1
|
Masarra NA, Quantin JC, Batistella M, El Hage R, Pucci MF, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of Polymer Processing on the Double Electrical Percolation Threshold in PLA/PCL/GNP Nanocomposites. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9231. [PMID: 36501934 PMCID: PMC9738525 DOI: 10.3390/s22239231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the double electrical percolation threshold was obtained in polylactide (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) composite systems, prepared by compression moulding and fused filament fabrication (FFF). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the localisation of the GNP, as well as the morphology of PLA and PCL phases, were evaluated and correlated with the electrical conductivity results estimated by the four-point probe method electrical measurements. The solvent extraction method was used to confirm and quantify the co-continuity in these samples. At 10 wt.% of the GNP, compression-moulded samples possessed a wide co-continuity range, varying from PLA55/PCL45 to PLA70/PCL30. The best electrical conductivity results were found for compression-moulded and 3D-printed PLA65/PCL35/GNP that have the fully co-continuous structure, based on the experimental and theoretical findings. This composite owns the highest storage modulus and complex viscosity at low angular frequency range, according to the melt shear rheology. Moreover, it exhibited the highest char formation and polymers degrees of crystallinity after the thermal investigation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The effect of the GNP content, compression moulding time, and multiple twin-screw extrusion blending steps on the co-continuity were also evaluated. The results showed that increasing the GNP content decreased the continuity of the polymer phases. Therefore, this work concluded that polymer processing methods impact the electrical percolation threshold and that the 3D printing of polymer composites entails higher electrical resistance as compared to compression moulding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Roland El Hage
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LCPM), PR2N (EDST), Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O. Box 90656, Lebanon
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wnuczek K, Puszka A, Podkościelna B. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analyses of New Polycarbonates Based on Bisphenol A-Free Components. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244437. [PMID: 34960987 PMCID: PMC8704700 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses a new synthesis of bisphenol A-free polycarbonates based on four aliphatic–aromatic systems. In the first stage, different types of monomers (with/without sulfur) derived from diphenylmethane were synthesized. Then, new polycarbonates were prepared in the reactions with diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by transesterification and polycondensation reactions. Three different catalysts (zinc acetate, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and benzyltriethylammonium chloride) were tested. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by Nuclear Molecular Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in each stage. The chemical structures of the obtained polycarbonates were verified by means of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR). The presence of a carbonyl group in the infrared spectrum confirmed polycarbonate formation. Thermal studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out to determine the melting temperatures of the monomers. A gel permeation chromatography analysis (GPC) of the polycarbonates was performed in order to investigate their molar masses. Thermal analysis proved the purity of the obtained monomers; the curves showed a characteristic signal of melting. The obtained polycarbonates were characterized as having high resistance to organic solvents, including tetrahydrofuran. The GPC analysis proved their relatively large molar masses and their low dispersity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hammani S, Moulai-Mostefa N, Samyn P, Bechelany M, Dufresne A, Barhoum A. Morphology, Rheology and Crystallization in Relation to the Viscosity Ratio of Polystyrene/Polypropylene Polymer Blends. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040926. [PMID: 32093024 PMCID: PMC7078875 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfibrillar and droplet morphology of polypropylene (PP) phase dispersed in polypropylene (PS) was fabricated by using melt-extrusion. This morphology was obtained by introducing isotactic PP (20 wt.%) with different viscosity in the PS matrix (80 wt.%). Furthermore, the rheological properties of the blend investigated as a function of the viscosity ratio K. The variations in blend morphology were related to crystallization, melting properties, and viscoelasticity. The blends with K >> 1 develop a fine morphology with PP microfibrils along the flow direction, while diameters of the dispersed PP droplets gradually increase with lower values of K = 1, or K << 1. Crystallinity of the prepared blends significantly decreases compared to neat PP, while the microfibrillar morphology induces homogeneous crystallization with small crystallites. This is reflected in a decrease of the crystallization temperature, small loss in the crystallinity, and lower melting temperature of the PS80/PP20 blend compared to neat PP. The storage moduli, loss moduli, and complex viscosity are highest for the microfibrillar morphology that presents retarded relaxation. The rheological properties are dominated by the dispersed phase (K > 1), or matrix (K < 1). The variation in blend properties with microfibrillar morphology can be clearly distinguished from heterogeneous blends containing PP droplets, providing an efficient tool to create a binary blend with unique properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salim Hammani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire et Macromléculaire, Faculté de Science, Université de Blida, 109000 Blida, Algeria;
| | - Nadji Moulai-Mostefa
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences & Technologie, Université de Médéa, Ain D’Heb, 26001 Medea, Algeria;
