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Beck RM, Voss RS, Jansa SA. Craniodental Morphology and Phylogeny of Marsupials. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2022. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M.D. Beck
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford, U.K. School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales, Australia Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History
| | - Robert S. Voss
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History
| | - Sharon A. Jansa
- Bell Museum and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota
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2
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Tang KK, Smith SY, Atkinson BA. Extending beyond Gondwana: Cretaceous Cunoniaceae from western North America. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:704-718. [PMID: 35043416 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cunoniaceae are important elements of rainforests across the Southern Hemisphere. Many of these flowering plants are considered Paleo-Antarctic Rainforest Lineages that had a Gondwanan distribution since the Paleocene. Fossils of several modern genera within the family, such as Ceratopetalum, have indicated biogeographical connections between South America and Australia in the Cenozoic. Here, we report a dramatic geographical range extension for Ceratopetalum, and Cunoniaceae as a whole, based on two exceptionally preserved fossil winged fruits from Campanian (c. 82-80 Ma old) deposits on Sucia Island, Washington, USA. The fossils were studied using physical sectioning, light microscopy, micro-computed tomography scanning and multiple phylogenetic analyses. The fossil fruits share diagnostic characters with Ceratopetalum such as the presence of four to five persistent calyx lobes, a prominent nectary disk, persistent stamens, a semi-inferior ovary and two persistent styles. Based on morphological comparisons with fruits of extant species and support from phylogenetic analyses, the fossils are assigned to a new species Ceratopetalum suciensis. These fossils are the first unequivocal evidence of crown Cunoniaceae from the Cretaceous of North America, indicating a more complicated biogeographical history for this important Gondwanan family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keana K Tang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Selena Y Smith
- Earth and Environmental Sciences and Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brian A Atkinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Cannizzaro AG, Berg DJ. Gone with Gondwana: amphipod diversification in freshwaters followed the breakup of the supercontinent. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 171:107464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Fontúrbel FE, Franco LM, Bozinovic F, Quintero‐Galvis JF, Mejías C, Amico GC, Vazquez MS, Sabat P, Sánchez‐Hernández JC, Watson DM, Saenz‐Agudelo P, Nespolo RF. The ecology and evolution of the monito del monte, a relict species from the southern South America temperate forests. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8645. [PMID: 35261741 PMCID: PMC8888251 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The arboreal marsupial monito del monte (genus Dromiciops, with two recognized species) is a paradigmatic mammal. It is the sole living representative of the order Microbiotheria, the ancestor lineage of Australian marsupials. Also, this marsupial is the unique frugivorous mammal in the temperate rainforest, being the main seed disperser of several endemic plants of this ecosystem, thus acting as keystone species. Dromiciops is also one of the few hibernating mammals in South America, spending half of the year in a physiological dormancy where metabolism is reduced to 10% of normal levels. This capacity to reduce energy expenditure in winter contrasts with the enormous energy turnover rate they experience in spring and summer. The unique life history strategies of this living Microbiotheria, characterized by an alternation of life in the slow and fast lanes, putatively represent ancestral traits that permitted these cold-adapted mammals to survive in this environment. Here, we describe the ecological role of this emblematic marsupial, summarizing the ecophysiology of hibernation and sociality, updated phylogeographic relationships, reproductive cycle, trophic relationships, mutualisms, conservation, and threats. This marsupial shows high densities, despite presenting slow reproductive rates, a paradox explained by the unique characteristics of its three-dimensional habitat. We finally suggest immediate actions to protect these species that may be threatened in the near future due to habitat destruction and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E. Fontúrbel
- Instituto de BiologíaPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoValparaísoChile
- Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi)SantiagoChile
| | - Lida M. Franco
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y MatemáticasUniversidad de IbaguéIbaguéColombia
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de EcologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | | | - Carlos Mejías
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | | | | | - Pablo Sabat
- Departamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | | | - David M. Watson
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary SciencesCharles Sturt UniversityAlburyNSWAustralia
| | - Pablo Saenz‐Agudelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Roberto F. Nespolo
- Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi)SantiagoChile
- Departamento de EcologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y EvolutivasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio)SantiagoChile
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Castro MC, Dahur MJ, Ferreira GS. Amazonia as the Origin and Diversification Area of Didelphidae (Mammalia: Metatheria), and a Review of the Fossil Record of the Clade. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDidelphidae is the largest New World radiation of marsupials, and is mostly represented by arboreal, small- to medium-sized taxa that inhabit tropical and/or subtropical forests. The group originated and remained isolated in South America for millions of years, until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. In this study, we present the first reconstruction of the biogeographic history of Didelphidae including all major clades, based on parametric models and stratified analyses over time. We also compiled all the pre-Quaternary fossil records of the group, and contrasted these data to our biogeographic inferences, as well as to major environmental events that occurred in the South American Cenozoic. Our results indicate the relevance of Amazonia in the early diversification of Didelphidae, including the divergence of the major clades traditionally ranked as subfamilies and tribes. Cladogeneses in other areas started in the late Miocene, an interval of intense shifts, especially in the northern portion of Andes and Amazon Basin. Occupation of other areas continued through the Pliocene, but few were only colonized in Quaternary times. The comparison between the biogeographic inference and the fossil records highlights some further steps towards better understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the clade. Finally, our results stress that the early history of didelphids is obscured by the lack of Paleogene fossils, which are still to be unearthed from low-latitude deposits of South America.
