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Factors Affecting BMI Changes in Mothers during the First Year Postpartum. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061364. [PMID: 36986094 PMCID: PMC10051214 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypotheses that mothers of infants who exclusively breastfed would differ in the trajectories of postpartum BMI changes than mothers of infants who exclusively formula fed, but such benefits would differ based on the maternal BMI status prepregnancy (primary hypothesis) and that psychological eating behavior traits would have independent effects on postpartum BMI changes (secondary hypothesis). To these aims, linear mixed-effects models analyzed measured anthropometric data collected monthly from 0.5 month (baseline) to 1 year postpartum from two groups of mothers distinct in infant feeding modality (Lactating vs. Non-lactating). While infant feeding modality group and prepregnancy BMI status had independent effects on postpartum BMI changes, the benefits of lactation on BMI changes differed based on prepregnancy BMI. When compared to lactating women, initial rates of BMI loss were significantly slower in the non-lactating women who were with Prepregnancy Healthy Weight (β = 0.63 percent BMI change, 95% CI: 0.19, 1.06) and with Prepregnancy Overweight (β = 2.10 percent BMI change, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.03); the difference was only a trend for those in the Prepregnancy Obesity group (β = 0.60 percent BMI change, 95% CI: −0.03, 1.23). For those with Prepregnancy Overweight, a greater percentage of non-lactating mothers (47%) gained ≥ 3 BMI units by 1 year postpartum than did lactating mothers (9%; p < 0.04). Psychological eating behavior traits of higher dietary restraint, higher disinhibition, and lower susceptibility to hunger were associated with greater BMI loss. In conclusion, while there are myriad advantages to lactation, including greater initial rates of postpartum weight loss regardless of prepregnancy BMI, mothers who were with overweight prior to the pregnancy experienced substantially greater loss if they breastfed their infants. Individual differences in psychological eating behavior traits hold promise as modifiable targets for postpartum weight management.
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Pineros-Leano M, Grafft N, Aguayo L. Childhood obesity risk factors by race and ethnicity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1670-1680. [PMID: 35894074 PMCID: PMC9354651 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity is a public health concern that often worsens with age. Although several risk factors at the child and maternal levels have been identified in cross-sectional studies, less is known about their long-term contribution to racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity. This study examines child- and maternal-level factors associated with the growth trajectories of White, Black, and Latino children. METHODS Group-based trajectory models were used to identify BMI z score trajectories from birth to 9 years of age among White, Black, and Latino children. The associations of child- and maternal-level factors with the trajectory group identified as at risk for obesity were examined using adjusted logistic regression analysis, stratified by race/ethnicity. RESULTS Among White children, fast-food consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.09-2.52) was associated with higher odds of following an at-risk trajectory. Among Black and Latino children, prepregnancy BMI was associated with following an at-risk trajectory (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03-1.08 for Black children, and OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07-1.17 for Latino children). CONCLUSIONS These findings showed racial/ethnic differences in the risk factors that influence the likelihood of obesity during childhood. Further research is needed to identify modifiable racial/ethnic specific risk factors to guide obesity-prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pineros-Leano
- Boston College, School of Social Work. Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- MACONDO Research Team, Boston College, School of Social Work. Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Natalie Grafft
- Boston College, School of Social Work. Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- MACONDO Research Team, Boston College, School of Social Work. Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Liliana Aguayo
- MACONDO Research Team, Boston College, School of Social Work. Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
- Emory University, Hubert Department of Global Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Khan AM. Maternal mental health and child nutritional status in an urban slum in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000871. [PMID: 36962625 PMCID: PMC10021263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poor mental health may diminish a mother's capacity to adequately care for her child, resulting in a negative impact on the child's nutrition. This study aims to determine the association between maternal mental health and child nutritional status in a poor urban population in Bangladesh. We carried out a cross-sectional study among 264 mother-child pairs in an urban slum area of Bangladesh. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) was used to assess maternal mental health. An SRQ-20 score ≥7 was considered a common mental disorder (CMD). Anthropometric measurements were performed to assess nutritional status of the children. The prevalence of maternal CMD was 46.2%. Maternal CMD was associated with poorer child feeding practice (p<0.001), poorer hygiene practice (p<0.001), poorer preventive care service use (p = 0.016), and suffering from diarrheal diseases (p = 0.049). The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight in children was 44.3%, 18.2% and 33.7%, respectively. A poorer child feeding practice was associated with wasting (p = 0.004) and underweight (p<0.001) but not with stunting. Poorer hygiene practices and suffering from diarrheal diseases were associated with stunting and underweight, but not with wasting. In multivariable analysis, maternal CMD was associated with child wasting (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.15-4.43). The association between maternal CMD and child underweight found in the bivariate analysis was attenuated and no longer statistically significant after multivariable analysis (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 0.94-3.33). No statistically significant association was observed between maternal CMD and stunting in this study (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 0.84-2.54). Maternal mental health affects nutritional status of the children where child feeding practice, hygiene practice and preventive care use might play a role. Interventions to address maternal mental health in child nutrition programs might improve child nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Mahmud Khan
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Poblete JA, Olmos P. Obesity and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Care and Clinical Practice. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 19:154-164. [PMID: 32598260 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666200628142353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) are the most frequent pathologies affecting mothers and offspring during pregnancy. Both conditions have shown a sustained increase in their prevalence in recent years, and they worsen the outcome of pregnancy and the long-term health of mothers. Obesity increases the risk of GDM and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy and elevates the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in later life. Offspring of obese mothers have an increased risk of obstetric morbidity and mortality and, consistent with the developmental origins of health and disease, a long term risk of childhood obesity and metabolic dysfunction. On the other hand, GDM also increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, caesarean section, and up to 50% of women will develop type 2 diabetes later in life. From a fetal point of view, it increases the risk of macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age fetuses, shoulder dystocia and birth trauma. The insulin resistance and inflammatory mediators released by a hypoxic trophoblast are mainly responsible for the poor pregnancy outcome in obese or GDM patients. The adequate management of both pathologies includes modifications in the diet and physical activity. Drug therapy should be considered when medical nutrition therapy and moderate physical activity fail to achieve treatment goals. The antenatal prediction of macrosomia is a challenge for physicians. The timing and the route of delivery should consider adequate metabolic control, gestational age, and optimal conditions for a vaginal birth. The best management of these pathologies includes pre-conception planning to reduce the risks during pregnancy and improve the quality of life of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Andrés Poblete
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Pablo Olmos
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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Rossiter C, Cheng H, Appleton J, Campbell KJ, Denney-Wilson E. Addressing obesity in the first 1000 days in high risk infants: Systematic review. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13178. [PMID: 33780128 PMCID: PMC8189222 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early intervention is critical for addressing the challenge of childhood obesity. Yet many preventive interventions do not target infants most at risk of future overweight or obesity. This systematic review examines interventions delivered before 2 years that aim to ameliorate excess weight gain among infants at high risk of overweight or obesity, due to sociodemographic characteristics, parental weight or health status, infant feeding or health behaviours. We searched six databases for interventions: (a) delivered before age two, (b) specifically aimed at infants at high risk of childhood obesity and (c) that reported outcomes by weight status beyond 28 days. The search identified over 27,000 titles, and 49 papers from 38 studies met inclusion criteria: 10 antenatal interventions, 16 postnatal and 12 conducted both before and after birth. Nearly all targeted infant and/or maternal nutrition. Studies varied widely in design, obesity risk factors, outcomes and quality. Overall, nine interventions of varying quality reported some evidence of significantly improved child weight trajectory, although effects tended to diminish over time. Interventions that improved weight outcomes tended to engage parents for a longer period, and most offered health professional input and support. Two studies of limited quality reported significantly worse weight outcomes in the intervention group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rossiter
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heilok Cheng
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica Appleton
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Women, Children and their Families, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tresillian Family Care Centres, Belmore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Denney-Wilson
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute for Women, Children and their Families, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Schäfer S, Sundling F, Liu A, Raubenheimer D, Nanan R. Firstborn sex defines early childhood growth of subsequent siblings. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202329. [PMID: 33434459 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that maternal resource allocation can be sex-biased in order to maximize reproductive success, yet this basic concept has not been investigated in humans. In this study, we explored relationships between maternal factors, offspring sex and prenatal and postnatal weight gain. Sex-specific regression models not only indicated that maternal ethnicity impacted male (n = 2456) and female (n = 1871) childrens postnatal weight gain differently but also that parity and mode of feeding influenced weight velocity of female (β ± s.e. = -0.31 ± 0.11 kg, p = 0.005; β ± s.e. = -0.37 ± 0.11 kg, p < 0.001) but not male offspring. Collectively, our findings imply that maternal resource allocation to consecutive offspring increases after a male firstborn. The absence of this finding in formula fed children suggests that this observation could be mediated by breast milk. Our results warrant further mechanistic and epidemiological studies to elucidate the role of breastfeeding on the programming of infant growth as well as of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, with potential implications for tailoring infant formulae according to sex and birth order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Schäfer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.,Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Felicia Sundling
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.,Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Anthony Liu
- Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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Saidj S, Ruchat SM, Henderson M, Drapeau V, Mathieu ME. Which healthy lifestyle habits mitigate the risk of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in Caucasian children exposed to in utero adverse gestational factors? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:286-296. [PMID: 33121841 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study explored if lifestyle habits [physical activity (PA), sleep duration, intake of fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy products] can moderate the positive associations between prenatal exposure to suboptimal gestational factors (SGF: i.e. gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy) and obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from the "Quebec Adiposity and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth" (QUALITY) study collected between 2005 - 2008 in Montreal and Quebec City, were used. Analyses included a sample of 619 children aged 8-10 years. Children's PA and sleep duration were obtained using an accelerometer and daily servings of food were assessed using three 24 h diet recalls. Moderation analyses were performed to investigate if each lifestyle habit, in all children, and in boys and girls, could reduce the positive associations between SGF, and obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. High LPA duration was protective against low levels of HDL cholesterol in boys who were exposed to more than one SGF (p = 0.005). Sleep duration did not have a protective effect respectively against high waist circumference and obesity in children and girls who were prenatally exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Diet and MVPA did not moderate the positive associations between SGF, obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. CONCLUSION Among the three lifestyle habits, only LPA had a protective effect against low levels of HDL-cholesterol in boys. More studies are needed to confirm these results to inform future lifestyle intervention in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Saidj
