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Valentino A, Conte R, Bousta D, Bekkari H, Di Salle A, Calarco A, Peluso G. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit (OFI-EVs) Speed Up the Normal Wound Healing Processes by Modulating Cellular Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7103. [PMID: 39000212 PMCID: PMC11241772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication able to transfer active biomolecules across the plant and animal kingdoms. EVs have demonstrated an impressive array of biological activities, displaying preventive and therapeutic potential in mitigating various pathological processes. Indeed, the simplicity of delivering exogenous and endogenous bioactive molecules to mammalian cells with their low cytotoxicity makes EVs suitable agents for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of pathologies. In this study, EVs were isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica fruit (OFI-EVs) and characterized by particle size distribution, concentration, and bioactive molecule composition. OFI-EVs had no obvious toxicity and demonstrated a protective role in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress in vitro model of chronic skin wounds. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with OFI-EVs decreased the activity and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the LPS-stimulated human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1). Furthermore, OFI-EVs promote the migration of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), speeding up the normal wound healing processes. This study sheds light, for the first time, on the role of OFI-EVs in modulating important biological processes such as inflammation and oxidation, thereby identifying EVs as potential candidates for healing chronic cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valentino
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Conte
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dalila Bousta
- National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Tounate, Taounate 34000, Morocco;
| | - Hicham Bekkari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agrofood and Health (LBEAS), Fez 30000, Morocco;
| | - Anna Di Salle
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Calarco
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (A.D.S.); (G.P.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy
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Morace C, Curatola SL, Mandraffino G, Scuruchi M, Serrano' AE, Tropeano A, Lombardo F, Salzano G, Squadrito G, Versace AG, Valenzise M. Serum endocan as a predictive biomarker of cardiovascular risk in obese pediatric patients. Ital J Pediatr 2023; 49:108. [PMID: 37653524 PMCID: PMC10468868 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocan is a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (50 kDa) secreted by endothelial cells and expressed by dermal, coronary, pulmonary and adipose tissue microvasculature. It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders, inflammatory state, endothelium dysfunction and neoangiogenesis. Aims of the study were to compare fasting serum endocan levels between children with obesity and healthy controls and to investigate the relationships between endocan, body mass index (BMI) and other indices of cardiometabolic risk. METHODS This single-center, observational, retrospective study included 19 pediatric patients with obesity aged 11.94 ± 0.52 years and 19 lean matched controls. Each patient underwent clinical and auxological examination and laboratory investigations including routine organs function tests and lipid profile. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Fasting endocan serum levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Compared to healthy subjects, serum endocan levels were found to be significantly upraised in children with obesity. Endocan resulted significantly correlated with insulin levels (rho 0.47; p = 0.04); in addition, an association with HOMA-IR values with a trend toward the statistical significance (rho 0.43; p = 0.07) was found. No significant correlation with fasting blood glucose values and lipid serum levels was demonstrated. Although not statistically significant, a correlation between endocan and the presence and grading of liver steatosis on ultrasound (rho 0.51; p = 0.08 and rho 0.51; p = 0.08, respectively) was found. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the association between endothelial damage and insulin resistance in children with obesity. Endocan could be used as a biomarker of early endothelial dysfunction in children with obesity and could be a valid predictor of future cardiovascular risk in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Morace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Selenia Lorenza Curatola
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98126, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandraffino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Tropeano
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98126, Messina, Italy
| | - Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98126, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98126, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Mariella Valenzise
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, Unit of Pediatrics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 98126, Messina, Italy.
