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Tramel W, Schram B, Canetti E, Orr R. An Examination of Subjective and Objective Measures of Stress in Tactical Populations: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2515. [PMID: 37761712 PMCID: PMC10530665 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons working in tactical occupations are often exposed to high-stress situations. If this stress is to be measured, an understanding of the stress outcomes used in these occupations is needed. The aim of this review was to capture and critically appraise research investigating subjective and objective outcome measures of physiological stress in tactical occupations. Several literature databases (PubMed, EMBASE, EBsco) were searched using key search words and terms. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were critically evaluated and scored by two authors using the Joanne Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Of 17,171 articles, 42 studies were retained. The Cohen's Kappa agreement between authors was 0.829 with a mean JBI Score of included studies of 8.1/9 ± 0.37 points. Multiple subjective and objective measures were assessed during a variety of high-stress tasks and environments across different occupations, including police officers, emergency service personnel, firefighters, and soldiers in the military. Common objective outcomes measures were heart rate, cortisol, and body temperature, and subjective measures were ratings of perceived exertion, and the Self Trait Anxiety Inventory. Often used in combination (i.e., subjective and objective), these outcome measures can be used to monitor stressors faced by tactical personnel undergoing on-the-job training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Tramel
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
| | - Ben Schram
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Elisa Canetti
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Robin Orr
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
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Tornero-Aguilera JF, Sánchez-Molina J, Parraca JA, Morais A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Are Crohn's Disease Patients Limited in Sport Practise? An UltraEndurance Case-Control Study Response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10007. [PMID: 36011641 PMCID: PMC9407764 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychophysiological response of a Crohn's Disease patient in an ultra-endurance event. The psychophysiological responses of a Crohn's Disease and non-Crohn's Disease participant were analysed before during and after an 8 h ultra-endurance running event. Results showed how Crohn's patient presented a similar psychophysiological response than non-Crohn's participant in the ultra-endurance event, except for a higher pre- and post-event sympathetic modulation, lower event sympathetic tone, and lower event body temperature. This study could contribute to improving physical activity recommendations for persons with Crohn's Disease and open a new research line for an improved understanding of psychophysiological modifications of Crohn's Disease patients during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Research Center in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Jose A. Parraca
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Morais
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Research Center in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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The Effect of Expertise during Simulated Flight Emergencies on the Autonomic Response and Operative Performance in Military Pilots. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159141. [PMID: 35897511 PMCID: PMC9332753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) and performance response during emergency flight maneuvers were analyzed. Two expert pilots (ages 35 and 33) and two rookie pilots (ages 25) from the Portuguese Air Force participated in this case-control report study. Participants had to complete the following emergency protocols in a flight simulator: (1) take-off engine failure, (2) flight engine failure close to the base, (3) flight engine failure far away from the base, and (4) alternator failure. The HRV was collected during all these maneuvers, as well as the performance data (the time it took to go through the emergency protocol and the subjective information from the flight simulator operator). Results regarding autonomic modulation showed a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared to baseline. In some cases, there was also a higher sympathetic response during the emergency maneuvers when compared with the take-off protocol. Regarding performance data, the expert pilots accomplished the missions in less time than the rookie pilots. Autonomic modulation measured from HRV through portable devices can easily relay important information. This information is relevant since characterizing these maneuvers can provide helpful information to design training strategies to improve those psychophysiological responses.
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Paśko W, Guła P, Brożyna M, Dziadek B, Zadarko E, Śliż M, Polak K, Przednowek K. Psychomotor abilities of candidates for Polish Special Forces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5075. [PMID: 35332229 PMCID: PMC8948284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat tasks involving special units often put a mental and physical strain on the soldiers. During the military operation, soldiers may struggle with multiple difficulties such as extreme physical effort, sleep deprivation, weather conditions, limited access to food and stress. These circumstances require a high level of cognitive ability (including psychomotor abilities) to overcome the physiological stress response and to be able to quickly and efficiently make decisions under stressful situations, especially in combat. The aim of the study was to assess the level of the psychomotor abilities of candidates for the Polish Special Forces. The study comprised 48 candidates for the Polish Special Forces (age: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$30.06 \pm 2.87$$\end{document}30.06±2.87), 40 athletes (age: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$27.93 \pm 3.91$$\end{document}27.93±3.91) and 40 non-athletes (age: 24). The study was performed using Test2Drive software. Four computer-based tests were used to assess the following psychomotor abilities: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, hand-eye coordination and two-dimensional visuomotor coordination/spatial orientation test (SPANT). The analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences in reaction time and motor time between the study groups. The shortest reaction time in each test was observed in athletes, while the shortest motor time was observed in soldiers. All the psychomotor tests, except for the number of correct answers in SPANT, demonstrated statistically significant differences between the studied groups. It was also found that military training had a positive effect on the motor time in every psychomotor test. As regards the reaction time, it was observed that the athletes were characterised with better reaction times than the special forces candidates. The study has confirmed that military training and sports training have a positive effect on the level of psychomotor abilities, especially motor time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Paśko
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Guła
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Brożyna
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Dziadek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Emilian Zadarko
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Śliż
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Klementyna Polak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