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie-M Ruchat
- Department of Human Kinetics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Melanie Henderson
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Université de Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-E Mathieu
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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8
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Whitaker KM, Becker C, Healy H, Wilcox S, Liu J. Women's Report of Health Care Provider Advice and Gestational Weight Gain: A Systematic Review. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:73-89. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Whitaker
- Department of Health and Human Physiology and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Courtney Becker
- Department of Health and Human Physiology and University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather Healy
- Hardin Library for the Health Sciences, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sara Wilcox
- Department of Exercise Science and University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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9
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Baran J, Weres A, Czenczek-Lewandowska E, Leszczak J, Kalandyk-Osinko K, Łuszczki E, Sobek G, Mazur A. Excessive Gestational Weight Gain: Long-Term Consequences for the Child. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123795. [PMID: 33255248 PMCID: PMC7761026 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of mothers’ gestational weight gain (GWG) and age at birth on the long-term risk of overweight and obesity in preschool and school-aged children. Methods: The study involved 749 mothers and children at ages between four and 15 years old. Each child was assessed for height and body weight, and then, the body mass category was determined based on the body mass index (BMI) percentile according to the sex and age of the subjects. Information on the perinatal risk factors for overweight and obesity came from the child’s health card or mother’s maternity card. They contained information about the mother’s age at the time of childbirth and the mother’s gestational weight gain during pregnancy. Results: In the group of 7–11-year-olds, the maternal weight gain during pregnancy was higher in obese children than in children with normal weight (18.8 kg vs. 14.3 kg; p = 0.002). This relationship was shown analogously in the group of 7–11-years-olds boys (20.6 kg vs. 15.1 kg; p = 0.005). Positive correlations were also shown between mother’s gestational weight gain and the BMI percentage of the whole group (p = 0.004). In the case of the mother’s age, no statistically significant relationship was found with the child’s weight category. Conclusions: Mothers’ weight gain during pregnancy is a factor that promotes overweightness and obesity in the child. Maternal age at birth does not appear to lead to any propensity toward overweightness and obesity in the later life of a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Baran
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (E.C.-L.); (J.L.); (E.Ł.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aneta Weres
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (E.C.-L.); (J.L.); (E.Ł.); (G.S.)
| | - Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (E.C.-L.); (J.L.); (E.Ł.); (G.S.)
| | - Justyna Leszczak
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (E.C.-L.); (J.L.); (E.Ł.); (G.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Kalandyk-Osinko
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (K.K.-O.); (A.M.)
| | - Edyta Łuszczki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (E.C.-L.); (J.L.); (E.Ł.); (G.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Sobek
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (E.C.-L.); (J.L.); (E.Ł.); (G.S.)
| | - Artur Mazur
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Al. mjr.W.Kopisto 2 a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (K.K.-O.); (A.M.)
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Ardic C, Usta O, Omar E, Yıldız C, Memis E. Caesarean delivery increases the risk of overweight or obesity in 2-year-old children. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2020; 41:374-379. [PMID: 33063571 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1803236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective cohort study was to reveal the effect of mode of delivery, independently of other confounders, on the risk of overweight or obesity in infants (age-sex-specific body mass index ≥ 85th percentile). In total, 294 infants born in the Rize Province between November 1 2013, and September 30 2014, and their mothers were included; all infants attended well-child visits with the same family physician for up to two years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine significant associations. The odds ratio (OR) of overweight and obese children aged 2 years in association with the mode of delivery was estimated by logistic regression analysis. In crude analysis, compared with vaginal delivery, the use of Caesarean Section delivery was associated with the risk of childhood overweight or obesity [OR: 2.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-4.30]. Even after multivariate adjustment, this increased risk persisted (adjusted OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.13-4.18). In conclusion, significantly increased risk of overweight or obesity was found in 2-year-old children born via Caesarean delivery.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Although there are studies on the relationship between childhood obesity and Caesarean Section delivery, results are inconsistent.What do the results of this study add? This is the first prospective cohort study showing the effect of Caesarean delivery on childhood obesity in Turkish children.What are the implications of these findings from clinical practice and/or further research? Future studies should further investigate the exact reasons underlying the association between Caesarean delivery and childhood metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Ardic
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Oguzer Usta
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Esma Omar
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Cihangir Yıldız
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Erdem Memis
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
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Prats-Puig A, García-Retortillo S, Puig-Parnau M, Vasileva F, Font-Lladó R, Xargay-Torrent S, Carreras-Badosa G, Mas-Parés B, Bassols J, López-Bermejo A. DNA Methylation Reorganization of Skeletal Muscle-Specific Genes in Response to Gestational Obesity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32848869 PMCID: PMC7412435 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals were to investigate in umbilical cord tissue if gestational obesity: (1) was associated with changes in DNA methylation of skeletal muscle-specific genes; (2) could modulate the co-methylation interactions among these genes. Additionally, we assessed the associations between DNA methylation levels and infant's variables at birth and at age 6. DNA methylation was measured in sixteen pregnant women [8-gestational obesity group; 8-control group] in umbilical cord using the Infinium Methylation EPIC Bead Chip microarray. Differentially methylated CpGs were identified with Beta Regression Models [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and an Odds Ratio > 1.5 or < 0.67]. DNA methylation interactions between CpGs of skeletal muscle-specific genes were studied using data from Pearson correlation matrices. In order to quantify the interactions within each network, the number of links was computed. This identification analysis reported 38 differential methylated CpGs within skeletal muscle-specific genes (comprising 4 categories: contractibility, structure, myokines, and myogenesis). Compared to control group, gestational obesity (1) promotes hypermethylation in highly methylated genes and hypomethylation in low methylated genes; (2) CpGs in regions close to transcription sites and with high CpG density are hypomethylated while regions distant to transcriptions sites and with low CpG density are hypermethylated; (3) diminishes the number of total interactions in the co-methylation network. Interestingly, the associations between infant's fasting glucose at age 6 and MYL6, MYH11, TNNT3, TPM2, CXCL2, and NCAM1 were still relevant after correcting for multiple testing. In conclusion, our study showed a complex interaction between gestational obesity and the epigenetic status of muscle-specific genes in umbilical cord tissue. Additionally, gestational obesity may alter the functional co-methylation connectivity of CpG within skeletal muscle-specific genes interactions, our results revealing an extensive reorganization of methylation in response to maternal overweight. Finally, changes in methylation levels of skeletal muscle specific genes may have persistent effects on the offspring of mothers with gestational obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prats-Puig
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sergi García-Retortillo
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Complex Systems in Sport, National Institute of Physical Education and Sport of Catalonia (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Puig-Parnau
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Fidanka Vasileva
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Raquel Font-Lladó
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Xargay-Torrent
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Carreras-Badosa
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Berta Mas-Parés
- Maternal & Fetal Metabolic Research, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Salt, Spain
| | - Judit Bassols
- Maternal & Fetal Metabolic Research, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Salt, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
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12
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Khambadkone SG, Cordner ZA, Tamashiro KLK. Maternal stressors and the developmental origins of neuropsychiatric risk. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100834. [PMID: 32084515 PMCID: PMC7243665 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The maternal environment during pregnancy is critical for fetal development and perinatal perturbations can prime offspring disease risk. Here, we briefly review evidence linking two well-characterized maternal stressors - psychosocial stress and infection - to increased neuropsychiatric risk in offspring. In the current climate of increasing obesity and globalization of the Western-style diet, maternal overnutrition emerges as a pressing public health concern. We focus our attention on recent epidemiological and animal model evidence showing that, like psychosocial stress and infection, maternal overnutrition can also increase offspring neuropsychiatric risk. Using lessons learned from the psychosocial stress and infection literature, we discuss how altered maternal and placental physiology in the setting of overnutrition may contribute to abnormal fetal development and resulting neuropsychiatric outcomes. A better understanding of converging pathophysiological pathways shared between stressors may enable development of interventions against neuropsychiatric illnesses that may be beneficial across stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seva G Khambadkone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zachary A Cordner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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13
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Pineros-Leano M. Association between Early Maternal Depression and Child Growth: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling Analysis. Child Obes 2020; 16:26-33. [PMID: 31483170 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Childhood overweight and obesity have become a primary social and public health concern. Over the past 30 years, rates of childhood overweight and obesity in the United States have increased dramatically from 6% to 35%. A potential risk factor of interest is maternal depression. To date, there are mixed findings available on the association between maternal depression and childhood obesity development, and there is a dearth of longitudinal research available. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigated the association between maternal depression at age 1 and/or age 3 years and childhood obesity longitudinally. Methods: This study used data from the Fragile Families Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to investigate the research questions. FFCWS is a national dataset that has information on 4898 women, and their children, from predominantly nonmarital, low-income minority groups in the United States. This study used information collected at the birth of the child (wave 1) through age 9 years (wave 5). The analytic sample consisted of 3500 mother-children dyads. Group-based trajectory modeling and multivariable logistic regression were used. Results: The results indicated that there was no association between maternal depression and childhood obesity development in this sample of low-income and mostly minority participants. Maternal prepregnancy BMI, number of biological children in the house, and Latino ethnicity were significant predictors of risky growth trajectories in the full sample. Suggestions for designing childhood obesity prevention interventions based on research are discussed.
