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Viejobueno J, de Los Santos B, Camacho-Sanchez M, Aguado A, Camacho M, Salazar SM. Phenotypic Variability and Genetic Diversity of the Pathogenic Fungus Macrophomina phaseolina from Several Hosts and Host Specialization in Strawberry. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:189. [PMID: 35551492 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina, is a pathogenic soil-borne fungus that affects more than 500 plant species, causing various types of disease to several crops, among which is the crown and root rot disease in strawberry. Its wide variability has been characterized reiteratively in the literature, but little is known about its virulence mechanisms. Morphological, physiological, genetic and phytopathogenic parameters were evaluated among 32 isolates of Macrophomina from different hosts occurring in Argentina and Spain. Colony characteristics, average size of microsclerotia, chlorate phenotype and mycelial growth at different temperatures (5º-40 °C), and pH (3.0-8.0) were recorded. The morphological and physiological traits were heterogeneous and did not show any association with the genetic structure nor with their pathogenicity. Most of the isolates (71.9%) exhibited chlorate-sensitive phenotype. The optimal growth temperature range was between 25 °C and 35 °C, and the optimal pH varied between 4.0 and 6.0. The genetic structure analyzed with four DNA markers (EF-1α, ITS, CAL and TUB) showed little diversity among isolates of M. phaseolina, with no clear association with the country of origin, but a significant association with the host. Based on their phylogenetic affinity, one isolate was reclassified as M. pseudophaseolina and another one as M. tecta. It is the first report of M. pseudophaseolina causing charcoal rot on beans, in Argentina, and the first report of M. tecta outside Australia. Pathogenicity tests on strawberry plants revealed marked host specialization, being the isolates obtained from strawberry more virulent than those from other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Viejobueno
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), T4132, Famaillá, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Berta de Los Santos
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, Alcalá del Río, 41200, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Camacho-Sanchez
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, Alcalá del Río, 41200, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Aguado
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, Alcalá del Río, 41200, Seville, Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica (IFAPA) Centro Las Torres, Alcalá del Río, 41200, Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio M Salazar
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), T4132, Famaillá, Tucumán, Argentina.,Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Avda. Kirchner 1900, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Forster H, Shuai B. Exogenous siRNAs against chitin synthase gene suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Mycologia 2020; 112:699-710. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1753467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Forster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, Kansas 67260
| | - Bin Shuai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, Kansas 67260
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Ramos AM, Gally M, Szapiro G, Itzcovich T, Carabajal M, Levin L. In vitro growth and cell wall degrading enzyme production by Argentinean isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina, the causative agent of charcoal rot in corn. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:267-273. [PMID: 27825736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is a polyphagous phytopathogen, causing stalk rot on many commercially important species. Damages caused by this pathogen in soybean and maize crops in Argentina during drought and hot weather have increased due its ability to survive as sclerotia in soil and crop debris under non-till practices. In this work, we explored the in vitro production of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes [pectinases (polygalacturonase and polymethylgalacturonase); cellulases (endoglucanase); hemicellulases (endoxylanase) and the ligninolytic enzyme laccase] by several Argentinean isolates of M. phaseolina, and assessed the pathogenicity of these isolates as a preliminary step to establish the role of these enzymes in M. phaseolina-maize interaction. The isolates were grown in liquid synthetic medium supplemented with glucose, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose or xylan as carbon sources and/or enzyme inducers and glutamic acid as nitrogen source. Pectinases were the first cell wall-degrading enzymes detected and the activities obtained (polygalacturonase activity was between 0.4 and 1.3U/ml and polymethylgalacturonase between 0.15 and 1.3U/ml) were higher than those of cellulases and xylanases, which appeared later and in a lesser magnitude. This sequence would promote initial tissue maceration followed by cell wall degradation. Laccase was detected in all the isolates evaluated (activity was between 36U/l and 63U/l). The aggressiveness of the isolates was tested in maize, sunflower and watermelon seeds, being high on all the plants assayed. This study reports for the first time the potential of different isolates of M. phaseolina to produce plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli M Ramos
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, INMIBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcela Gally
- Cátedra de Fitopatología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gala Szapiro
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, INMIBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tatiana Itzcovich
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, INMIBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maira Carabajal
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, INMIBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Levin
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, INMIBO-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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