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Badahman F, Alsobhi M, Alzahrani A, Chevidikunnan MF, Neamatallah Z, Alqarni A, Alabasi U, Abduljabbar A, Basuodan R, Khan F. Validating the Accuracy of a Patient-Facing Clinical Decision Support System in Predicting Lumbar Disc Herniation: Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1870. [PMID: 39272655 PMCID: PMC11394625 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14171870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is a major cause of disability globally, and the diagnosis of LBP is challenging for clinicians. OBJECTIVE Using new software called Therapha, this study aimed to assess the accuracy level of artificial intelligence as a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) compared to MRI in predicting lumbar disc herniated patients. METHODS One hundred low back pain patients aged ≥18 years old were included in the study. The study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, a case series was conducted by matching MRI and Therapha diagnosis for 10 patients. Subsequently, Delphi methodology was employed to establish a clinical consensus. Finally, to determine the accuracy of the newly developed software, a cross-sectional study was undertaken involving 100 patients. RESULTS The software showed a significant diagnostic accuracy with the area under the curve in the ROC analysis determined as 0.84 with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 80%. CONCLUSIONS The study's findings revealed that CDSS using Therapha has a reasonable level of efficacy, and this can be utilized clinically to acquire a faster and more accurate screening of patients with lumbar disc herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Badahman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alsobhi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almaha Alzahrani
- Department of Physical Therapy, King Faisal Hospital, Makkah 24236, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Faisal Chevidikunnan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Neamatallah
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alqarni
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Alabasi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abduljabbar
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Basuodan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayaz Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
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Yang H, Liao Z, Zou H, Li K, Zhou Y, Gao Z, Mao Y, Song C. Machine learning-based gait adaptation dysfunction identification using CMill-based gait data. Front Neurorobot 2024; 18:1421401. [PMID: 39136036 PMCID: PMC11317473 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2024.1421401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Combining machine learning (ML) with gait analysis is widely applicable for diagnosing abnormal gait patterns. Objective To analyze gait adaptability characteristics in stroke patients, develop ML models to identify individuals with GAD, and select optimal diagnostic models and key classification features. Methods This study was investigated with 30 stroke patients (mean age 42.69 years, 60% male) and 50 healthy adults (mean age 41.34 years, 58% male). Gait adaptability was assessed using a CMill treadmill on gait adaptation tasks: target stepping, slalom walking, obstacle avoidance, and speed adaptation. The preliminary analysis of variables in both groups was conducted using t-tests and Pearson correlation. Features were extracted from demographics, gait kinematics, and gait adaptability datasets. ML models based on Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Multi-layer Perceptron, K-Nearest Neighbors, and AdaCost algorithm were trained to classify individuals with and without GAD. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (SEN), F1-score and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Results The stroke group showed a significantly decreased gait speed (p = 0.000) and step length (SL) (p = 0.000), while the asymmetry of SL (p = 0.000) and ST (p = 0.000) was higher compared to the healthy group. The gait adaptation tasks significantly decreased in slalom walking (p = 0.000), obstacle avoidance (p = 0.000), and speed adaptation (p = 0.000). Gait speed (p = 0.000) and obstacle avoidance (p = 0.000) were significantly correlated with global F-A score in stroke patients. The AdaCost demonstrated better classification performance with an ACC of 0.85, SEN of 0.80, F1-score of 0.77, and ROC-AUC of 0.75. Obstacle avoidance and gait speed were identified as critical features in this model. Conclusion Stroke patients walk slower with shorter SL and more asymmetry of SL and ST. Their gait adaptability was decreased, particularly in obstacle avoidance and speed adaptation. The faster gait speed and better obstacle avoidance were correlated with better functional mobility. The AdaCost identifies individuals with GAD and facilitates clinical decision-making. This advances the future development of user-friendly interfaces and computer-aided diagnosis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyi Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailei Zou