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14
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Yim SY, Guthrie T, de Jersey SJ. Impact of service-wide initiatives to support healthy pregnancy weight gain on weight-related documentation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2019; 60:355-360. [PMID: 31578721 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess gestational weight gain is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Addressing barriers to the provision of best practice care that supports healthy pregnancy weight gain could assist staff in clinical care; however, little is known about changes to staff practices after ameliorating barriers. AIMS To evaluate if service initiatives to promote healthy pregnancy weight gain improve weight-related documentation by antenatal staff throughout pregnancy care. MATERIALS AND METHODS Service initiatives including staff training, familiarisation with a pregnancy weight gain chart and placement of scales in clinic rooms were introduced. Pregnancy health records were audited for deliveries pre- (2014) and post-implementation (2017) to obtain weight-related measures. Measures assessed included the documentation of pre-pregnancy weight, height, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), referral to dietetic services (if overweight) and the accuracy of pre-pregnancy BMI calculation. The proportion of visits with weight recorded during pregnancy was also audited. RESULTS A total of 1003 and 1050 records were included from the pre- and post-intervention groups respectively. Significant improvements over time were observed in the documentation of pre-pregnancy weight (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), accuracy of BMI calculation (P < 0.001) and for obese women proportion of visits with weight recorded (P = 0.02). There was a non-significant increase in the documentation of dietetic referral for overweight women (1.1% vs 2.2%, P = 0.27) and proportion of visits with weight recorded for women across all pre-pregnancy BMI groups (49% vs 51%, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Addressing barriers to supporting healthy pregnancy weight gain through service-wide initiatives may improve weight-related documentation by antenatal staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Ying Yim
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Taylor Guthrie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan J de Jersey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Adherence to a healthy eating index from pre-school to school age and its associations with sociodemographic and early life factors. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:220-230. [PMID: 31196225 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Childhood is considered an important period for the development of healthy eating behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of early life factors and sociodemographic characteristics, including early diet quality, on diet quality at 7 years. The sample includes 5013 children evaluated at the ages of 4 and 7 years from the Portuguese birth cohort Generation XXI with complete information on FFQ. A healthy eating index was developed at both ages to assess adherence to the WHO's dietary recommendations, including eight food groups. Consumption quartiles were obtained for each group at 4 years and assigned a score between 1 and 4. A higher score represents a higher adherence to a better diet (range: 8 to 32). The associations between early life factors and sociodemographic characteristics and the score of the healthy eating index at 7 years were evaluated through linear regression models. The healthy eating index had an average score of 21⋅4 ± 3⋅53 (range: 12 to 32) at 4 years and 20⋅3 ± 3⋅36 (range: 11 to 31) at 7 years. After adjustment for confounders, a positive association was found between the healthy eating index at 4 and 7 years (β = 0⋅384, 95 % CI 0⋅356, 0⋅441). Maternal years of education (β = 0⋅094, 95 % CI 0⋅071, 0⋅116) and dietary score (β = 0⋅182, 95 % CI 0⋅155, 0⋅209) were positively associated with increasing dietary quality from 4 to 7 years. A healthier diet at preschool age, higher maternal education and a healthier diet increase the likelihood of maintaining a high healthy eating index score at school age.
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16
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Gallagher K, Ralph J, Petros T, Qualls C, Leeman L, Rogers RG. Postpartum Weight Retention in Primiparous Women and Weight Outcomes in Their Offspring. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019; 64:427-434. [PMID: 31298482 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To explore the effect of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain on postpartum weight retention in nulliparous women and weight-for-length percentiles of offspring to 2 years following birth. METHODS A retrospective secondary analysis of a large, prospective longitudinal study of women conducted during pregnancy and after their first birth was completed to examine outcomes associated with postpartum weight retention. A chart review of the offspring of these women was completed to explore the relationship between maternal prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain on offspring weight-for-length percentiles. RESULTS Data from 652 woman-infant dyads were available for analysis. Average postpartum weight retention was 4.0 kg at one year for all groups. At 6 weeks postpartum, women who were obese prior to pregnancy retained significantly less weight than did women who were normal weight prior to pregnancy (P < .05). Women who were normal weight or overweight at the onset of pregnancy and had gestational weight gain within Institute of Medicine recommendations retained significantly less weight at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year postpartum (P < .01) when compared with women in those same weight groups who had a gestational weight gain in excess of the recommended guideline. Women who entered pregnancy obese and who had a gestational weight gain within the recommended weight range during pregnancy retained significantly less weight compared with women who were obese and who gained in excess of the guideline at 6 weeks postpartum only (P < .05). No statistically significant differences were seen in offspring weight-for-length percentiles at any time point based on maternal prepregnancy BMI or weight gain within guidelines. DISCUSSION Many women retained weight up to one year postpartum. In this study, we saw no statistically significant differences between the prepregnant BMI groups or between gestational weight gain within guidelines or in excess of guidelines on offspring weight-for-length percentiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Gallagher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jody Ralph
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Petros
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Clifford Qualls
- Clinical and Translation Science Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lawrence Leeman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Rebecca G Rogers
- Department of Women's Health, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
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17
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Mihrshahi S, Gow ML, Baur LA. Contemporary approaches to the prevention and management of paediatric obesity: an Australian focus. Med J Aust 2019; 209:267-274. [PMID: 30208819 DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Of the 34 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, obesity prevalence is highest in the United States, with Australia ranking fifth for girls and eighth for boys. Curbing the problem is achievable and can be realised through a combination of smart governance across many sectors, community initiatives, the support of individual efforts, and clinical leadership. At 5 years of age, one in five Australian children are already affected by overweight or obesity; obesity prevention strategies must therefore start before this age. There is strong evidence that reducing screen time and promoting breastfeeding in 0-2-year-olds are effective interventions in the early years. The main behavioural risk factors for obesity are overconsumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and a lack of physical activity. Emerging evidence suggests poor sleep quality and duration and high amounts of sedentary time also play a role. Systems-based policy actions may change long term obesity prevalence in children by targeting the food environment through nutrition labelling, healthy foods in schools, restricted unhealthy food marketing to children, and fiscal policies to reduce consumption of harmful foods and sugar-sweetened beverages. Macro-environmental factors influence obesity risk. Public transport policy and the built environment (proximity to parks, bike paths, green space, schools and shops) influence play time spent outdoors, walking and cycling. Greater access to parks and playgrounds and active commuting are associated with lower body mass index. Australian interventions have largely employed individual level approaches. These are important, but of limited effectiveness unless priority is also given to policies that reduce obesity-conducive environments. Clinicians can provide anticipatory guidance to support healthy weight and weight-related behaviours, including weight monitoring, early feeding and children's diets, physical activity opportunities, and limited sedentary and screen time. Investigations in children with obesity usually include liver function tests and measuring fasting glucose, lipid and possibly insulin levels. As obesity can be associated with micronutrient deficiencies, it may be prudent to check full blood count and iron, vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels. Endocrinological assessment is usually not needed. Second line investigations may include liver ultrasound, oral glucose tolerance testing and sleep study. Traditional treatment of child and adolescent obesity has focused on family-based, multicomponent (diet, physical activity and behaviour change) interventions, although these lead to small and often short term weight reductions (mean, - 1.45 kg; 95% CI, 1.88 to - 1.02). Nevertheless, these principles remain core interventions in children and adolescents with obesity. A very low energy diet should be considered in adolescents with severe obesity or obesity-related comorbidities, and for adolescents who have not achieved weight loss following a more conventional dietary approach. Pharmacotherapy confers only small reductions in weight; for example, effect size for metformin is - 3.90 kg (95% CI, - 5.86 to - 1.94). Bariatric surgery should be considered in adolescents over 15 years of age with severe obesity (body mass index > 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, or > 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> in the presence of severe complications).
