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Expression of the prosurvival kinase HCK requires PAX5 and mutated MYD88 signaling in MYD88-driven B-cell lymphomas. Blood Adv 2021; 4:141-153. [PMID: 31935288 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) is an SRC family member that is aberrantly upregulated in B-cell neoplasms dependent on MYD88-activating mutations and supports their growth and survival. We showed herein that activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in MYD88 wild-type B cells also triggered HCK expression, denoting on path regulatory function for HCK by MYD88. To clarify the signaling cascades responsible for aberrant HCK expression in MYD88-mutated B-cell lymphomas, we performed promoter-binding transcription factor (TF) profiling, PROMO weighted TF consensus binding motif analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies. We identified PAX5, and the mutated MYD88 downstream signaling mediators STAT3, NF-κB, and AP-1, as important drivers of HCK transcription. Knockdown of PAX5, a crucial regulatory factor required for B-cell commitment and identity, abrogated HCK transcription in MYD88-mutated lymphoma cells. Among AP-1 complex components, JunB showed greatest relevance to TLR/MYD88 signaling and HCK transcription regulation. In MYD88-mutated Waldenström macroglobulinemia and activated B-cell-diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells, knockdown of MYD88 reduced phosphorylation of JunB but not c-Jun, and knockdown of JunB reduced HCK protein levels. Deletion of STAT3, NF-κB, and AP-1 binding sites reduced corresponding TFs binding and HCK promoter activity. Moreover, inhibitors to STAT3, NF-κB, and AP-1 reduced HCK promoter activity and messenger RNA levels, particularly in combination, in MYD88-mutated lymphoma cells. The findings provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation of HCK prosurvival signaling by mutated MYD88, and the importance of JunB as a downstream mediator of the MYD88-directed signaling apparatus.
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Changes of miRNA Expression Profiles from Cervical-Vaginal Fluid-Derived Exosomes in Response to HPV16 Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7046894. [PMID: 32596357 PMCID: PMC7292968 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7046894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As an oncogenic virus, HPV16 can lead to the dysfunction of cervical epithelial cells and contribute to the progression of cervical cancer. Components from the cervical-vaginal fluid (CVF) could be used as the basis for cervical cancer screening. Exosomes are widely present in various body fluids and participate in intercellular communication via its cargos of proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. This study was conducted to explore the changes of miRNAs in exosomes isolated form the cervical-vaginal fluid during HPV16 infection and to predict the potential effects of exosomal miRNAs on the development of cervical cancer. CVF was collected from volunteers with or without HPV16 infection. The exosomes in CVF were identified by electron microscopy. Microarray analysis was subjected to find the differentially expressed miRNAs in CVF exosomes. To confirm the results, 16 miRNAs were randomly selected to go through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, GO and pathway analyses were conducted to reveal potential functions of differentially expressed miRNAs. A total of 2548 conserved miRNAs were identified in the cervical-vaginal fluid-derived exosomes. In response to HPV16 infection, 45 miRNAs are significantly upregulated and 55 miRNAs are significantly downregulated (P < 0.05). The GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that these differentially expressed miRNAs are tightly associated with cervical cancer tumorigenesis, through interaction with the Notch signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and TGF-β signaling pathway. These results suggest that exosomal miRNAs in CVF are differentially expressed in HPV16 infection patients and HPV16-free volunteers. It provided a novel insight to understand the underlying mechanism of HPV16 infection in regulating cervical cancer progression.