- College of Science, China Jiliang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuncheng Li
- MeritData Technology Co., Ltd., Shanxi, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajun Mao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caiping Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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Baron R, Haick H. Mobile Diagnostic Clinics. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2777-2792. [PMID: 38775426 PMCID: PMC11217950 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This article reviews the revolutionary impact of emerging technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) in reshaping modern healthcare systems, with a particular focus on the implementation of mobile diagnostic clinics. It presents an insightful analysis of the current healthcare challenges, including the shortage of healthcare workers, financial constraints, and the limitations of traditional clinics in continual patient monitoring. The concept of "Mobile Diagnostic Clinics" is introduced as a transformative approach where healthcare delivery is made accessible through the incorporation of advanced technologies. This approach is a response to the impending shortfall of medical professionals and the financial and operational burdens conventional clinics face. The proposed mobile diagnostic clinics utilize digital health tools and AI to provide a wide range of services, from everyday screenings to diagnosis and continual monitoring, facilitating remote and personalized care. The article delves into the potential of nanotechnology in diagnostics, AI's role in enhancing predictive analytics, diagnostic accuracy, and the customization of care. Furthermore, the article discusses the importance of continual, noninvasive monitoring technologies for early disease detection and the role of clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) in personalizing treatment guidance. It also addresses the challenges and ethical concerns of implementing these advanced technologies, including data privacy, integration with existing healthcare infrastructure, and the need for transparent and bias-free AI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Baron
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Yusuf H, Hillman A, Stegeman JA, Cameron A, Badger S. Expanding access to veterinary clinical decision support in resource-limited settings: a scoping review of clinical decision support tools in medicine and antimicrobial stewardship. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1349188. [PMID: 38895711 PMCID: PMC11184142 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1349188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Digital clinical decision support (CDS) tools are of growing importance in supporting healthcare professionals in understanding complex clinical problems and arriving at decisions that improve patient outcomes. CDS tools are also increasingly used to improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) practices in healthcare settings. However, far fewer CDS tools are available in lowerand middle-income countries (LMICs) and in animal health settings, where their use in improving diagnostic and treatment decision-making is likely to have the greatest impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate digital CDS tools designed as a direct aid to support diagnosis and/or treatment decisionmaking, by reviewing their scope, functions, methodologies, and quality. Recommendations for the development of veterinary CDS tools in LMICs are then provided. Methods The review considered studies and reports published between January 2017 and October 2023 in the English language in peer-reviewed and gray literature. Results A total of 41 studies and reports detailing CDS tools were included in the final review, with 35 CDS tools designed for human healthcare settings and six tools for animal healthcare settings. Of the tools reviewed, the majority were deployed in high-income countries (80.5%). Support for AMS programs was a feature in 12 (29.3%) of the tools, with 10 tools in human healthcare settings. The capabilities of the CDS tools varied when reviewed against the GUIDES checklist. Discussion We recommend a methodological approach for the development of veterinary CDS tools in LMICs predicated on securing sufficient and sustainable funding. Employing a multidisciplinary development team is an important first step. Developing standalone CDS tools using Bayesian algorithms based on local expert knowledge will provide users with rapid and reliable access to quality guidance on diagnoses and treatments. Such tools are likely to contribute to improved disease management on farms and reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use, thus supporting AMS practices in areas of high need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Arend Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Fernando M, Abell B, Tyack Z, Donovan T, McPhail SM, Naicker S. Using Theories, Models, and Frameworks to Inform Implementation Cycles of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems in Tertiary Health Care