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18
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Heslehurst N, Vieira R, Akhter Z, Bailey H, Slack E, Ngongalah L, Pemu A, Rankin J. The association between maternal body mass index and child obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002817. [PMID: 31185012 PMCID: PMC6559702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a global obesity crisis, particularly among women and disadvantaged populations. Early-life intervention to prevent childhood obesity is a priority for public health, global health, and clinical practice. Understanding the association between childhood obesity and maternal pre-pregnancy weight status would inform policy and practice by allowing one to estimate the potential for offspring health gain through channelling resources into intervention. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the dose-response association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and childhood obesity in the offspring. METHODS AND FINDINGS Searches in MEDLINE, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycInfo were carried out in August 2017 and updated in March 2019. Supplementary searches included hand-searching reference lists, performing citation searching, and contacting authors. Two researchers carried out independent screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Observational studies published in English and reporting associations between continuous and/or categorical maternal and child BMI or z-score were included. Categorical outcomes were child obesity (≥95th percentile, primary outcome), overweight/obesity (≥85th percentile), and overweight (85th to 95th percentile). Linear and nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models. Studies that could not be included in meta-analyses were summarised narratively. Seventy-nine of 41,301 studies identified met the inclusion criteria (n = 59 cohorts). Meta-analyses of child obesity included 20 studies (n = 88,872); child overweight/obesity, 22 studies (n = 181,800); and overweight, 10 studies (n = 53,238). Associations were nonlinear and there were significantly increased odds of child obesity with maternal obesity (odds ratio [OR] 3.64, 95% CI 2.68-4.95) and maternal overweight (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.62-2.19). Significantly increased odds were observed for child overweight/obesity (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.10-3.46) and for child overweight (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.25, 2.59) with maternal obesity. A limitation of this research is that the included studies did not always report the data in a format that enabled inclusion in this complex meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS This research has identified a 264% increase in the odds of child obesity when mothers have obesity before conception. This study provides substantial evidence for the need to develop interventions that commence prior to conception, to support women of childbearing age with weight management in order to halt intergenerational obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Heslehurst
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rute Vieira
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,
United Kingdom
| | - Zainab Akhter
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Bailey
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lem Ngongalah
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Augustina Pemu
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Rankin
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, United Kingdom
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19
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Gestational weight gain and unplanned or emergency cesarean delivery in the United States. Women Birth 2019; 32:263-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Tinius RA, López JD, Cade WT, Stein RI, Haire-Joshu D, Cahill AG. Patient and obstetric provider communication regarding weight gain management among socioeconomically disadvantaged African American women who are overweight/obese. Women Health 2019; 60:156-167. [PMID: 31096872 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2019.1616044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the communication between obstetric providers and their socioeconomically disadvantaged, African American patients who are overweight and obese during pregnancy, and whether this communication relates to outcomes. Pregnant patients and their obstetric providers were surveyed between October 2012 and March 2016 at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO. Percent agreement between patients' and obstetric providers' survey responses was analyzed and measured (κ coefficient). Descriptive and multilevel logistic regression analyses aimed at identifying the relation of perceived communication between providers and patients to gestational weight gain, diet, and exercise during pregnancy. A total of 99 pregnant women and 18 obstetric providers participated in the study. Significant lack of agreement was observed between patients and obstetric providers regarding communication about weight gain recommendations, risk factors associated with excessive weight gain, what constitutes adequate exercise per week, exercise recommendations, dietary recommendations, and risk factors associated with a poor diet. Our findings suggest patients were not receiving intended messages from their obstetric providers. Thus, more effective patient-obstetric provider communication is needed regarding gestational weight gain, exercise and dietary recommendations among overweight/obese, socioeconomically disadvantaged, African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Tinius
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA.,Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julia D López
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - W Todd Cade
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard I Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Debra Haire-Joshu
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison G Cahill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of caesarean birth in Malawi. Reprod Health 2019; 16:40. [PMID: 30944000 PMCID: PMC6448310 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-019-0700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obese women are at risk of pregnancy and delivery complications. This study investigates the trend and association between maternal overweight and obesity on caesarean births in Malawi. METHODS We utilised cross-sectional population-based Demographic Health Surveys (DHSs) data collected from mothers aged 18-49 years in 2004/05, 2010, and 2015/16 in Malawi. The outcome measure was caesarian birth within 5 years preceding the surveys. The main independent variable was maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) measured as weight in kilograms by height in meters squared (kg/m2) and categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression models were constructed to analyze total samples of 6795, 4474 and 4363 in 2004/05, 2010 and 2015/16 respectively. RESULTS There was an observed increase in the trend of caesarean births as well as maternal overweight and obesity from 2004 to 2015. The results of the multivariate analyses showed that maternal overweight (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.35; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.01-1.83) in 2015/16 and (aOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.10-1.65) from 2004 to 2015 were risk factors for caesarean births in Malawi. In addition, being obese (aOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.12-4.11) in 2004/05, (aOR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.08-2.55) in 2010, (aOR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.48-3.21) in 2015/16, and (aOR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.65-2.84) from 2004 to 2015) increased the risk of caesarean births. In addition, women who had one parity, and lived in the northern region were significantly more likely to have undergone caesarean birth. CONCLUSIONS In order to reduce non-elective cesarean birth in Malawi, specific public health programs should be focus on reducing overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age. More focus attention may be given to women with one parity, particularly in the urban and the northern region of Malawi.
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22
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Sha T, Gao X, Chen C, Li L, He Q, Wu X, Cheng G, Tian Q, Yang F, Yan Y. Associations of Pre-Pregnancy BMI, Gestational Weight Gain and Maternal Parity with the Trajectory of Weight in Early Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071110. [PMID: 30925697 PMCID: PMC6480263 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: The association of maternal parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with childhood weight status has been well studied; however, little is known about these factors with respect to the rate of weight changes in early childhood. Methods: This study was based on a prospective longitudinal study. The follow-up surveys were conducted at the ages of 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, and 18 months. Child weight was investigated twice at each wave. Data on maternal parity, pre-pregnancy weight and height were collected at baseline. The latent growth curve model was used to examine the effects of interested predictors on the trajectory of weight in early childhood. Results: Finally, 893 eligible mother-child pairs were drawn from the cohort. In adjusted models, multiparas were associated with higher birth weight (β = 0.103) and slower weight change rate of children (β = −0.028). Pre-conception BMI (β = 0.034) and GWG (β = 0.014) played important roles in the initial status of child weight but did not have effects on the rate of weight changes of the child. Conclusions: Multiparous pregnancy is associated with both higher mean birth weight and slower weight-growth velocity in early childhood, while pregravid maternal BMI and GWG are only related to the birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sha
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiao Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Qiong He
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xialing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Qianling Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha 410078, China.
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23
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Liu J, Boghossian NS, Frongillo EA, Cai B, Hazlett LJ, Liu J. Associations of maternal gestational weight gain with the risk of offspring obesity and body mass index Z scores beyond the mean. Ann Epidemiol 2019; 32:64-71.e2. [PMID: 30799201 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the association of meeting the 2009 Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines with offspring obesity and body mass index Z score (BMIZ) at age six overall and by maternal weight status. METHODS Data were from the Infant Feeding Practices Survey II Study (2005-2007) and their Year Six Follow-Up Study (2012). Logistic regression and quantile regression models were used. RESULTS Eleven percent of children were obese. Children born to mothers who gained excessive weight during pregnancy had an increased risk of obesity as compared with those born to mothers who gained adequate weight (adjusted odds ratio: 1.67). The association was stronger among normal-weight mothers (adjusted odds ratio: 3.50). Inadequate GWG was not associated with offspring obesity overall or in subsamples by maternal prepregnancy BMI. Children born to mothers who gained excessive weight had higher BMIZ. This distributional association was more pronounced among normal-weight mothers. Children born to obese mothers who gained inadequate weight had lower BMIZ at some percentiles of the BMIZ distribution. CONCLUSIONS Excessive GWG was associated with increased risk of offspring obesity and higher BMIZ at age six, whereas inadequate GWG was protective of high BMIZ among children born to obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Nansi S Boghossian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Edward A Frongillo
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Bo Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Linda J Hazlett
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
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24
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Mallan KM, Daniels LA, Byrne R, de Jersey SJ. Comparing barriers to breastfeeding success in the first month for non-overweight and overweight women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2018; 18:461. [PMID: 30482169 PMCID: PMC6258295 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-2094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women who enter pregnancy overweight or obese tend to have poorer breastfeeding outcomes compared to non-overweight women. Women’s experiences of specific breastfeeding-related problems and reasons for use of formula have not been systematically investigated according to pre-pregnancy BMI. The aim of this study was to compare self-reported breastfeeding problems in non-overweight and overweight women and identify the main reasons for use of infant formula during the first month postpartum. Methods The present study involved a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data collected as part of a hospital-based longitudinal study of women that commenced in pregnancy (~ 16 weeks). At ~ 4 months postpartum Australian women (N = 477) self-reported breastfeeding problems and reasons for use of infant formula during the first month postpartum. Pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated based on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and measured height. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to compare pre-pregnancy weight status groups (“non-overweight” [BMI < 25 km/m2] and “overweight” [BMI ≥25 km/m2]) on self-reported breastfeeding problems and reasons for use of infant formula. Analyses were adjusted for covariates that differed between groups (P < .1). Results Frequency of self-reported breastfeeding problems was similar across weight status groups. “Not enough milk” was the predominant reason for giving infant formula. Overweight women were more likely than non-overweight women to agree that infant formula was as good as breastmilk. Conclusions Overall it does not appear that overweight women are more likely to experience a range of specific breastfeeding problems in the first months compared to non-overweight women. However, the severity and duration of the problems needs to be examined. Breastfeeding interventions need to addresses concerns around milk supply as these are common and are likely to be of universal benefit however overweight women in particular may benefit from guidance regarding the benefits of breastfeeding for both themselves and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Mallan
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Rd, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia. .,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Lynne A Daniels
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Rebecca Byrne