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Wilf P, Nixon KC, Gandolfo MA, Cúneo NR. Eocene Fagaceae from Patagonia and Gondwanan legacy in Asian rainforests. Science 2019; 364:364/6444/eaaw5139. [PMID: 31171664 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The beech-oak family Fagaceae dominates forests from the northern temperate zone to tropical Asia and Malesia, where it reaches its southern limit. We report early Eocene infructescences of Castanopsis, a diverse and abundant fagaceous genus of Southeast Asia, and co-occurring leaves from the 52-million-year-old Laguna del Hunco flora of southern Argentina. The fossil assemblage notably includes many plant taxa that associate with Castanopsis today. The discovery reveals novel Gondwanan history in Fagaceae and the characteristic tree communities of Southeast Asian lower-montane rainforests. The living diaspora associations persisted through Cenozoic climate change and plate movements as the constituent lineages tracked post-Gondwanan mesic biomes over thousands of kilometers, underscoring their current vulnerability to rapid climate change and habitat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wilf
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Kevin C Nixon
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Maria A Gandolfo
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - N Rubén Cúneo
- CONICET, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, 9100 Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
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Babot MJ, Rougier GW, García-Lopez D, Davis BM. New Small Bunodont Metatherian from the Late Eocene of the Argentinean Puna. J MAMM EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-019-09468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Eldridge MDB, Beck RMD, Croft DA, Travouillon KJ, Fox BJ. An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria). J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D B Eldridge
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin M D Beck
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Darin A Croft
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Barry J Fox
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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CARNEIRO LEONARDOM. A new protodidelphid (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia) from the Itaboraí Basin and its implications for the evolution of the Protodidelphidae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 91Suppl 2:e20180440. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820180440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LEONARDO M. CARNEIRO
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Paleontologia e Paleoecologia da Sociedade de História Natural, Portugal
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Maga AM, Beck RMD. Skeleton of an unusual, cat-sized marsupial relative (Metatheria: Marsupialiformes) from the middle Eocene (Lutetian: 44-43 million years ago) of Turkey. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181712. [PMID: 28813431 PMCID: PMC5559079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a near-complete, three-dimensionally preserved skeleton of a metatherian (relative of modern marsupials) from the middle Eocene (Lutetian: 44–43 million years ago) Lülük member of the Uzunçarşıdere Formation, central Turkey. With an estimated body mass of 3–4 kg, about the size of a domestic cat (Felis catus) or spotted quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), it is an order of magnitude larger than the largest fossil metatherians previously known from the Cenozoic of the northern hemisphere. This new taxon is characterised by large, broad third premolars that probably represent adaptations for hard object feeding (durophagy), and its craniodental morphology suggests the capacity to generate high bite forces. Qualitative and quantitative functional analyses of its postcranial skeleton indicate that it was probably scansorial and relatively agile, perhaps broadly similar in locomotor mode to the spotted quoll, but with a greater capacity for climbing and grasping. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of a total evidence dataset comprising 259 morphological characters and 9kb of DNA sequence data from five nuclear protein-coding genes, using both undated and “tip-and-node dating” approaches, place the new taxon outside the marsupial crown-clade, but within the clade Marsupialiformes. It demonstrates that at least one metatherian lineage evolved to occupy the small-medium, meso- or hypo-carnivore niche in the northern hemisphere during the early Cenozoic, at a time when there were numerous eutherians (placentals and their fossil relatives) filling similar niches. However, the known mammal fauna from Uzunçarşıdere Formation appears highly endemic, and geological evidence suggests that this region of Turkey was an island for at least part of the early Cenozoic, and so the new taxon may have evolved in isolation from potential eutherian competitors. Nevertheless, the new taxon reveals previously unsuspected ecomorphological disparity among northern hemisphere metatherians during the first half of the Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murat Maga
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.,Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robin M D Beck