Settings: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e45163. [PMID: 37851492 PMCID: PMC10620641 DOI: 10.2196/45163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computerized clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are essential components of modern health system service delivery, particularly within acute care settings such as hospitals. Theories, models, and frameworks may assist in facilitating the implementation processes associated with CDSS innovation and its use within these care settings. These processes include context assessments to identify key determinants, implementation plans for adoption, promoting ongoing uptake, adherence, and long-term evaluation. However, there has been no prior review synthesizing the literature regarding the theories, models, and frameworks that have informed the implementation and adoption of CDSSs within hospitals. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to identify the theory, model, and framework approaches that have been used to facilitate the implementation and adoption of CDSSs in tertiary health care settings, including hospitals. The rationales reported for selecting these approaches, including the limitations and strengths, are described. METHODS A total of 5 electronic databases were searched (CINAHL via EBSCOhost, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Embase) to identify studies that implemented or adopted a CDSS in a tertiary health care setting using an implementation theory, model, or framework. No date or language limits were applied. A narrative synthesis was conducted using full-text publications and abstracts. Implementation phases were classified according to the "Active Implementation Framework stages": exploration (feasibility and organizational readiness), installation (organizational preparation), initial implementation (initiating implementation, ie, training), full implementation (sustainment), and nontranslational effectiveness studies. RESULTS A total of 81 records (42 full text and 39 abstracts) were included. Full-text studies and abstracts are reported separately. For full-text studies, models (18/42, 43%), followed by determinants frameworks (14/42,33%), were most frequently used to guide adoption and evaluation strategies. Most studies (36/42, 86%) did not list the limitations associated with applying a specific theory, model, or framework. CONCLUSIONS Models and related quality improvement methods were most frequently used to inform CDSS adoption. Models were not typically combined with each other or with theory to inform full-cycle implementation strategies. The findings highlight a gap in the application of implementation methods including theories, models, and frameworks to facilitate full-cycle implementation strategies for hospital CDSSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasha Fernando
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bridget Abell
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zephanie Tyack
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomasina Donovan
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven M McPhail
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sundresan Naicker
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Chavez-Yenter D, Goodman MS, Chen Y, Chu X, Bradshaw RL, Lorenz Chambers R, Chan PA, Daly BM, Flynn M, Gammon A, Hess R, Kessler C, Kohlmann WK, Mann DM, Monahan R, Peel S, Kawamoto K, Del Fiol G, Sigireddi M, Buys SS, Ginsburg O, Kaphingst KA. Association of Disparities in Family History and Family Cancer History in the Electronic Health Record With Sex, Race, Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity, and Language Preference in 2 Large US Health Care Systems. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2234574. [PMID: 36194411 PMCID: PMC9533178 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.34574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Clinical decision support (CDS) algorithms are increasingly being implemented in health care systems to identify patients for specialty care. However, systematic differences in missingness of electronic health record (EHR) data may lead to disparities in identification by CDS algorithms. Objective To examine the availability and comprehensiveness of cancer family history information (FHI) in patients' EHRs by sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and language preference in 2 large health care systems in 2021. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective EHR quality improvement study used EHR data from 2 health care systems: University of Utah Health (UHealth) and NYU Langone Health (NYULH). Participants included patients aged 25 to 60 years who had a primary care appointment in the previous 3 years. Data were collected or abstracted from the EHR from December 10, 2020, to October 31, 2021, and analyzed from June 15 to October 31, 2021. Exposures Prior collection of cancer FHI in primary care settings. Main Outcomes and Measures Availability was defined as having any FHI and any cancer FHI in the EHR and was examined at the patient level. Comprehensiveness was defined as whether a cancer family history observation in the EHR specified the type of cancer diagnosed in a family member, the relationship of the family member to the patient, and the age at onset for the family member and was examined at the observation level. Results Among 144 484 patients in the UHealth system, 53.6% were women; 74.4% were non-Hispanic or non-Latino and 67.6% were White; and 83.0% had an English language preference. Among 377 621 patients in the NYULH system, 55.3% were women; 63.2% were non-Hispanic or non-Latino, and 55.3% were White; and 89.9% had an English language preference. Patients from historically medically undeserved groups-specifically, Black vs White patients (UHealth: 17.3% [95% CI, 16.1%-18.6%] vs 42.8% [95% CI, 42.5%-43.1%]; NYULH: 24.4% [95% CI, 24.0%-24.8%] vs 33.8% [95% CI, 33.6%-34.0%]), Hispanic or Latino vs non-Hispanic or non-Latino patients (UHealth: 27.2% [95% CI, 26.5%-27.8%] vs 40.2% [95% CI, 39.9%-40.5%]; NYULH: 24.4% [95% CI, 24.1%-24.7%] vs 31.6% [95% CI, 31.4%-31.8%]), Spanish-speaking vs English-speaking patients (UHealth: 18.4% [95% CI, 17.2%-19.1%] vs 40.0% [95% CI, 39.7%-40.3%]; NYULH: 15.1% [95% CI, 14.6%-15.6%] vs 31.1% [95% CI, 30.9%-31.2%), and men vs women (UHealth: 30.8% [95% CI, 30.4%-31.2%] vs 43.0% [95% CI, 42.6%-43.3%]; NYULH: 23.1% [95% CI, 22.9%-23.3%] vs 34.9% [95% CI, 34.7%-35.1%])-had significantly lower availability and comprehensiveness of cancer FHI (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that systematic differences in the availability and comprehensiveness of FHI in the EHR may introduce informative presence bias as inputs to CDS algorithms. The observed differences may also exacerbate disparities for medically underserved groups. System-, clinician-, and patient-level efforts are needed to improve the collection of FHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chavez-Yenter
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Melody S. Goodman
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Yuyu Chen
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Xiangying Chu
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Richard L. Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- School of Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Brianne M. Daly
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Michael Flynn
- School of Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Amanda Gammon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Rachel Hess
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Cecelia Kessler
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Devin M. Mann
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Monahan
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Sara Peel
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Kensaku Kawamoto
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Guilherme Del Fiol
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Saundra S. Buys
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Ophira Ginsburg
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kimberly A. Kaphingst
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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Papadopoulos P, Soflano M, Chaudy Y, Adejo W, Connolly TM. A systematic review of technologies and standards used in the development of rule-based clinical decision support systems. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-022-00672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is a technology platform that uses medical knowledge with clinical data to provide customised advice for an individual patient's care. CDSSs use rules to encapsulate expert knowledge and rules engines to infer logic by evaluating rules according to a patient's specific information and related medical facts. However, CDSSs are by nature complex with a plethora of different technologies, standards and methods used to implement them and it can be difficult for practitioners to determine an appropriate solution for a specific scenario. This study's main goal is to provide a better understanding of different technical aspects of a CDSS, identify gaps in CDSS development and ultimately provide some guidelines to assist their translation into practice. We focus on issues related to knowledge representation including use of clinical ontologies, interoperability with EHRs, technology standards, CDSS architecture and mobile/cloud access.This study performs a systematic literature review of rule-based CDSSs that discuss the underlying technologies used and have evaluated clinical outcomes. From a search that yielded an initial set of 1731 papers, only 15 included an evaluation of clinical outcomes. This study has found that a large majority of papers did not include any form of evaluation and, for many that did include an evaluation, the methodology was not sufficiently rigorous to provide statistically significant results. From the 15 papers shortlisted, there were no RCT or quasi-experimental studies, only 6 used ontologies to represent domain knowledge, only 2 integrated with an EHR system, only 5 supported mobile use and only 3 used recognised healthcare technology standards (and all these were HL7 standards). Based on these findings, the paper provides some recommendations for future CDSS development.