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Susan J de Jersey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Fahey MC, Wayne Talcott G, Cox Bauer CM, Bursac Z, Gladney L, Hare ME, Harvey J, Little M, McCullough D, Hryshko-Mullen AS, Klesges RC, Kocak M, Waters TM, Krukowski RA. Moms fit 2 fight: Rationale, design, and analysis plan of a behavioral weight management intervention for pregnant and postpartum women in the U.S. military. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 74:46-54. [PMID: 30291998 PMCID: PMC6289301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Fahey
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - G Wayne Talcott
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Callie M Cox Bauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Leslie Gladney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marion E Hare
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jean Harvey
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Melissa Little
- Center for Addition and Prevention Research, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Deirdre McCullough
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ann S Hryshko-Mullen
- Defense Institute for Medical Operations, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Klesges
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mehmet Kocak
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Teresa M Waters
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Krukowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Pruszkowska-Przybylska P, Sitek A, Rosset I, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Słomka M, Strapagiel D, Żądzińska E. Association of the 2D:4D digit ratio with body composition among the Polish children aged 6-13 years. Early Hum Dev 2018; 124:26-32. [PMID: 30119034 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2D:4D digit ratio is formed as a result of genetic factors but also prenatal exposure to sex hormones. The higher index value the higher concentration of the prenatal oestrogen. It is commonly known that testosterone is a hormone connected with muscle mass growth and that oestrogen affects adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to find if the digit ratio can be an informative indicator of the fat mass and muscle mass and body proportions in prepubertal children. Material and methods The analysed cohort included 420 children (221 girls and 199 boys) aged 6-13 years. Pearson's and Spearman's tests were conducted to assess whether 2D:4D was significantly correlated with the body composition measurements. Multiple regression models and stepwise forward regression were applied to select the most important independent variables affecting fat mass (%) and muscle mass (%) as well as the BMI and the WHR. Results The study shows that the digit ratio is negatively correlated with muscle mass (MM%) among girls (p < 0.05).There was no similar relationship in the group of boys. The regression models showed a significant role in determining the body composition and body proportions played by maternal factors such as: maternal level of education and weight gain during pregnancy. Conclusions The 2D:4D digit ratio seems to be an informative indicator of the muscle mass development since girls' early childhood. Moreover, maternal environment is also important in forming the offspring's body composition and proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Sitek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237, Poland
| | - Iwona Rosset
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237, Poland
| | - Marta Sobalska-Kwapis
- The Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; BBMRI.pl Consortium, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Słomka
- The Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; BBMRI.pl Consortium, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- The Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; BBMRI.pl Consortium, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żądzińska
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237, Poland; Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Preston JD, Reynolds LJ, Pearson KJ. Developmental Origins of Health Span and Life Span: A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2018; 64:237-245. [PMID: 29324453 DOI: 10.1159/000485506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A vast body of research has demonstrated that disease susceptibility and offspring health can be influenced by perinatal factors, which include both paternal and maternal behavior and environment. Offspring disease risk has the potential to affect the health span and life span of offspring. KEY FINDINGS Various maternal factors, such as environmental toxicant exposure, diet, stress, exercise, age at conception, and longevity have the potential to influence age-associated diseases such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer risk in offspring. Paternal factors such as diet, age at conception, and longevity can potentially impact offspring health span and life span-reducing traits as well. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Continued research could go a long way toward defining mechanisms of the developmental origins of life span and health span, and eventually establishing regimens to avoid negative developmental influences and to encourage positive interventions to potentially increase life span and improve health span in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Preston
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Dutton HP, Borengasser SJ, Gaudet LM, Barbour LA, Keely EJ. Obesity in Pregnancy: Optimizing Outcomes for Mom and Baby. Med Clin North Am 2018; 102:87-106. [PMID: 29156189 PMCID: PMC6016082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is common in women of childbearing age, and management of this population around the time of pregnancy involves specific challenges. Weight and medical comorbidities should be optimized both before and during pregnancy. During pregnancy, gestational weight gain should be limited, comorbidities should be appropriately screened for and managed, and fetal health should be monitored. Consideration should be given to the optimal timing of delivery and to reducing surgical and anesthetic complications. In the postpartum period, breastfeeding and weight loss should be promoted. Maternal obesity is associated with adverse metabolic effects in offspring, promoting an intergenerational cycle of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Pauline Dutton
- University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Dr., Ottawa On Canada, K1h7W9, , 613 738 8400 ext 81946
| | - Sarah Jean Borengasser
- University of Colorado – Anschutz, 12631 E. 17 Ave. Mailstop F561, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, , 303 724 9550
| | - Laura Marie Gaudet
- University of Ottawa, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa On Canada, K1Y 4E9, , 613 737 8899 ext 73056
| | - Linda A Barbour
- Professor of Endocrinology and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17 Ave RC1 South Room 7103, Aurora, CO 80405, , 303 724 3921
| | - Erin Joanne Keely
- University of Ottawa, 1967 Riverside Dr., Ottawa On Canada, K1h7W9, , 613 738 8400 ext 81941
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A prospective study of breastfeeding intentions of healthy weight and overweight women as predictors of breastfeeding outcomes. Midwifery 2017; 53:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Watson ED, Macaulay S, Lamont K, Gradidge PJL, Pretorius S, Crowther NJ, Libhaber E. The effect of lifestyle interventions on maternal body composition during pregnancy in developing countries: a systematic review. Cardiovasc J Afr 2017; 28:397-403. [PMID: 28906530 PMCID: PMC5885055 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2017-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal maternal body composition during pregnancy is a public health priority due to its implications on maternal health and infant development. We therefore aimed to conduct a systematic review of randomised, controlled trials, and case-control and cohort studies using lifestyle interventions to improve body composition in developing countries. Of the 1 708 articles that were searched, seven studies, representing three countries (Brazil, Iran and Argentina), were included in the review. Two articles suggested that intervention with physical activity during pregnancy may significantly reduce maternal weight gain, and five studies were scored as being of poor quality. This systematic review highlights the lack of research within developing countries on lifestyle interventions for the management of excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Similar reviews from developed countries demonstrate the efficacy of such interventions, which should be confirmed using well-designed studies with appropriate intervention methods in resource-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle D Watson
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. ; MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways of Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shelley Macaulay
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways of Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kim Lamont
- Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe J-L Gradidge
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sandra Pretorius
- Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Heath Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elena Libhaber
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Brennan L, Teede H, Skouteris H, Linardon J, Hill B, Moran L. Lifestyle and Behavioral Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:836-848. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Brennan
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helena Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Jake Linardon
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Briony Hill
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Lisa Moran
- Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, Australia
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Kondolot M, Poyrazoğlu S, Horoz D, Borlu A, Altunay C, Balcı E, Öztürk A, Mazıcıoğlu MM, Kurtoğlu S. Risk factors for overweight and obesity in children aged 2-6 years. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 30:499-505. [PMID: 28315857 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding risk factors that may vary culturally can help improve preventive strategies for obesity. This is the first cross-sectional study aimed to determine the risk factors for overweight/obesity in children aged 2-6 years in a central Anatolian city in Turkey. METHODS A total of 1582 children (1351 healthy, 231 overweight/obese) aged 2-6 years were included from the Anthropometry of Turkish Children aged 0-6 years database. Age, gender, birth weight, birth order, mother's age, mother's body mass index (BMI), weight gain of mothers during pregnancy, presence of gestational diabetes, breastfeeding duration, history of formula feeding, mother's and father's education, mother's job, monthly income, smoking at home and physical activity, sleep duration and duration of television (TV) watching of the children were evaluated as independent risk factors. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors for overweight/obesity. RESULTS Having a high family income compared to bad [odds ratio (OR)=1.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.237-3.106], increased the time of watching TV during the weekend (OR=1.094; 95% CI: 1.032-1.159), and similar physical activity level according to their peers compared to less (OR=2.957; 95% CI: 1.056-8.282) were found to be significantly associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity in children aged 2-6 years old. CONCLUSIONS The early childhood period seems to be important in the establishment of healthy behavioral patterns, especially limitation of TV watching and encouragement of physical activity. Obesogenic environment in families with high incomes need to be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meda Kondolot
- Department of Pediatrics, Social Pediatrics Unit, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri
| | | | - Duygu Horoz
- The Head of Local Health Authority, Melikgazi, Kayseri
| | - Arda Borlu
- Department of Public Health, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri
| | - Canan Altunay
- Department of Pediatrics, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri
| | - Elcin Balcı
- Department of Public Health, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri
| | - Ahmet Öztürk
- Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri
| | - Mümtaz M Mazıcıoğlu
- Department of Family Medicine, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri
| | - Selim Kurtoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri
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Prospective Relationships between Health Cognitions and Excess Gestational Weight Gain in a Cohort of Healthy and Overweight Pregnant Women. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:1198-1209. [PMID: 28189424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess gestational weight gain (GWG) contributes to long-term obesity in mothers and children. To guide the tailoring of interventions to prevent excess GWG, a better understanding is needed of the lifestyle-related health cognitions that influence women's attempts to manage GWG. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between health cognitions and excess GWG for women who enter pregnancy at a healthy weight (body mass index <25) or overweight (body mass index ≥25). It was hypothesized that health cognitions with a positive (negative) influence on health behavior would be associated with lower (higher) likelihood of excess GWG and that specific associations would differ between weight status groups. DESIGN This prospective, observational study commenced when participants were <20 weeks' gestation, continuing until the end of their pregnancy. A self-administered quantitative survey at recruitment assessed prepregnancy weight and lifestyle-related health cognitions. Height was measured at 16 weeks and weight at 36 weeks using standard procedures. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A consecutive sample of pregnant women (n=715) were recruited from an Australian metropolitan hospital between August 2010 and January 2011. All women <20 weeks' gestation were eligible unless they had preexisting type 1 or 2 diabetes or insufficient English language skills to complete questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Excess GWG defined according to Institute of Medicine 2009 recommendations and predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling cognitions for lifestyle health behaviors. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Logistic regression analyses examined associations between health cognitions and excess GWG stratified for prepregnancy weight status. RESULTS For healthy-weight women, higher weight locus of control scores were protective against excess GWG (odds ratio 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8), whereas higher perceived risk scores (personal risk and risk arising from prepregnancy weight) (odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7) were associated with excess GWG. For overweight women higher negative outcome expectation scores were associated with an increased risk of excess GWG (odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0). CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle-related health cognitions are associated with excess GWG and differed by prepregnancy weight status, suggesting the need to tailor behavior change interventions accordingly.