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, Salford, United Kingdom.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Wilson GP, Ekdale EG, Hoganson JW, Calede JJ, Vander Linden A. A large carnivorous mammal from the Late Cretaceous and the North American origin of marsupials. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13734. [PMID: 27929063 PMCID: PMC5155139 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Marsupial mammal relatives (stem metatherians) from the Mesozoic Era (252-66 million years ago) are mostly known from isolated teeth and fragmentary jaws. Here we report on the first near-complete skull remains of a North American Late Cretaceous metatherian, the stagodontid Didelphodon vorax. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that marsupials or their closest relatives evolved in North America, as part of a Late Cretaceous diversification of metatherians, and later dispersed to South America. In addition to being the largest known Mesozoic therian mammal (node-based clade of eutherians and metatherians), Didelphodon vorax has a high estimated bite force and other craniomandibular and dental features that suggest it is the earliest known therian to invade a durophagous predator-scavenger niche. Our results broaden the scope of the ecomorphological diversification of Mesozoic mammals to include therian lineages that, in this case, were linked to the origin and evolution of marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Wilson
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Eric G. Ekdale
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
- Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California 92101, USA
| | - John W. Hoganson
- North Dakota Geological Survey, Bismarck, North Dakota 58505, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Calede
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Abby Vander Linden
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Beck RMD. The Skull of Epidolops ameghinoi from the Early Eocene Itaboraí Fauna, Southeastern Brazil, and the Affinities of the Extinct Marsupialiform Order Polydolopimorphia. J MAMM EVOL 2016; 24:373-414. [PMID: 29187780 PMCID: PMC5684316 DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The skull of the polydolopimorphian marsupialiform Epidolops ameghinoi is described in detail for the first time, based on a single well-preserved cranium and associated left and right dentaries plus additional craniodental fragments, all from the early Eocene (53–50 million year old) Itaboraí fauna in southeastern Brazil. Notable craniodental features of E. ameghinoi include absence of a masseteric process, very small maxillopalatine fenestrae, a prominent pterygoid fossa enclosed laterally by a prominent ectopterygoid crest, an absent or tiny transverse canal foramen, a simple, planar glenoid fossa, and a postglenoid foramen that is immediately posterior to the postglenoid process. Most strikingly, the floor of the hypotympanic sinus was apparently unossified, a feature found in several stem marsupials but absent in all known crown marsupials. “Type II” marsupialiform petrosals previously described from Itaboraí plausibly belong to E. ameghinoi; in published phylogenetic analyses, these petrosals fell outside (crown-clade) Marsupialia. “IMG VII” tarsals previously referred to E. ameghinoi do not share obvious synapomorphies with any crown marsupial clade, nor do they resemble those of the only other putative polydolopimorphians represented by tarsal remains, namely the argyrolagids. Most studies have placed Polydolopimorphia within Marsupialia, related to either Paucituberculata, or to Microbiotheria and Diprotodontia. However, diprotodonty almost certainly evolved independently in polydolopimorphians, paucituberculatans and diprotodontians, and Epidolops does not share obvious synapomorphies with any marsupial order. Epidolops is dentally specialized, but several morphological features appear to be more plesiomorphic than any crown marsupial. It seems likely Epidolops that falls outside Marsupialia, as do morphologically similar forms such as Bonapartherium and polydolopids. Argyrolagids differ markedly in their known morphology from Epidolops but share some potential apomorphies with paucituberculatans. It is proposed that Polydolopimorphia as currently recognised is polyphyletic, and that argyrolagids (and possibly other taxa currently included in Argyrolagoidea, such as groeberiids and patagoniids) are members of Paucituberculata. This hypothesis is supported by Bayesian non-clock phylogenetic analyses of a total evidence matrix comprising DNA sequence data from five nuclear protein-coding genes, indels, retroposon insertions, and morphological characters: Epidolops falls outside Marsupialia, whereas argyrolagids form a clade with the paucituberculatans Caenolestes and Palaeothentes, regardless of whether the Type II petrosals and IMG VII tarsals are used to score characters for Epidolops or not. There is no clear evidence for the presence of crown marsupials at Itaboraí, and it is possible that the origin and early evolution of Marsupialia was restricted to the “Austral Kingdom” (southern South America, Antarctica, and Australia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. D. Beck
- School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, M5 4WT, Manchester, UK
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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Martins AC, Melo GAR. The New World oil-collecting beesCentrisandEpicharis(Hymenoptera, Apidae): molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history. ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline C. Martins