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Yung KK, Ardern CL, Serpiello FR, Robertson S. Characteristics of Complex Systems in Sports Injury Rehabilitation: Examples and Implications for Practice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35192079 PMCID: PMC8864040 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex systems are open systems consisting of many components that can interact among themselves and the environment. New forms of behaviours and patterns often emerge as a result. There is a growing recognition that most sporting environments are complex adaptive systems. This acknowledgement extends to sports injury and is reflected in the individual responses of athletes to both injury and rehabilitation protocols. Consequently, practitioners involved in return to sport decision making (RTS) are encouraged to view return to sport decisions through the complex systems lens to improve decision-making in rehabilitation. It is important to clarify the characteristics of this theoretical framework and provide concrete examples to which practitioners can easily relate. This review builds on previous literature by providing an overview of the hallmark features of complex systems and their relevance to RTS research and daily practice. An example of how characteristics of complex systems are exhibited is provided through a case of anterior cruciate ligament injury rehabilitation. Alternative forms of scientific inquiry, such as the use of computational and simulation-based techniques, are also discussed-to move the complex systems approach from the theoretical to the practical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate K Yung
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Clare L Ardern
- Musculoskeletal and Sports Injury Epidemiology Centre, Department of Health Promotion Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fabio R Serpiello
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Hernandez L, Kim R, Tokcan N, Derksen H, Biesterveld BE, Croteau A, Williams AM, Mathis M, Najarian K, Gryak J. Multimodal tensor-based method for integrative and continuous patient monitoring during postoperative cardiac care. Artif Intell Med 2021; 113:102032. [PMID: 33685593 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2021.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients recovering from cardiovascular surgeries may develop life-threatening complications such as hemodynamic decompensation, making the monitoring of patients for such complications an essential component of postoperative care. However, this need has given rise to an inexorable increase in the number and modalities of data points collected, making it challenging to effectively analyze in real time. While many algorithms exist to assist in monitoring these patients, they often lack accuracy and specificity, leading to alarm fatigue among healthcare practitioners. In this study we propose a multimodal approach that incorporates salient physiological signals and EHR data to predict the onset of hemodynamic decompensation. A retrospective dataset of patients recovering from cardiac surgery was created and used to train predictive models. Advanced signal processing techniques were employed to extract complex features from physiological waveforms, while a novel tensor-based dimensionality reduction method was used to reduce the size of the feature space. These methods were evaluated for predicting the onset of decompensation at varying time intervals, ranging from a half-hour to 12 h prior to a decompensation event. The best performing models achieved AUCs of 0.87 and 0.80 for the half-hour and 12-h intervals respectively. These analyses evince that a multimodal approach can be used to develop clinical decision support systems that predict adverse events several hours in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Hernandez
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Renaid Kim
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Neriman Tokcan
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Harm Derksen
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Ben E Biesterveld
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Alfred Croteau
- Hartford HealthCare Medical Group, Hartford, CT 06106, United States
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Michael Mathis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Kayvan Najarian
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care (MCIRCC), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan Gryak
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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10
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DZC DIAG: mobile application based on expert system to aid in the diagnosis of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:2657-2672. [PMID: 32845437 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dengue, Zika, and chikungunya are epidemic diseases transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. These virus infections can be so severe to the point of bringing on mobility and neurological problems, or even death. Expert systems (ES) can be used as tools for the identification of patterns intended to solve problems in the same way as a professional specialist would. This work aimed to develop an ES in the form of an Android application to serve as a supportive tool in the diagnosis of these arboviruses. The goal is to associate the set of symptoms from a patient to a score related to the likelihood of them having these diseases. To make this possible, we implemented a rule-based ES which considers the presence of symptoms itself and the relation between them to associate the case under analysis to others found in the literature. We performed 96 tests (32 for each illness), and our system had a success rate of 96.88%. Resident physicians of a public hospital also analyzed these clinical cases and achieved an average success rate of 72.92%. Comparing the results of the method proposed and errors made by health professionals, we showed an improvement in the effectiveness of clinical diagnoses. Graphical abstract Figure - DZC DIAG Operating Flowchart: the physicians record patients' data and answer a series of questions related to the patient's symptoms; after all the questions, the result is generated by the expert system (score for dengue, Zika, and chikungunya); and it is saved in the same device where the test was done and uploaded online to a FTP.