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Intratype variants of the E2 protein from human papillomavirus type 18 induce different gene expression profiles associated with apoptosis and cell proliferation. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1815-1827. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lai Y, Fan L, Zhao Y, Ge H, Feng X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Peng Y, Wang X, Tao L. Cx32 suppresses extrinsic apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells via the NF‑κB signalling pathway. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1159-1168. [PMID: 28902345 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and TNF‑related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) usually trigger either survival or apoptosis signals in various cell types, and nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB) is a key factor that regulates their biological effects. Connexin 32 (Cx32) is a gap junction (GJ) protein that plays vital roles in tumourigenesis and tumour progression. Our previous study explored abnormal Cx32 expression in para‑nuclear areas, exacerbated prognostic parameters and suppressed streptonigrin/cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human cervical cancer (CaCx) cells. In this study, we investigated the role of Cx32 in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway of CaCx cells. In transgenic HeLa cells and C-33A cells, Cx32 expression was manipulated using doxycycline or Cx32 siRNA. GJ inhibitors or low density culturing was used to change the status of gap junction intracellular communication (GJIC). We found that apoptosis induced by TNFα and TRAIL was suppressed by Cx32 expression despite the presence or absense of GJIC. We also found that Cx32 upregulated the expression of nuclear NF‑κB and its downstream targets c-IAP1, MMP‑2, and MMP‑9 in HeLa‑Cx32 and C-33A cells. Following our previous study design, our clinical data showed that NF‑κB and MMP‑2 levels increased in human CaCx specimens with high Cx32 expression compared to levels in para‑carcinoma of cervical specimens. SC75741 and JSH-23, NF‑кB signalling pathway inhibitors, inhibited the anti-apoptotic effects of Cx32. In conclusion, Cx32 suppressed TNFα /TRAIL-induced extrinsic apoptosis by upregulating the NF‑κB signalling pathway. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism for Cx32's anti-apoptotic effect and provides a reasonable explanation for the pro-tumour effect of Cx32 in human CaCx cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ge
- Tumor Research Institute, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- Tumor Research Institute, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiyan Wang
- Tumor Research Institute, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Yin XP, Chen ZY, Zhou J, Wu D, Bao B. Mechanisms underlying the perifocal neuroprotective effect of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway after intracranial hemorrhage. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5973-86. [PMID: 26604696 PMCID: PMC4655949 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s79399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background It has been found that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2–ARE) signaling pathway plays a role in antioxidative response, anti-inflammatory response, and neuron-protection in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The aim of this study is to explore mechanisms underlying the perifocal neuroprotective effect of the Nrf2–ARE signaling pathway after ICH. Methods There were a total of 90 rats with basal ganglia hemorrhage, which were randomly divided into the following four groups: ICH (Sprague–Dawley rats with autologous femoral arterial blood injection into the basal ganglia), sulforaphane (SFN) (SFN was intraperitoneally administered into rats), retinoic acid (RA) (RA was intraperitoneally administered into rats), and dimethyl sulfoxide (the rats were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide). We observed the neurological score of the rats in the different groups, and collected brain tissues for immunofluorescence, Western blot, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase (HO-1), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results The results indicated that neurological dysfunction of rats was significantly improved in the SFN group, and the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in tissues surrounding the hemorrhage were increased. Also, the level of NF-κB and TNF-α were reduced compared to the ICH group. The RA group exhibited more severe neurological dysfunction and lower levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 than the SFN and ICH groups. Compared to the ICH group, the NF-κB and TNF-α expression in the RA groups was increased. In conclusion, RA inhibits Nrf2 dissociation and translocation into nucleus, thereby suppressing the anti-inflammatory effect of Nrf2–ARE signaling pathway. The activation of Nrf2–ARE signaling pathway by SFN can elevate expression of antioxidant enzyme HO-1, reduce perifocal inflammatory response after ICH, and thus may play a neuroprotective role. Conclusion The results suggest that Nrf2–ARE signaling pathway may serve as a new target for treatment of perifocal inflammatory injury caused by ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China ; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China ; Department of Neurology, The Sixth Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Bao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
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Xiong Y, Jia M, Yuan J, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Kuang X, Lan L, Wang X. STAT3‑regulated long non‑coding RNAs lnc‑7SK and lnc‑IGF2‑AS promote hepatitis C virus replication. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6738-44. [PMID: 26328522 PMCID: PMC4626162 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that do not code protein but are important in diverse biological processes. In previous years, with the application of high‑throughput sequencing, a large number of lncRNAs associated with virus infections have been identified and intensively investigated, however, there are few studies examining the association between lncRNAs and HCV replication. Previous studies have demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is activated by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and in turn increases the replication of HCV. However, the detailed molecular mechanism is only partially understood. In the present study, using human lncRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays, it was identified that lnc‑IGF2‑AS, lnc‑7SK, lnc‑SChLAP1 and lnc‑SRA1 are upregulated by STAT3. In addition, among these four lncRNAs, only lnc‑IGF2‑AS and lnc‑7SK were involved in HCV replication. Transfection of siRNA lnc‑7SK and siRNA lnc‑IGF2‑AS partially inhibited the replication of HCV in Huh7 cells. Data also indicated that when transfected with siRNA lnc‑7SK and siRNA lnc‑IGF2‑AS, the expression of phosphatidylinositol 4‑phosphate (PI4P), which was identified to be associated with HCV replication, was reduced. Thus, the present study identified two new types of lncRNAs, lnc‑IGF2‑AS and lnc‑7SK, which can be upregulated by STAT3 and are involved in HCV replication by regulating PI4P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Ming Jia
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Changjiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lan