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; PB 19020 81531-980 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Gabriel A. R. Melo
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; PB 19020 81531-980 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
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Chemisquy MA, Prevosti FJ, Martin G, Flores DA. Evolution of molar shape in didelphid marsupials (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): analysis of the influence of ecological factors and phylogenetic legacy. Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amelia Chemisquy
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Prevosti
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; Universidad Nacional de Luján; Luján Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriel Martin
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Sede Esquel; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ‘San Juan Bosco’; Esquel Chubut Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - David A. Flores
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina
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Averianov A. Review of taxonomy, geographic distribution, and paleoenvironments of Azhdarchidae (Pterosauria). Zookeys 2014:1-107. [PMID: 25152671 PMCID: PMC4141157 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.432.7913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy, geographic distribution, and paleoenvironmental context of azhdarchid pterosaurs are reviewed. All purported pteranodontid, tapejarid, and azhdarchid specimens from the Cenomanian Kem Kem beds of Morocco are referred to a single azhdarchid taxon, Alanqa saharica. The four proposed autapomorphies of Eurazhdarcho langendorfensis from the lower Maastrichtian Sebeş Formation of Romania are based on misinterpretations of material and this taxon is likely a subjective junior synonym of Hatzegopteryx thambema. Among 54 currently reported azhdarchid occurrences (51 skeletal remains and 3 tracks) 13% are from lacustrine deposits, 17% from fluvial plain deposits, 17% from coastal plain deposits, 18% from estuarine and lagoonal deposits, and 35% from costal marine deposits. Azhdarchids likely inhabited a variety of environments, but were abundant near large lakes and rivers and most common in nearshore marine paleoenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Averianov
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia and Department of Sedimentary Geology, Geological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, 16 liniya VO 29, 199178 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Leigh EG, O'Dea A, Vermeij GJ. Historical biogeography of the Isthmus of Panama. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 89:148-72. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egbert G. Leigh
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá 0843-03092 Republic of Panamá
| | - Aaron O'Dea
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panamá 0843-03092 Republic of Panamá
| | - Geerat J. Vermeij
- Department of Geology; University of California at Davis; Davis California 95616 U.S.A
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Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity. J MAMM EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-012-9222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Beck RMD. An ‘ameridelphian’ marsupial from the early Eocene of Australia supports a complex model of Southern Hemisphere marsupial biogeography. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2012; 99:715-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0953-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reassessment of the Morphology and Taxonomic Status of the Earliest Herpetotheriid Marsupials of Europe. J MAMM EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-012-9195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fracasso MPA, de Oliveira Salles L, Perini FA. Upper molar morphology and relationships among higher taxa in bats. J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/09-mamm-a-415.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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LADEVÈZE SANDRINE, DE MUIZON CHRISTIAN. Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones. Zool J Linn Soc 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Forasiepi AM, Rougier GW. Additional data on early Paleocene metatherians (Mammalia) from Punta Peligro (Salamanca Formation, Argentina): comments based on petrosal morphology. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Meredith RW, Westerman M, Springer MS. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 51:554-71. [PMID: 19249373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Even though the marsupial order Diprotodontia is one of the most heavily studied groups of Australasian marsupials, phylogenetic relationships within this group remain contentious. The more than 125 living species of Diprotodontia can be divided into two main groups: Vombatiformes (wombats and koalas) and Phalangerida. Phalangerida is composed of the kangaroos (Macropodidae, Potoroidae, and Hypsiprymnodontidae) and possums (Phalangeridae, Burramyidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae, Tarsipedidae, and Acrobatidae). Much of the debate has focused on relationships among the families of possums and whether possums are monophyletic or paraphyletic. A limitation of previous investigations is that no study to date has investigated diprotodontian relationships using all genera. Here, we examine diprotodontian interrelationships using a nuclear multigene molecular data set representing all recognized extant diprotodontian genera. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods were used to analyze sequence data obtained from protein-coding portions of ApoB, BRCA1, IRBP, Rag1, and vWF. We also applied a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock method to estimate times of divergence. Diprotodontia was rooted between Vombatiformes and Phalangerida. Within Phalangerida, the model-based methods strongly support possum paraphyly with Phalangeroidea (Burramyidae+Phalangeridae) grouping with the kangaroos (Macropodiformes) to the exclusion of Petauroidea (Tarsipedidae, Acrobatidae, Pseudocheiridae, and Petauridae). Within Petauroidea, Tarsipedidae grouped with both Petauridae and Pseudocheiridae to the exclusion of Acrobatidae. Our analyses also suggest that the diprotodontian genera Pseudochirops and Strigocuscus are paraphyletic and diphyletic, respectively, as currently recognized. Dating analyses suggest Diprotodontia diverged from other australidelphians in the late Paleocene to early Eocene with all interfamilial divergences occurring prior to the early Miocene except for the split between the Potoroidae and Macropodidae, which occurred sometime in the mid-Miocene. Ancestral state reconstructions using a Bayesian method suggest that the patagium evolved independently in the Acrobatidae, Petauridae, and Pseudocheiridae. Ancestral state reconstructions of ecological venue suggest that the ancestor of Diprotodontia was arboreal. Within Diprotodontia, the common ancestor of Macropodidae was reconstructed as terrestrial, suggesting that tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus) are secondarily arboreal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Meredith
- Department of Biology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Beck RMD. A Dated Phylogeny of Marsupials Using a Molecular Supermatrix and Multiple Fossil Constraints. J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/06-mamm-a-437.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recent progress resolving the phylogenetic relationships of the major lineages of mammals has had a broad impact in evolutionary biology, comparative genomics and the biomedical sciences. Novel insights into the timing and historical biogeography of early mammalian diversification have resulted from a new molecular tree for placental mammals coupled with dating approaches that relax the assumption of the molecular clock. We highlight the numerous applications to come from a well-resolved phylogeny and genomic prospecting in multiple lineages of mammals, from identifying regulatory elements in mammalian genomes to assessing the functional consequences of mutations in human disease loci and those driving adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Springer
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Hallström BM, Kullberg M, Nilsson MA, Janke A. Phylogenomic data analyses provide evidence that Xenarthra and Afrotheria are sister groups. Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:2059-68. [PMID: 17630282 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic positions of the 4 clades, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria, Afrotheria, and Xenarthra, have been major issues in the recent discussion of basal relationships among placental mammals. However, despite considerable efforts these relationships, crucial to the understanding of eutherian evolution and biogeography, have remained essentially unresolved. Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria are generally joined into a common clade (Boreoeutheria), whereas the position of Afrotheria and Xenarthra relative to Boreoeutheria has been equivocal in spite of the use of comprehensive amounts of nuclear encoded sequences or the application of genome-level characters such as retroposons. The probable reason for this uncertainty is that the divergences took place long time ago and within a narrow temporal window, leaving only short common branches. With the aim of further examining basal eutherian relationships, we have collected conserved protein-coding sequences from 11 placental mammals, a marsupial and a bird, whose nuclear genomes have been largely sequenced. The length of the alignment of homologous sequences representing each individual species is 2,168,859 nt. This number of sites, representing 2840 protein-coding genes, exceeds by a considerable margin that of any previous study. The phylogenetic analysis joined Xenarthra and Afrotheria on a common branch, Atlantogenata. This topology was found to fit the data significantly better than the alternative trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn M Hallström
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Division of Evolutionary Molecular Systematics, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Pascual R, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E. The Gondwanan and South American Episodes: Two Major and Unrelated Moments in the History of the South American Mammals. J MAMM EVOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-007-9039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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