher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
- Hershel ‘Woody’ Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV, United States
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