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Tummers B, Burg SHVD. High-risk human papillomavirus targets crossroads in immune signaling. Viruses 2015; 7:2485-506. [PMID: 26008697 PMCID: PMC4452916 DOI: 10.3390/v7052485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with a high-risk type human papillomavirus (hrHPV) can progress to cancer. High-risk HPVs infect keratinocytes (KCs) and successfully suppress host immunity for up to two years despite the fact that KCs are well equipped to detect and initiate immune responses to invading pathogens. Viral persistence is achieved by active interference with KCs innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. To this end hrHPV utilizes proteins encoded by its viral genome, as well as exploits cellular proteins to interfere with signaling of innate and adaptive immune pathways. This results in impairment of interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine production and subsequent immune cell attraction, as well as resistance to incoming signals from the immune system. Furthermore, hrHPV avoids the killing of infected cells by interfering with antigen presentation to antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Thus, hrHPV has evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid detection and clearance by both the innate and adaptive immune system, the molecular mechanisms of which will be dealt with in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tummers
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd H Van Der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Xiong Y, Yuan J, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Kuang X, Lan L, Wang X. The STAT3-regulated long non-coding RNA Lethe promote the HCV replication. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 72:165-71. [PMID: 26054691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that do not code protein but play important roles in diverse biological processes. In recent years, with the application of high-throughput sequencing, a great deal of lncRNAs associated with virus infections have been discovered and intensively studied, but there are few studies about the relationship between lncRNAs and HCV replication. METHODS We identify that several lncRNAs can be upregulated and downregulated by phosphorylated STAT3 by using human PCR array method. And among these lncRNAs, lnc-Lethe was involved in the HCV replication. Transfection of siRNA Lethe partially blocked the replication of HCV in Huh7 cells. RESULTS In the present study, we have established that phosphorylated STAT3 can promote the HCV replication. Data also indicated that when transfected with siRNA Lethe, the expression levels of PKR, OAS and IRF1, which were all ISGs, were all up regulated. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings from Lethe knockdown, we have identified that Lethe, which was upregulated by activated STAT3, may promoting the replication of HCV through a negative regulatory mechanism of type I IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xiong
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Centre Street No. 30, Shapingba district, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Centre Street No. 30, Shapingba district, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Changjiang Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Centre Street No. 30, Shapingba district, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Centre Street No. 30, Shapingba district, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xuemei Kuang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Centre Street No. 30, Shapingba district, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Lan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Centre Street No. 30, Shapingba district, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases of Chinese PLA, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Centre Street No. 30, Shapingba district, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Re-expression of HPV16 E2 in SiHa (human cervical cancer) cells potentiates NF-κB activation induced by TNF-α concurrently increasing senescence and survival. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20140160. [PMID: 25572145 PMCID: PMC4340273 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-expression of E2 in human papillomavirus (HPV) transformed tumour cells can induce apoptosis; however, some evidences also attribute an important role to E2 in sustaining tumorigenesis. In the present paper, we studied the effects of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells) activation on E2-induced senescence in HPV16-integrated SiHa cells. The results show that E2 inhibits endogenous E6 gene expression and sensitizes SiHa cells to TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. Under this condition there was an increase in the expression of senescent proteins p53, p21, p27 and p16 and senescence-associated (SA)-β-galactosidase activity indicating that TNF-α augments E2-mediated senescence. Re-expression of E2 expression with TNF-α treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) protein and other pro-survival genes like cyclin D1 (cyc D1), survivin and hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase). Concomitantly, E2 + TNF-α combination increased the survival of SiHa cells by positive changes in viability, proliferation and colony formation. E2-induced apoptotic tendency shifted towards senescence in presence of TNF-α by arresting the cells at both G0/G1 and G2/M phases, thus enhancing cell survival. Another observation in the present study is the significant up-regulation of key senescence messaging factors regulated by NF-κB namely interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, high-mobility group protein A (HMGA)1 and B (HMGB)1 in E2-transfected cells treated with TNF-α. Our data provide a mechanistic basis and a new insight for the role of TNF-α and E2 in linking cellular senescence, tumorigenesis and HPV re-infection. Human papillomavirus (HPV)16 E2 potentiates NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells) activation induced by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in SiHa (human cervical cancer) cells and significantly influences cell viability, apoptosis and expression of pro-survival genes regulated by NF-κB.
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Prabhavathy D, Vijayalakshmi R, Kanchana MP, Karunagaran D. HPV16 E2 enhances the expression of NF-κB and STAT3 target genes and potentiates NF-κB activation by inflammatory mediators. Cell Immunol 2015; 292:70-7. [PMID: 25460081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HPV-transformed cells exhibit activation of NF-κB and STAT3 (mediators of inflammation), but very little is known about their regulation under inflammatory conditions before HPV integration. This study reports that cervical tissues with stromal inflammation and intact HPV16 E2 gene show increased expression of target genes of NF-κB and/or STAT3 which can regulate cell survival (cyclin D1, c-Myc, survivin and Bcl2) and inflammatory responses (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and CCR2). Increased expression of RelA, p-IκBα, STAT3, p-STAT3 (Ser727), Pin1 (peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase) and MCM2 in the squamous epithelia of cervices with stromal inflammation supports early activation of NF-κB-STAT3. Furthermore, HPV16 E2 potentiated NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory mediators, IL-1β and SDF-1α, in HEK293 cells. These results reveal a novel role for E2 in regulating the activities of NF-κB and STAT3 that may have implications in carcinogenic progression of HPV16-infected cells under conditions of stromal inflammation.
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