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Paradis J, Boureau P, Moyon T, Nicklaus S, Parnet P, Paillé V. Perinatal Western Diet Consumption Leads to Profound Plasticity and GABAergic Phenotype Changes within Hypothalamus and Reward Pathway from Birth to Sexual Maturity in Rat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 28900415 PMCID: PMC5581815 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal maternal consumption of energy dense food increases the risk of obesity in children. This is associated with an overconsumption of palatable food that is consumed for its hedonic property. The underlying mechanism that links perinatal maternal diet and offspring preference for fat is still poorly understood. In this study, we aim at studying the influence of maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet feeding [western diet (WD)] during gestation and lactation on the reward pathways controlling feeding in the rat offspring from birth to sexual maturity. We performed a longitudinal follow-up of WD and Control offspring at three critical time periods (childhood, adolescence, and adulthood) and focus on investigating the influence of perinatal exposure to palatable diet on (i) fat preference, (ii) gene expression profile, and (iii) neuroanatomical/architectural changes of the mesolimbic dopaminergic networks. We showed that WD feeding restricted to the perinatal period has a clear long-lasting influence on the organization of homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits but not on fat preference. We demonstrated a period specific evolution of the preference for fat that we correlated with specific brain molecular signatures. In offspring from WD fed dams, we observed during childhood the existence of fat preference associated with a higher expression of key gene involved in the dopamine (DA) systems; at adolescence, a high-fat preference for both groups, progressively reduced during the 3 days test for the WD group and associated with a reduced expression of key gene involved in the DA systems for the WD group that could suggest a compensatory mechanism to protect them from further high-fat exposure; and finally at adulthood, a preference for fat that was identical to control rats but associated with profound modification in key genes involved in the γ-aminobutyric acid network, serotonin receptors, and polysialic acid-NCAM-dependent remodeling of the hypothalamus. Altogether, these data reveal that maternal WD, restricted to the perinatal period, has no sustained impact on energy homeostasis and fat preference later in life even though a strong remodeling of the hypothalamic homeostatic and reward pathway involved in eating behavior occurred. Further functional experiments would be needed to understand the relevance of these circuits remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Paradis
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Boureau
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Moyon
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- UMR 1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation (CSGA), INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Patricia Parnet
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Patricia Parnet, ; Vincent Paillé,
| | - Vincent Paillé
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Patricia Parnet, ; Vincent Paillé,
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Thompson JR, Valleau JC, Barling AN, Franco JG, DeCapo M, Bagley JL, Sullivan EL. Exposure to a High-Fat Diet during Early Development Programs Behavior and Impairs the Central Serotonergic System in Juvenile Non-Human Primates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:164. [PMID: 28785241 PMCID: PMC5519527 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption not only poses metabolic risks to offspring but also impacts brain development and mental health. Using a non-human primate model, we observed a persistent increase in anxiety in juvenile offspring exposed to a maternal HFD. Postweaning HFD consumption also increased anxiety and independently increased stereotypic behaviors. These behavioral changes were associated with modified cortisol stress response and impairments in the development of the central serotonin synthesis, with altered tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA expression in the dorsal and median raphe. Postweaning HFD consumption decreased serotonergic immunoreactivity in area 10 of the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that perinatal exposure to HFD consumption programs development of the brain and endocrine system, leading to behavioral impairments associated with mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, an early nutritional intervention (consumption of the control diet at weaning) was not sufficient to ameliorate many of the behavioral changes, such as increased anxiety, that were induced by maternal HFD consumption. Given the level of dietary fat consumption and maternal obesity in developed nations these findings have important implications for the mental health of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R. Thompson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jeanette C. Valleau
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ashley N. Barling
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Juliana G. Franco
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Madison DeCapo
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Bagley
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Elinor L. Sullivan,
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Verma BA, Nichols LP, Plegue MA, Moniz MH, Rai M, Chang T. Advice given by community members to pregnant women: a mixed methods study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:349. [PMID: 27829393 PMCID: PMC5103593 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking and excess weight gain during pregnancy have been shown to have serious health consequences for both mothers and their infants. Advice from friends and family on these topics influences pregnant women’s behaviors. The purpose of our study was to compare the advice that community members give pregnant women about smoking versus the advice they give about pregnancy weight gain. Methods A survey was sent via text messaging to adults in a diverse, low-income primary care clinic in 2015. Respondents were asked what advice (if any) they have given pregnant women about smoking or gestational weight gain and their comfort-level discussing the topics. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample population and to determine response rates. Open-ended responses were analyzed qualitatively using grounded theory analysis with an overall convergent parallel mixed methods design. Results Respondents (n = 370) were 77 % female, 40 % black, and 25 % reported education of high school or less. More respondents had spoken to pregnant women about smoking (40 %, n = 147) than weight gain (20 %, n = 73). Among individuals who had not discussed either topic (n = 181), more reported discomfort in talking about weight gain (65 %) compared to smoking (34 %; p < 0.0001). Advice about smoking during pregnancy (n = 148) was frequently negative, recommending abstinence and identifying smoking as harmful for baby and/or mother. Advice about weight gain in pregnancy (n = 74) revealed a breadth of messages, from reassurance about all weight gain (“Eat away” or “It’s ok if you are gaining weight”), to specific warnings against excess weight gain (“Too much was dangerous for her and the baby.”). Conclusions Many community members give advice to pregnant women. Their advice reveals varied perspectives on the effects of pregnancy weight gain. Compared to a nearly ubiquitous understanding of the harms of smoking during pregnancy, community members demonstrated less awareness of and willingness to discuss the harms of excessive weight gain. Beyond educating pregnant women, community-level interventions may also be important to ensure that the information pregnant women receive supports healthy behaviors and promotes the long-term health of both moms and babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, 260 MacNider Building CB #7220, 321 S. Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lauren P Nichols
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, 1018 Fuller Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Melissa A Plegue
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, 1018 Fuller Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Michelle H Moniz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Manisha Rai
- University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tammy Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, 1018 Fuller Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA. .,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Maternal obesity modulates intracellular lipid turnover in the human term placenta. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:317-323. [PMID: 27780978 PMCID: PMC5309341 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity before pregnancy is associated with impaired metabolic status of the mother and the offspring later in life. These adverse effects have been attributed to epigenetic changes in utero, but little is known about the role of placental metabolism and its contribution to fetal development. OBJECTIVES We examined the impact of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity on the expression of genes involved in placental lipid metabolism in lean and obese women. SUBJECTS/METHODS Seventy-three lean and obese women with healthy pregnancy were recruited at term elective cesarean delivery. Metabolic parameters were measured on maternal venous blood samples. Expression of 88 genes involved in lipid metabolism was measured in whole placenta tissue. Proteins of genes differently expressed in response to maternal obesity were quantified, correlated with maternal parameters and immunolocalized in placenta sections. Isolated primary trophoblasts were used for in vitro assays. RESULTS Triglyceride (TG) content was increased in placental tissue of obese (1.10, CI 1.04-1.24 mg g-1, P<0.05) vs lean (0.84, CI 0.72-1.02 mg g-1) women. Among target genes examined, six showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, namely ATGL (PNPLA2), FATP1 (SLC27A1), FATP3 (SLC27A3), PLIN2, PPARG and CGI-58 (ABHD5). CGI-58 protein abundance was twofold higher (P<0.001) in placentas of obese vs lean women. CGI-58 protein levels correlated positively with maternal insulin levels and pre-pregnancy body mass index (R=0.63, P<0.001 and R=0.64, P<0.001, respectively). CGI-58 and PLIN2 were primarily located in the syncytiotrophoblast and, were upregulated (1.38- and 500-fold, respectively) upon oleic acid and insulin treatment of cultured trophoblast cells. CONCLUSION Pre-gravid obesity significantly modifies the expression of placental genes related to transport and storage of neutral lipids. We propose that the upregulation of CGI-58, a master regulator of TG hydrolysis, contributes to the turnover of intracellular lipids in placenta of obese women, and is tightly regulated by metabolic factors of the mother.
