11
|
Abbas A, Gregersen I, Holm S, Daissormont I, Bjerkeli V, Krohg-Sørensen K, Skagen KR, Dahl TB, Russell D, Almås T, Bundgaard D, Alteheld LH, Rashidi A, Dahl CP, Michelsen AE, Biessen EA, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Skjelland M. Interleukin 23 levels are increased in carotid atherosclerosis: possible role for the interleukin 23/interleukin 17 axis. Stroke 2015; 46:793-9. [PMID: 25649806 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Interleukin (IL)-23 is a cytokine in the IL-12 family, mainly produced by antigen-presenting cells with a central role in inflammation. We hypothesize that IL-23 is also important in atherogenesis and investigate this in a population with carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS Plasma levels of IL-23 were measured in patients with carotid artery stenosis and in healthy controls. The mRNA levels of IL-23 and its receptor, IL-23R, were measured in atherosclerotic plaques, nonatherosclerotic vessels, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. RESULTS Our findings were as follows: (1) patients with carotid atherosclerosis (n=177) had significantly raised plasma levels of IL-23 when compared with healthy controls (n=24) with particularly high levels in those with the most recent symptoms. (2) mRNA levels of IL-23 and IL-23R were markedly increased in carotid plaques (n=68) when compared with nonatherosclerotic vessels (n=8-10). Immunostaining showed colocalization to plaque macrophages. (3) Patients with carotid atherosclerosis had increased mRNA levels of both IL-23 and IL-23R in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (4) IL-23 increased IL-17 release in monocytes and particularly in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with carotid atherosclerosis, but not in cells from healthy controls. (5) IL-23 gave a prominent tumor necrosis factor release in monocytes from patients with carotid atherosclerosis but not in cells from healthy controls. (6) High plasma levels of IL-23 were associated with increased mortality during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We have shown an association between IL-23 and disease progression in patients with carotid atherosclerosis, potentially involving IL-17-related mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Abbas
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Ida Gregersen
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Sverre Holm
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Isabelle Daissormont
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Vigdis Bjerkeli
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Kirsten Krohg-Sørensen
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Karolina R Skagen
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Tuva B Dahl
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - David Russell
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Trine Almås
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Dorte Bundgaard
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Lars Holger Alteheld
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Azita Rashidi
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Christen P Dahl
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Erik A Biessen
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Pål Aukrust
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.).
| | - Mona Skjelland
- From the Research Institute of Internal Medicine (A.A., I.G., S.H., V.B., T.B.D., A.R., C.P.D., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), Department of Neurology (A.A., K.R.S., D.R., M.S.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (K.K.-S.), Department of Cardiology (C.P.D.), and Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (P.A.), Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Norway (L.H.A.); Institute of Clinical Medicine (A.A., I.G., V.B., K.K.-S., T.B.D., D.R., A.E.M., P.A., B.H.), K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research (C.P.D.), K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre (P.A., B.H.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology (T.A.), Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (D.B.), Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway; and Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands (I.D., E.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|