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Sutton RT, Pincock D, Baumgart DC, Sadowski DC, Fedorak RN, Kroeker KI. An overview of clinical decision support systems: benefits, risks, and strategies for success. NPJ Digit Med 2020; 3:17. [PMID: 32047862 PMCID: PMC7005290 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-020-0221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 199.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Computerized clinical decision support systems, or CDSS, represent a paradigm shift in healthcare today. CDSS are used to augment clinicians in their complex decision-making processes. Since their first use in the 1980s, CDSS have seen a rapid evolution. They are now commonly administered through electronic medical records and other computerized clinical workflows, which has been facilitated by increasing global adoption of electronic medical records with advanced capabilities. Despite these advances, there remain unknowns regarding the effect CDSS have on the providers who use them, patient outcomes, and costs. There have been numerous published examples in the past decade(s) of CDSS success stories, but notable setbacks have also shown us that CDSS are not without risks. In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art overview on the use of clinical decision support systems in medicine, including the different types, current use cases with proven efficacy, common pitfalls, and potential harms. We conclude with evidence-based recommendations for minimizing risk in CDSS design, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed T. Sutton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David Pincock
- Chief Medical Information Office, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Daniel C. Baumgart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Daniel C. Sadowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Richard N. Fedorak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Karen I. Kroeker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Jemal H, Kechaou Z, Ben Ayed M. Multi-agent based intuitionistic fuzzy logic healthcare decision support system. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-182926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Jemal
- Research Groups on Intelligent Machines (REGIM), National School of Engineers (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zied Kechaou
- Research Groups on Intelligent Machines (REGIM), National School of Engineers (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mounir Ben Ayed
- Research Groups on Intelligent Machines (REGIM), National School of Engineers (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Farzandipour M, Nabovati E, Saeedi S, Fakharian E. Fuzzy decision support systems to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic literature review. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 163:101-109. [PMID: 30119845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most important causes of disability with a high prevalence. The accurate and timely diagnosis of these disorders is often difficult. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) can help physicians to diagnose diseases quickly and accurately. Given the ambiguous nature of MSDs, fuzzy logic can be helpful in designing the CDSSs knowledge bases. The present study aimed to review the studies on fuzzy CDSSs to diagnose MSDs. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies published until March 15, 2016. Studies were included in which CDSSs were developed using fuzzy logic to diagnose MSDs, and tested their accuracy using real data from patients. RESULTS Of the 3188 papers examined, 23 papers included according to the inclusion criteria. The results showed that among all the designed CDSSs only one (CADIAG-2) was implemented in the clinical environment. In about half of the included studies (52%), CDSSs were designed to diagnose inflammatory/infectious disorder of the bone and joint. In most of the included studies (70%), the knowledge was extracted using a combination of three methods (acquiring from experts, analyzing the data, and reviewing the literature). The median accuracy of fuzzy rule-based CDSSs was 91% and it was 90% for other fuzzy models. The most frequently used membership functions were triangular and trapezoidal functions, and the most used method for inference was the Mamdani. CONCLUSIONS In general, fuzzy CDSSs have a high accuracy to diagnose MSDs. Despite the high accuracy, these systems have been used to a limited extent in the clinical environments. To design of knowledge base for CDSSs to diagnose MSDs, rule-based methods are used more than other fuzzy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Farzandipour
- Health Information Management Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Health Information Management & Technology, School of Allied Health Professions, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nabovati
- Health Information Management Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Health Information Management & Technology, School of Allied Health Professions, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Soheila Saeedi
- Department of Health Information Management & Technology, School of Allied Health Professions, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student research committee, Kashan University of Medical sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Fakharian
- Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Guo J, Li B. The Application of Medical Artificial Intelligence Technology in Rural Areas of Developing Countries. Health Equity 2018; 2:174-181. [PMID: 30283865 PMCID: PMC6110188 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2018.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing computer technology that has begun to be widely used in the medical field to improve the professional level and efficiency of clinical work, in addition to avoiding medical errors. In developing countries, the inequality between urban and rural health services is a serious problem, of which the shortage of qualified healthcare providers is the major cause of the unavailability and low quality of healthcare in rural areas. Some studies have shown that the application of computer-assisted or AI medical techniques could improve healthcare outcomes in rural areas of developing countries. Therefore, the development of suitable medical AI technology for rural areas is worth discussing and probing. Methods: This article reviews and discusses the literature concerning the prospects of medical AI technology, the inequity of healthcare, and the application of computer-assisted or AI medical techniques in rural areas of developing countries. Results: Medical AI technology not only could improve physicians' efficiency and quality of medical services, but other health workers could also be trained to use this technique to compensate for the lack of physicians, thereby improving the availability of healthcare access and medical service quality. This article proposes a multilevel medical AI service network, including a frontline medical AI system (basic level), regional medical AI support centers (middle levels), and a national medical AI development center (top level). Conclusion: The promotion of medical AI technology in rural areas of developing countries might be one means of alleviating the inequality between urban and rural health services. The establishment of a multilevel medical AI service network system may be a solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Guo