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Ramírez-Adrados A, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Gonzalez-de-Ramos C, Fernández-Martínez S, Martínez-Pascual B, Fernández-Elías VE, Clemente-Suárez VJ. The effect of final dissertation defense language, native vs. non-native, in the psychophysiological stress response of university students. Physiol Behav 2020; 224:113043. [PMID: 32659393 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of final dissertation defense language in the autonomic stress response and cortical arousal of Physiotherapy students. We analysed in 110 students divided in 2 groups: native language (83) and non-native language (27), the autonomic stress response in four different moments of the dissertation defense; the cortical arousal and subjective perception of distress before and after the dissertation; and academic performance perception of students and the real performance obtained. Results showed a high sympathetic modulation at the beginning of the evaluation, which was maintained until the end of the evaluation in both groups. In addition, no decrease in cortical activity was found, possibly due to the short time of exposure to the stressful event. The final dissertation defense of Physiotherapy students produces an anticipatory anxiety response and a maintained high sympathetic nervous system activation during the defense, not negatively affecting cortical arousal, regardless of defending in native or non-native language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramírez-Adrados
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Psicofisiología Aplicada, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
| | - Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco
- Grupo de Investigación en Psicofisiología Aplicada, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Departamento de Educación, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Fernández-Martínez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Psicofisiología Aplicada, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Pascual
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Psicofisiología Aplicada, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Valentín E Fernández-Elías
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Psicofisiología Aplicada, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Vicente J Clemente-Suárez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Psicofisiología Aplicada, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Vicente-Rodríguez M, Fuentes-Garcia JP, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological Stress Response in an Underwater Evacuation Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072307. [PMID: 32235421 PMCID: PMC7177438 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: This research aimed to analyze the psychophysiological stress response of air crews in an underwater evacuation training. Materials and Methods: We analyzed in 36 participants (39.06 ± 9.01 years) modifications in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), subjective stress perception (SSP), heart rate (HR), blood oxygen saturation (BOS), cortical arousal (critical flicker fusion threshold, CFFT), heart rate variability (HRV), spirometry, isometric hand strength (IHS), and short-term memory (ST-M) before and after an underwater evacuation training. Results: The maneuver produced a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the SSP, RPE, Mean HR and maximum HR (Max HR), and a decrease in minimum HR (Min HR) and HRV. Conclusion: An underwater evacuation training produced an increase in the sympathetic nervous system modulation, elevating the psychophysiological stress response of the air crews, not negatively affecting their cortical arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vicente-Rodríguez
- Psychophysiological Research Group, European University of Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Pedro Fuentes-Garcia
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad, S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, 080002 Barranquilla, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-90-2232350; Fax: +34-911-413-585
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Tornero Aguilera JF, Fernandez Elias V, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Autonomic and cortical response of soldiers in different combat scenarios. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 167:172-176. [PMID: 32111675 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2019-001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of chronic and acute responses when exposed to extreme, aggressive and stressful environments, such as in combat environments, is becoming increasingly popular as such information leads to better optimisation of soldiers' physical and psychological performance, as well as mission effectiveness and efficiency. Due to internal complexity, uncertainty and variability of real combat scenarios, a specific approach to all possible types of military combat scenarios is necessary. METHODS Modifications in the autonomic modulation and cortical arousal before and after asymmetrical, symmetrical and close quarter combat simulations were analysed in 31 male professional veteran soldiers (age: 34.5±4.2 years) with between seven and 18 years of experience in their respective units, as well as experience in international missions in current conflict areas such as Lebanon, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kosovo and Iraq. RESULTS The three combat situations produced a non-significant decrease in cortical arousal after combat simulations, presenting a trivial effect size in symmetrical and close quarter combat situations and a small effect size in asymmetrical situations. HR increased significantly in the three combat situations, and close quarter combat produced the highest sympathetic modulation of the three situations analysed. CONCLUSION Symmetrical, asymmetrical and close quarter combat situations produced an increase in sympathetic modulation, being highest in the close quarter combat situation, where actions are performed at a close distance and in closed spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Fernandez Elias
- Universidad Europea de Madrid. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | - V J Clemente-Suárez
- Universidad Europea de Madrid. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Madrid, Spain .,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Merchan A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological modifications in an assault infantry manoeuvre using a chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear personal protective equipment. BMJ Mil Health 2019; 166:62-66. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2019-001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionThe study of the psychophysiological response during combat actions has been poorly researched despite its importance for warfighter training and specific instruction. The aim of the present investigation was to analyse the effect of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear personal protective equipment (PPE) on the psychophysiological response, mechanical and physical load and fine motor skills of professional soldiers in an endurance infantry manoeuvre.Methods16 soldiers conducted an assault manoeuvre with and without the PEE in separate days. We analysed before and after the manoeuvre the psychophysiological response, fine motor skills, shooting test accuracy and anxiety state.ResultsThe use of PPE produced significantly higher (p<0.05) stress, fatigue, temperature, HR, somatic anxiety and time in middle and high HR zones and significantly lower values in speed average and maximum speed. These findings can be used to improve the training and specific instruction for professionals who require the use of PPE equipment.ConclusionThe use of the PPE suit in an assault manoeuvre produces a decrease in the speed of movement, an increase in HR, body temperature, somatic anxiety and subjective perception of effort.
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