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Scuruchi M, Aliquò F, Avenoso A, Mandraffino G, Vermiglio G, Minuti A, Campo S, Campo GM, D’Ascola A. Endocan Knockdown Down-Regulates the Expression of Angiogenesis-Associated Genes in Il-1ß Activated Chondrocytes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:851. [PMID: 37238720 PMCID: PMC10216645 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocan is a small soluble proteoglycan (PG) known to be involved in inflammation and angiogenesis. Increased endocan expression was found in the synovia of arthritic patients and chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1ß. Considering these findings, we aimed to investigate the effects of endocan knockdown on the modulation of pro-angiogenic molecules expression in a model of IL-1ß-induced inflammation in human articular chondrocytes. Endocan, VEGF-A, MMP-9, MMP-13, and VEGFR-2 expression was measured in both normal and endocan knockdown chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1ß. VEGFR-2 and NF-kB activation were also measured. Results have shown that endocan, VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 were significantly up-regulated during IL-1ß-induced inflammation; interestingly, the expression of such pro-angiogenic molecules and NF-kB activation were significantly reduced by endocan knockdown. These data support the hypothesis that endocan released by activated chondrocytes may be involved in the mechanisms that stimulate cell migration and invasion, as well as angiogenesis, in the pannus of arthritic joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Aliquò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Avenoso
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mandraffino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vermiglio
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Aurelio Minuti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maurizio Campo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela D’Ascola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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Albayrak B, Sebin E. A novel inflammatory marker for extensive ulcerative colitis; Endocan. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:118. [PMID: 37041496 PMCID: PMC10091589 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by mucosal inflammation. Endocan, a proteoglycan secreted by endothelial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines, has been reported to be overexpressed in inflammatory conditions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility of endocan level in determining the extent and severity of disease in patients with ulcerative colitis and to determine whether it can be a candidate marker for noninvasive evaluation and monitoring since there is not enough data in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-five people were included in the study, including thirty-five with ulcerative colitis and thirty in the control group. Patients with first diagnosed ulcerative colitis clinically, endoscopically, and histopathologically, without any treatment, and with normal liver and kidney tests were included in the study. Endoscopic scoring of all patients was performed according to the Mayo endoscopic scoring (MES) system. Blood samples for CRP (C-reactive protein) and endocan were taken from the patients simultaneously. RESULTS There was a significant statistical difference between all patients with ulcerative colitis and the control group in both endocan level and CRP level (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between endocan levels and CRP levels between the left-distal group and pancolitis (diffuse colitis) patients, but there was no statistical difference between age and MES. CONCLUSION Serum endocan level can be useful in determining the extent of ulcerative colitis and planning treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Albayrak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Engin Sebin
- Biochemistry Department, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
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Holthoff JH, Chandrashekar K, Juncos LA. The Role of Esm-1 in Diabetic Kidney Disease: More Than Just a Biomarker. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:1998-2000. [PMID: 36591366 PMCID: PMC9802548 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004952022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H. Holthoff
- Department of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,Division of Nephrology, Central Arkansas Veterans Health Administration, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kiran Chandrashekar
- Division of Nephrology, Central Arkansas Veterans Health Administration, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Department of Nephrology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,Division of Nephrology, Central Arkansas Veterans Health Administration, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Biliverdin modulates the long non-coding RNA H19/microRNA-181b-5p/endothelial cell specific molecule 1 axis to alleviate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Jin H, Kim HJ. P2Y2R-Mediated PAK1 Activation Is Involved in ESM-1 Overexpression in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 through FoxO1 Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174124. [PMID: 36077661 PMCID: PMC9454712 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ESM-1, overexpressed in several cancer types, is a potential cancer diagnostic and prognostic indicator. In our previous study, we determined that RT-R-TNBC cells were more aggressive than TNBC cells, and this difference was associated with ESM-1 overexpression. However, the mechanism explaining upregulated ESM-1 expression in RT-R-TNBC cells compared to TNBC cells was unclear. Therefore, we aimed to identify the mechanism by which ESM-1 is overexpressed in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells. RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with various ESM-1 transcription factor inhibitors, and only the FoxO1 inhibitor downregulated ESM-1 expression. FoxO1 nuclear localization was modulated by JNK and p38 MAPKs, which were differentially regulated by PKC, PDK1 and PAK1. PAK1 profoundly modulated JNK and p38 MAPKs, whereas PKC and PDK1 affected only p38 MAPK. P2Y2R activated by ATP, which is highly released from RT-R-BC cells, was involved in PAK1 activation, subsequent JNK and p38 MAPK activation, FoxO1 induction, and ESM-1 expression in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells. These findings suggest for the first time that ESM-1 was overexpressed in RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells and regulated through the P2Y2R-PAK1-FoxO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-8074