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Surface modification of sepiolite: effects on thermomechanical properties of PP/PA6 blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-2000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
5
|
Li S, Su C, Yang J, Wen F, Wang Z, Chen R, He Q, Mu J. Preparation and Properties of Polycarbonate/Polystyrene Bead Alloy via Solvent Evaporation Method. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Li
- College of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of High Performance PlasticsMinistry of EducationJilin University Changchun 130012 P.R. China
| | - Caiyun Su
- Shanxi Aerospace Qinghua Equipment Co. Ltd. Changzhi Shanxi 046000 P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- College of Electronic Science and EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130012 P.R. China
| | - Fengyu Wen
- College of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of High Performance PlasticsMinistry of EducationJilin University Changchun 130012 P.R. China
| | - Zhenyang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of High Performance PlasticsMinistry of EducationJilin University Changchun 130012 P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of High Performance PlasticsMinistry of EducationJilin University Changchun 130012 P.R. China
| | - Qingxia He
- College of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of High Performance PlasticsMinistry of EducationJilin University Changchun 130012 P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Mu
- College of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of High Performance PlasticsMinistry of EducationJilin University Changchun 130012 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Su B, Zhou YG, Dong BB, Yan C. Effect of Compatibility on the Foaming Behavior of Injection Molded Polypropylene and Polycarbonate Blend Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E300. [PMID: 30960284 PMCID: PMC6419180 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the foaming behavior of a common linear polypropylene (PP) resin, polycarbonate (PC) was blended with PP, and three different grafted polymers were used as the compatibilizers. The solid and foamed samples of the PP/PC 3:1 blend with different compatibilizers were first fabricated by melt extrusion followed by injection molding (IM) with and without a blowing agent. The mechanical properties, thermal features, morphological structure, and relative rheological characterizations of these samples were studied using a tensile test, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and torque rheometer. It can be found from the experimental results that the influence of the compatibility between the PP and PC phases on the foaming behavior of PP/PC blends is substantial. The results suggest that PC coupling with an appropriate compatibilizer is a potential method to improve the foamability of PP resin. The comprehensive effect of PC and a suitable compatibilizer on the foamability of PP can be attributed to two possible mechanisms, i.e., the partial compatibility between phases that facilitates cell nucleation and the improved gas-melt viscosity that helps to form a fine foaming structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Ying-Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Cao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
You W, Yu W. Onset Reduction and Stabilization of Cocontinuous Morphology in Immiscible Polymer Blends by Snowmanlike Janus Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11092-11100. [PMID: 30149721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial jamming of monolayer nanoparticles is often required to kinetically arrest the cocontinuous morphology, which is not in favor of achieving high efficiency at low particle contents. In this paper, we find that the shape asymmetry of the snowmanlike Janus particles (JPs) has significant influence on the cocontinuous morphology of polymer blends under the melt-mixing process. The addition of 0.9 vol % snowmanlike JPs can almost have the onset concentration of cocontinuity in immiscible blends, which is much lower than the apparent interfacial jamming concentration. In addition, JPs show superior ability to stabilize the continuous morphology during annealing at high temperatures. The interfacial activity of asymmetric JPs is due to the decrease in the radius of the jamming curvature in the interfacial region as the shape asymmetry of the snowmanlike JPs increases. This result implies a general strategy to prepare Janus nanoparticles for a highly effective interfacial modification agent at low contents, which can induce the dispersed-phase continuity and suppress the coarsening of cocontinuous morphology simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei You
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
You W, Yu W. Control of the dispersed-to-continuous transition in polymer blends by viscoelastic asymmetry. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Gao X, Sheng D, Liu X, Li T, Ji F, Yang Y. Tailoring morphology to improve the gas-barrier properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/ethylene-vinyl alcohol blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Gao
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 10080 China
| | - Dekun Sheng
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Tongbing Li
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 10080 China
| | - Fance Ji
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 10080 China
| | - Yuming Yang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
In situ reactive compatibilization of PP/ABS blends via Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. Macromol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Momen O, Mehrabi-Mazidi M, Jahangiri N. Isotactic polypropylene (PP) modified by ABS and CaCO3 nanoparticles: effect of composition and compatibilization on the phase morphology, mechanical properties and fracture behavior. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Basseri G, Mehrabi Mazidi M, Hosseini F, Razavi Aghjeh MK. Relationship among microstructure, linear viscoelastic behavior and mechanical properties of SBS triblock copolymer-compatibilized PP/SAN blend. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-1071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Xin Y, Uyama H. Synthesis of new bio-based polycarbonates derived from terpene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|