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Mallan KM, Sullivan SE, de Jersey SJ, Daniels LA. The relationship between maternal feeding beliefs and practices and perceptions of infant eating behaviours at 4 months. Appetite 2016; 105:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The huge percentages of persons with obesity in many countries constitute a public health crisis. The severe consequences of obesity for physical health and emotional wellbeing already emerge in childhood. Therefore, the acknowledgment of early risk factors is essential to provide recommendations for prevention strategies. This review outlines the current state of research concerning early risk factors for obesity, that is, factors that even contribute to later obesity of the offspring during gestation. In this regard, this review specifically addresses the link between restricted eating behavior of the mother and obesity in her offspring. We systematically searched for articles in PsychINFO, PsychINDEX, MEDLINE, PubMed, MEDPILOT, and Web of Science, and we identified additional studies in bibliographies. RECENT FINDINGS Although some risk factors (e.g., short period of breastfeeding, gestational diabetes, and high maternal BMI) have a vast evidence base, others (e.g., restricted eating behavior and second-hand smoking) are insufficiently studied. SUMMARY Physical activity and diet programs in pregnancy can reduce not only the occurrence of gestational diabetes, but also the risk of inappropriate weight gain. As smoking during pregnancy and inappropriate eating behavior are associated with lower education, psychoeducation, for instance in sex education classes, could be easily conceivable.
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A Qualitative Study to Examine Perceptions and Barriers to Appropriate Gestational Weight Gain among Participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children Program. J Pregnancy 2016; 2016:4569742. [PMID: 27403341 PMCID: PMC4925957 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4569742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Women of reproductive age are particularly at risk of obesity because of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention, resulting in poor health outcomes for both mothers and infants. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine perceptions and barriers to GWG among low-income women in the WIC program to inform the development of an intervention study. Eleven focus groups were conducted and stratified by ethnicity, and each group included women of varying age, parity, and prepregnancy BMI ranges. Participants reported receiving pressure from spouse and family members to “eat for two” among multiple barriers to appropriate weight gain during pregnancy. Participants were concerned about gaining too much weight but had minimal knowledge of weight gain goals during pregnancy. Receiving regular weight monitoring was reported, but participants had inconsistent discussions about weight gain with healthcare providers. Most were not aware of the IOM guidelines nor the fact that gestational weight gain goals differed by prepregnancy weight status. Results of these focus groups analyses informed the design of a pregnancy weight tracker and accompanying educational handout for use in an intervention study. These findings suggest an important opportunity for GWG education in all settings where pregnant women are seen.
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Woo Baidal JA, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity in the First 1,000 Days: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:761-779. [PMID: 26916261 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mounting evidence suggests that the origins of childhood obesity and related disparities can be found as early as the "first 1,000 days"-the period from conception to age 2 years. The main goal of this study is to systematically review existing evidence for modifiable childhood obesity risk factors present from conception to age 2 years. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between January 1, 1980, and December 12, 2014, of childhood obesity risk factors present during the first 1,000 days. Prospective, original human subject, English-language research with exposure occurrence during the first 1,000 days and with the outcome of childhood overweight or obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile for age and sex) collected between age 6 months and 18 years were analyzed between December 13, 2014, and March 15, 2015. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 5,952 identified citations, 282 studies met inclusion criteria. Several risk factors during the first 1,000 days were consistently associated with later childhood obesity. These included higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal excess gestational weight gain, high infant birth weight, and accelerated infant weight gain. Fewer studies also supported gestational diabetes, child care attendance, low strength of maternal-infant relationship, low SES, curtailed infant sleep, inappropriate bottle use, introduction of solid food intake before age 4 months, and infant antibiotic exposure as risk factors for childhood obesity. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable risk factors in the first 1,000 days can inform future research and policy priorities and intervention efforts to prevent childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Woo Baidal
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Lindsey M Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erika R Cheng
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiffany L Blake-Lamb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Kraft Center for Community Health Leadership, Partners Healthcare, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan E Perkins
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elsie M Taveras
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Claesson IM, Sydsjö G, Olhager E, Oldin C, Josefsson A. Effects of a Gestational Weight Gain Restriction Program for Obese Pregnant Women: Children's Weight Development during the First Five Years of Life. Child Obes 2016; 12:162-70. [PMID: 27007580 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal prepregnancy obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m(2)) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) have shown a strong positive association with a higher BMI and risk of obesity in the offspring. The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of a GWG restriction program for obese pregnant women on the children's BMI at 5 years of age and weight-for-length/height (WL/H) development from 2 months of age until 5 years of age. METHODS This was a follow-up study of 302 children (137 children in an intervention group and 165 children in a control group) whose mothers participated in a weight gain restriction program during pregnancy. RESULTS BMI at five years of age did not differ between girls and boys in the intervention and control group. The degree of maternal GWG, <7 kg or ≥7 kg, did not affect the offspring's WL/H. Compared with Swedish reference data, just over half of the children in both the intervention and control group had a BMI within the average range, whereas slightly more than one-third of the children had a higher BMI. CONCLUSION Despite a comprehensive gestational intervention program for obese women containing individual weekly visits and opportunity to participate in aqua aerobic classes, there were no differences between BMI or weight development among the offspring at 5 years of age in the intervention and control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Marie Claesson
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Sydsjö
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Olhager
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, Lund University , Lund, Sweden
| | - Carin Oldin
- 3 Child Health Services , Public Health and Health Care, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Ann Josefsson
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , Linköping, Sweden
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Chang T, Verma BA, Shull T, Moniz MH, Kohatsu L, Plegue MA, Collins-Thompson K. Crowdsourcing and the Accuracy of Online Information Regarding Weight Gain in Pregnancy: A Descriptive Study. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e81. [PMID: 27056465 PMCID: PMC4840255 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excess weight gain affects nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States and is a strong risk factor for adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including long-term obesity. The Internet is a prominent source of information during pregnancy; however, the accuracy of this online information is unknown. Objective To identify, characterize, and assess the accuracy of frequently accessed webpages containing information about weight gain during pregnancy. Methods A descriptive study was used to identify and search frequently used phrases related to weight gain during pregnancy on the Google search engine. The first 10 webpages of each query were characterized by type and then assessed for accuracy and completeness, as compared to Institute of Medicine guidelines, using crowdsourcing. Results A total of 114 queries were searched, yielding 305 unique webpages. Of these webpages, 181 (59.3%) included information regarding weight gain during pregnancy. Out of 181 webpages, 62 (34.3%) contained no specific recommendations, 48 (26.5%) contained accurate but incomplete recommendations, 41 (22.7%) contained complete and accurate recommendations, and 22 (12.2%) were inaccurate. Webpages were most commonly from for-profit websites (112/181, 61.9%), followed by government (19/181, 10.5%), medical organizations or associations (13/181, 7.2%), and news sites (12/181, 6.6%). The largest proportion of for-profit sites contained no specific recommendations (44/112, 39.3%). Among pages that provided inaccurate information (22/181, 12.2%), 68% (15/22) were from for-profit sites. Conclusions For-profit websites dominate the online space with regard to weight gain during pregnancy and largely contain incomplete, inaccurate, or no specific recommendations. This represents a significant information gap regarding an important risk factor for obesity among mothers and infants. Our findings suggest that greater clinical and public health efforts to disseminate accurate information regarding healthy weight gain during pregnancy may help prevent significant morbidity and may support healthier pregnancies among at-risk women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Whitaker KM, Wilcox S, Liu J, Blair SN, Pate RR. African American and White women׳s perceptions of weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition during pregnancy. Midwifery 2016; 34:211-220. [PMID: 26612000 PMCID: PMC4792697 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe African American and White women's perceptions of weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition during pregnancy and to explore differences in perceptions by race. DESIGN Qualitative interview study. SETTING Two Ob/Gyn clinics in South Carolina, USA. PARTICIPANTS Thirty pregnant women (15 African American, 15 White) between 20 and 30 weeks gestation, equally represented across pre-pregnancy BMI categories (10 normal weight, 10 overweight, and 10 obese). FINDINGS White women more frequently described intentions to meet weight gain, physical activity, and dietary guidelines in pregnancy than African American women. African American women were more concerned with inadequate weight gain while White women more commonly expressed concerns about excessive weight gain. More White women discussed the importance of physical activity for weight management. Regardless of race, few women described risks of excessive weight gain or benefits of physical activity as it relates to the baby's health. The primary cited barrier of healthy eating was the high cost of fresh produce. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Several knowledge gaps as well as race differences were identified in women's perceptions and intentions toward weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition during pregnancy. Future interventions should seek to educate women about common misperceptions. It may be necessary to culturally tailor gestational weight gain interventions to optimise health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Whitaker
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Sara Wilcox
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Prevention Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Aşcı Ö, Rathfisch G. Effect of lifestyle interventions of pregnant women on their dietary habits, lifestyle behaviors, and weight gain: a randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2016; 35:7. [PMID: 26911204 PMCID: PMC5025976 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that lifestyle behaviors of pregnant women are closely related to maternal and fetal health, number of data concerning efficacy of intervention on lifestyle during pregnancy is limited. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of lifestyle interventions on improving dietary habits and lifestyle behaviors, ensuring gestational weight gain (GWG) within recommended levels and limiting postpartum weight retention (PWR). METHODS The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial in a family health center located in Istanbul, Turkey, between June 2011 and July 2012. The primary outcomes were GWG, and the proportion of pregnant women whose GWG was within the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. One hundred two pregnant women with gestation ≤12 weeks, age ≥18 years, gravidity ≤2, and who did not intend to lose weight in prepregnancy period were randomly included in this study as intervention (n = 51) and control (n = 51) groups. The study was completed with 45 women for each group. The control group received routine antenatal care. The intervention group was received an individualized lifestyle intervention focusing on healthy lifestyle, diet, exercise, and weight monitoring as four sessions at 12-15, 16-18, 20-24, and 37 weeks gestation. Lifestyle behaviors were evaluated with Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II. Dietary habits were assessed by 3-day dietary recalls, and weight was followed from pregnancy until 6 weeks postpartum. RESULTS The lifestyle interventions had a significant effect on improving lifestyle behaviors, protein intake, percentage of energy from protein, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and vegetable intakes when adjusted for confounders (p < 0.05). The proportion of women who were within the IOM recommendations was higher in the intervention group (51.1 %) than in the control group (28.9 %) The odds ratio for GWG within IOM was statistically significant between the groups (OR = 0.59, 95 % CI, 0.45-0.72). There were no difference between groups in terms of the other dietary intakes, total GWG, and PWR (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle intervention improves the lifestyle behaviors during pregnancy and increases the appropriate GWG for prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), but it has a limited effect in terms of improving dietary habits and has no effect on PWR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Aşcı
- Nursing Department of Health Sciences Faculty, Artvin Çoruh University, Çayağzı Mah. Liflevha Sok., 0800, Artvin, Turkey.