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Thermo-Responsive Gel Containing Hydroxytyrosol-Chitosan Nanoparticles (Hyt@tgel) Counteracts the Increase of Osteoarthritis Biomarkers in Human Chondrocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061210. [PMID: 35740107 PMCID: PMC9220116 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory degenerative disease affecting millions of people worldwide, the current therapies are limited to palliative care and do not eliminate the necessity of surgical intervention in the most severe cases. Several dietary and nutraceutical factors, such as hydroxytyrosol (Hyt), have demonstrated beneficial effects in the prevention or treatment of OA both in vitro and in animal models. However, the therapeutic application of Hyt is limited due to its poor bioavailability following oral administration. In the present study, a localized drug delivery platform containing a combination of Hyt-loading chitosan nanoparticles (Hyt-NPs) and in situ forming hydrogel have been developed to obtain the benefits of both hydrogels and nanoparticles. This thermosensitive formulation, based on Pluronic F-127 (F-127), hyaluronic acid (HA) and Hyt-NPs (called Hyt@tgel) presents the unique ability to be injected in a minimally invasive way into a target region as a freely flowing solution at room temperature forming a gel at body temperature. The Hyt@tgel system showed reduced oxidative and inflammatory effects in the chondrocyte cellular model as well as a reduction in senescent cells after induction with H2O2. In addition, Hyt@tgel influenced chondrocytes gene expression under pathological state maintaining their metabolic activity and limiting the expression of critical OA-related genes in human chondrocytes treated with stressors promoting OA-like features. Hence, it can be concluded that the formulated hydrogel injection could be proposed for the efficient and sustained Hyt delivery for OA treatment. The next step would be the extraction of “added-value” bioactive polyphenols from by-products of the olive industry, in order to develop a green delivery system able not only to enhance the human wellbeing but also to promote a sustainable environment.
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Guzel D, Kalkan EA, Eren F, Zengin O, Erel O, Sahiner ES, Inan O, Ates I. Can Serum Endocan Levels be Used as an Early Prognostic Marker for Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19? Angiology 2022; 73:438-444. [PMID: 34663109 PMCID: PMC8968391 DOI: 10.1177/00033197211050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate whether degree of pneumonia and COVID-19 prognosis are associated with serum endocan levels at the early stage, when vascular damage has started. Patients between the ages of 18-85 years who were hospitalized and followed up with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in the study. A total of 80 patients were divided into 2 groups as mild/moderate pneumonia and severe pneumonia. Serum endocan levels were measured on the 8th day from the onset of symptoms in all patients. Of the 80 patients included in the study, 56.3% were female and 43.8% were male. There was no significant relationship between serum endocan levels and degree of pneumonia (P = .220) and prognosis of the disease (P = .761). The correlation analysis indicated a weak positive correlation between serum endocan levels and lactate level in venous blood gas (r = .270; P = .037). During the 28-day follow-up, the mortality rate was 3.75%. It was determined that the serum endocan levels was not associated with the degree of pneumonia and was not an early prognostic marker for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Guzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emra Asfuroglu Kalkan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Zengin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Enes S. Sahiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Osman Inan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ates
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Chen J, Jiang L, Yu XH, Hu M, Zhang YK, Liu X, He P, Ouyang X. Endocan: A Key Player of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:798699. [PMID: 35071362 PMCID: PMC8766991 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.798699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early change in atherosclerosis. Endocan, also known as endothelial cell specific molecule-1, is a soluble proteoglycan mainly secreted by endothelial cells. Inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and TNF-α can up regulate the expression of endocan and then affect the expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which play an important role in promoting leukocyte migration and inflammatory response. Elevated plasma levels of endocan may reflect endothelial activation and dysfunction, and is considered to be a potential immuno-inflammatory marker that may be related to cardiovascular disease. In the case of hypertension, diabetes, angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, the increase or decrease of serum endocan levels is of great significance. Here, we reviewed the current research on endocan, and emphasis its possible clinical value as a prognostic marker of cardiovascular disease. Endocan may be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of cardiovascular disease, but more research is needed on its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Chen
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical College, The Neuroscience Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical College, The Neuroscience Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Clinical Drug Research Center, Hunan Taihe Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Mi Hu
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical College, The Neuroscience Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yang-Kai Zhang
- Hengyang Medical School, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical College, The Neuroscience Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Pingping He
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinping Ouyang
- Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical College, The Neuroscience Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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