- Department of Social Medicine, Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Social Medicine, Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, Virginia
- Department of Neurosciences, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Ahmadi H, Gholamzadeh M, Shahmoradi L, Nilashi M, Rashvand P. Diseases diagnosis using fuzzy logic methods: A systematic and meta-analysis review. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 161:145-172. [PMID: 29852957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diagnosis as the initial step of medical practice, is one of the most important parts of complicated clinical decision making which is usually accompanied with the degree of ambiguity and uncertainty. Since uncertainty is the inseparable nature of medicine, fuzzy logic methods have been used as one of the best methods to decrease this ambiguity. Recently, several kinds of literature have been published related to fuzzy logic methods in a wide range of medical aspects in terms of diagnosis. However, in this context there are a few review articles that have been published which belong to almost ten years ago. Hence, we conducted a systematic review to determine the contribution of utilizing fuzzy logic methods in disease diagnosis in different medical practices. METHODS Eight scientific databases are selected as an appropriate database and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was employed as the basis method for conducting this systematic and meta-analysis review. Regarding the main objective of this research, some inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered to limit our investigation. To achieve a structured meta-analysis, all eligible articles were classified based on authors, publication year, journals or conferences, applied fuzzy methods, main objectives of the research, problems and research gaps, tools utilized to model the fuzzy system, medical disciplines, sample sizes, the inputs and outputs of the system, findings, results and finally the impact of applied fuzzy methods to improve diagnosis. Then, we analyzed the results obtained from these classifications to indicate the effect of fuzzy methods in decreasing the complexity of diagnosis. RESULTS Consequently, the result of this study approved the effectiveness of applying different fuzzy methods in diseases diagnosis process, presenting new insights for researchers about what kind of diseases which have been more focused. This will help to determine the diagnostic aspects of medical disciplines that are being neglected. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this systematic review provides an appropriate platform for further research by identifying the research needs in the domain of disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ahmadi
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Health Information Management Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences-International Campus (TUMS-IC), No #17, 5th Floor, Farredanesh Alley, Ghods St, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marsa Gholamzadeh
- Health Information Management Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No #17, 5th Floor, Farredanesh Alley, Ghods St, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Shahmoradi
- Health Information Management Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No #17, 5th Floor, Farredanesh Alley, Ghods St, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrbakhsh Nilashi
- Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Young Researchers and Elite Club, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran; Department of Computer Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.
| | - Pooria Rashvand
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qzavin, Iran
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A joint application of optimal threshold based discrete cosine transform and ASCII encoding for ECG data compression with its inherent encryption. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2016; 39:833-855. [PMID: 27613706 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-016-0476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a joint use of the discrete cosine transform (DCT), and differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) based quantization is presented for predefined quality controlled electrocardiogram (ECG) data compression. The formulated approach exploits the energy compaction property in transformed domain. The DPCM quantization has been applied to zero-sequence grouped DCT coefficients that were optimally thresholded via Regula-Falsi method. The generated sequence is encoded using Huffman coding. This encoded series is further converted to a valid ASCII code using the standard codebook for transmission purpose. Such a coded series possesses inherent encryption capability. The proposed technique is validated on all 48 records of standard MIT-BIH database using different measures for compression and encryption. The acquisition time has been taken in accordance to that existed in literature for the fair comparison with contemporary state-of-art approaches. The chosen measures are (1) compression ratio (CR), (2) percent root mean square difference (PRD), (3) percent root mean square difference without base (PRD1), (4) percent root mean square difference normalized (PRDN), (5) root mean square (RMS) error, (6) signal to noise ratio (SNR), (7) quality score (QS), (8) entropy, (9) Entropy score (ES) and (10) correlation coefficient (r x,y ). Prominently the average values of CR, PRD and QS were equal to 18.03, 1.06, and 17.57 respectively. Similarly, the mean encryption metrics i.e. entropy, ES and r x,y were 7.9692, 0.9962 and 0.0113 respectively. The novelty in combining the approaches is well justified by the values of these metrics that are significantly higher than the comparison counterparts.