| | - Gülay Rathfisch
- Nursing Faculty of Obstetrics Nursing Department, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing, Istanbul University, Abidei Hurriyet cad., 34381, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Clifton RG, Evans M, Cahill AG, Franks PW, Gallagher D, Phelan S, Pomeroy J, Redman LM, Van Horn L. Design of lifestyle intervention trials to prevent excessive gestational weight gain in women with overweight or obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:305-13. [PMID: 26708836 PMCID: PMC4731277 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Lifestyle Interventions for Expectant Moms (LIFE-Moms) Consortium is designed to determine, in pregnant women with overweight or obesity, whether various behavioral and lifestyle interventions reduce excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and subsequent adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes and obesity in offspring. The design and planning process of the LIFE-Moms Consortium is described. METHODS The LIFE-Moms Consortium is a collaboration among seven clinical centers, a Research Coordinating Unit, and the NIH designed to support each clinical center's conduct of a separate trial of a unique intervention. Specific common measures, procedures, and eligibility criteria are consistent across the seven trials allowing data to be combined in exploratory analyses and/or compared readily. RESULTS Numerous committees and working groups were created to define common measures and outcomes during pregnancy and through 1 year postpartum, develop Consortium policies, and oversee progress of the trials. The primary outcome for the Consortium is excessive GWG. Secondary outcomes include maternal, neonatal, and infant anthropometric measures, physical activity, sleep, and complications of pregnancy and delivery. CONCLUSIONS A multi-center consortium of independent, lifestyle interventions with common measures and outcomes may enhance the ability to identify promising interventions for improving outcomes in pregnant women and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Clifton
- The George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary Evans
- The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison G Cahill
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital and Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Suzanne Phelan
- Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Jeremy Pomeroy
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rivera HM, Kievit P, Kirigiti MA, Bauman LA, Baquero K, Blundell P, Dean TA, Valleau JC, Takahashi DL, Frazee T, Douville L, Majer J, Smith MS, Grove KL, Sullivan EL. Maternal high-fat diet and obesity impact palatable food intake and dopamine signaling in nonhuman primate offspring. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2157-64. [PMID: 26530932 PMCID: PMC4636015 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To utilize a nonhuman primate model to examine the impact of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption and pre-pregnancy obesity on offspring intake of palatable food and to examine whether maternal HFD consumption impaired development of the dopamine system, critical for the regulation of hedonic feeding. METHODS The impact of exposure to maternal HFD and obesity on offspring consumption of diets of varying composition was assessed after weaning. The influence of maternal HFD consumption on the development of the prefrontal cortex-dopaminergic system at 13 months of age was also examined. RESULTS During a preference test, offspring exposed to maternal HFD consumption and obesity displayed increased intake of food high in fat and sugar content relative to offspring from lean control mothers. Maternal HFD consumption suppressed offspring dopamine signaling (as assessed by immunohistochemistry) relative to control offspring. Specifically, there was decreased abundance of dopamine fibers and of dopamine receptor 1 and 2 proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that offspring exposed to both maternal HFD consumption and maternal obesity during early development are at increased risk for obesity due to overconsumption of palatable energy-dense food, a behavior that may be related to reduced central dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Rivera
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Melissa A. Kirigiti
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Leigh Ann Bauman
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Karalee Baquero
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Peter Blundell
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Tyler A. Dean
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Jeanette C. Valleau
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Diana L. Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Tim Frazee
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Luke Douville
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, 97203, United States
| | - Jordan Majer
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - M. Susan Smith
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Kevin L. Grove
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, 97203, United States
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Rauh K, Günther J, Kunath J, Stecher L, Hauner H. Lifestyle intervention to prevent excessive maternal weight gain: mother and infant follow-up at 12 months postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:265. [PMID: 26472133 PMCID: PMC4608142 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with elevated weight retention in mothers and might be related to adiposity of their offspring. Little is known if lifestyle intervention during pregnancy has beneficial effects for mothers and children beyond gestation. Methods A cluster-randomized controlled intervention trial was performed with 250 pregnant women in 8 gynaecological practices. Lifestyle intervention was carried out twice with individual counselling sessions on nutrition, physical activity and weight monitoring. Participants in the control group received routine prenatal care and an information leaflet. Follow-up data of women and their offspring were collected one year postpartum (pp) by phone call and/or via e-mail using a structured questionnaire. Maternal weight retention at 12 months pp and weight development of the children in their first year of life was compared between groups using linear regression. The association between energy and macronutrient intake during pregnancy with maternal weight retention and children weight development was also assessed. Results The intervention resulted in a trend towards lower mean weight retention 12 months pp (0.2 vs. 0.8 kg), but was not statistically significant (p = 0.321). Among women receiving lifestyle counselling, only 8 % retained more than 5 kg weight while 17 % in the control group retained >5 kg (OR: 0.40 (95 % CI: 0.16, 0.97)). For the whole study cohort, an association between higher GWG and increased 12 month weight retention was found (0.4 kg weight retention per 1 kg increase in GWG, p < 0.001). Weight development of the infants did not differ between groups in the first months after birth. At the 10th–12th month weight measurement, infants born to mothers in the intervention group tended towards lower body weights. Both energy intake and macronutrient composition of the diet during pregnancy did not affect maternal weight retention and weight development of the infants. Conclusions Lifestyle counselling during pregnancy to avoid GWG had a rather modest effect on maternal pp weight retention and weight development of the infants. However, larger intervention studies and longer follow-up are required to be able to draw definite conclusions. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00003801. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0701-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Rauh
- ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. .,Competence Centre for Nutrition (KErn), Freising, Germany.
| | - Julia Günther
- ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Julia Kunath
- ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Lynne Stecher
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Hans Hauner
- ZIEL - Research Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Simmons D. Safety considerations with pharmacological treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. Drug Saf 2015; 38:65-78. [PMID: 25542297 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-014-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The number of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM: diabetes first diagnosed in pregnancy) continues to grow, as do the associated risks of antenatal and postnatal complications and the chance of future diabetes and obesity in both mother and offspring. Recent randomised controlled trials have demonstrated clear benefits for intensive management of GDM using lifestyle modification, self blood glucose monitoring, close clinical supervision and, where glycaemia remains inadequately controlled, insulin therapy. More recently, metformin and glibenclamide have been shown to adequately reduce hyperglycaemia as part of a stepped approach to GDM management, with a switch to insulin therapy where necessary. Other oral medications have not been shown to be safe in pregnancy. Human insulin therapy is safe within the limits of hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Most insulin analogues are also now considered safe for use in pregnancy (insulin lispro, aspart and detemir). Metformin therapy is oral, and therefore preferred to insulin, but is associated with more gastrointestinal adverse effects, although not hypoglycaemia or weight gain. Conversely, glibenclamide is also an oral therapy but is associated with hypoglycaemia and weight gain. However, metformin crosses the placenta and it remains unclear whether glibenclamide crosses the placenta or not: long-term risks have not been shown, and are thought to be minimal, but further studies are needed. Metformin is seen by some as the treatment of choice where weight gain is an issue, providing that the unanswered questions over the long-term safety of oral agents have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Simmons
- Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinic, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK,
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