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Harle CA, Cook RL, Kinsell HS, Harman JS. Opioid prescribing by physicians with and without electronic health records. J Med Syst 2014; 38:138. [PMID: 25300237 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-014-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians in the U.S. are adopting electronic health records (EHRs) at an unprecedented rate. However, little is known about how EHR use relates to physicians' care decisions. Using nationally representative data, we estimated how using practice-based EHRs relates to opioid prescribing in primary care. METHODS This study analyzed 33,090 visits to primary care physicians (PCPs) in the 2007-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We used logistic regression to compare opioid prescribing by PCPs with and without EHRs. RESULTS Thirteen percent of all visits and 33 % of visits for chronic noncancer pain resulted in an opioid prescription. Compared to visits without EHRs, visits to physicians with EHRs had 1.38 times the odds of an opioid prescription (95 % CI, 1.22-1.56). Among visits for chronic noncancer pain, physicians with EHRs had significantly higher odds of an opioid prescription (adj. OR = 1.39; 95 % CI, 1.03-1.88). Chronic pain visits involving electronic clinical notes were also more likely to result in an opioid prescription compared to chronic pain visits without (adj. OR = 1.51; 95 % CI, 1.10-2.05). Chronic pain visits involving electronic test ordering were also more likely to result in an opioid prescription compared to chronic pain visits without (adj. OR = 1.31; 95 % CI, 1.01-1.71). CONCLUSIONS We found higher levels of opioid prescribing among physicians with EHRs compared to those without. These results highlight the need to better understand how using EHR systems may influence physician prescribing behavior so that EHRs can be designed to reliably guide physicians toward high quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Harle
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, PO BOX 100195, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA,
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The Reliability of an Epilepsy Treatment Clinical Decision Support System. J Med Syst 2014; 38:119. [DOI: 10.1007/s10916-014-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sheikhtaheri A, Sadoughi F, Hashemi Dehaghi Z. Developing and using expert systems and neural networks in medicine: a review on benefits and challenges. J Med Syst 2014; 38:110. [PMID: 25027017 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-014-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Complicacy of clinical decisions justifies utilization of information systems such as artificial intelligence (e.g. expert systems and neural networks) to achieve better decisions, however, application of these systems in the medical domain faces some challenges. We aimed at to review the applications of these systems in the medical domain and discuss about such challenges. Following a brief introduction of expert systems and neural networks by representing few examples, the challenges of these systems in the medical domain are discussed. We found that the applications of expert systems and artificial neural networks have been increased in the medical domain. These systems have shown many advantages such as utilization of experts' knowledge, gaining rare knowledge, more time for assessment of the decision, more consistent decisions, and shorter decision-making process. In spite of all these advantages, there are challenges ahead of developing and using such systems including maintenance, required experts, inputting patients' data into the system, problems for knowledge acquisition, problems in modeling medical knowledge, evaluation and validation of system performance, wrong recommendations and responsibility, limited domains of such systems and necessity of integrating such systems into the routine work flows. We concluded that expert systems and neural networks can be successfully used in medicine; however, there are many concerns and questions to be answered through future studies and discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Sheikhtaheri
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Sq., Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran,
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