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Neves F, Muñoz-Mérida A, Machado AM, Almeida T, Gaigher A, Esteves PJ, Castro LFC, Veríssimo A. Uncovering a 500 million year old history and evidence of pseudogenization for TLR15. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020601. [PMID: 36605191 PMCID: PMC9808068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toll like receptors (TLRs) are at the front line of pathogen recognition and host immune response. Many TLR genes have been described to date with some being found across metazoans while others are restricted to specific lineages. A cryptic member of the TLR gene family, TLR15, has a unique phylogenetic distribution. Initially described in extant species of birds and reptiles, an ortholog has been reported for cartilaginous fish. Methods Here, we significantly expanded the evolutionary analysis of TLR15 gene evolution, taking advantage of large genomic and transcriptomic resources available from different lineages of vertebrates. Additionally, we objectively search for TLR15 in lobe-finned and ray-finned fish, as well as in cartilaginous fish and jawless vertebrates. Results and discussion We confirm the presence of TLR15 in early branching jawed vertebrates - the cartilaginous fish, as well as in basal Sarcopterygii - in lungfish. However, within cartilaginous fish, the gene is present in Holocephalans (all three families) but not in Elasmobranchs (its sister-lineage). Holocephalans have long TLR15 protein sequences that disrupt the typical TLR structure, and some species display a pseudogene sequence due to the presence of frameshift mutations and early stop codons. Additionally, TLR15 has low expression levels in holocephalans when compared with other TLR genes. In turn, lungfish also have long TLR15 protein sequences but the protein structure is not compromised. Finally, TLR15 presents several sites under negative selection. Overall, these results suggest that TLR15 is an ancient TLR gene and is experiencing ongoing pseudogenization in early-branching vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,*Correspondence: Fabiana Neves,
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Mérida
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André M. Machado
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Tereza Almeida
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Arnaud Gaigher
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,Research Group for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany,Research Unit for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pedro J. Esteves
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CITS - Center of Investigation in Health Technologies, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
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Miao X, Liu L, Liu L, Hu G, Wu G, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang J, Li X. Regulation of mRNA and miRNA in the response to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection in chicken cecum. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:437. [PMID: 36514049 PMCID: PMC9749161 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica, serovar Enteritidis (SE) is a food-borne pathogen, which can cause great threat to human health through consumption of the contaminated poultry products. Chicken is the main host of SE. The mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles were analyzed on cecum of Shouguang chicken via next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics approaches. The treated group was inoculated SE, and the control group was inoculated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). RESULTS There were 1760 differentially expressed mRNAs in the SE-infected group, of which 1046 were up-regulated mRNA, and 714 were down-regulated mRNA. In addition, a total of 821 miRNAs were identified, and 174 miRNAs were differentially expressed, of which 100 were up-regulated and 74 were down-regulated. Functional enrichment of differentially expressed mRNAs was similar to miRNA target genes. The functional analysis results of differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs were performed. Immune-related processes and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways were enriched by up-regulated mRNA. The down-regulated mRNAs were enriched in tissue development and metabolic-related KEGG pathways. The functional analysis of up-regulated miRNA target genes was similar to the down-regulated mRNAs. The down-regulated miRNA target genes were enriched in metabolic-related GO (Gene Ontology) -BP (Biological process) terms and KEGG pathways. The overlap of the up-regulated mRNA and the up-regulated miRNA target genes (class I) was 325, and the overlap of the down-regulated miRNA target genes (class II) was 169. The class I enriched in the immune-related GO-BP terms and KEGG pathways. The class II mainly enriched in metabolic-related GO-BP terms and KEGG pathways. Then we detected the expression of mRNA and miRNA through qRT-PCR. The results shown that the expression of HHIP, PGM1, HTR2B, ITGB5, RELN, SFRP1, TCF7L2, SCNN1A, NEK7, miR-20b-5p, miR-1662, miR-15a, miR-16-1-3p was significantly different between two groups. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the relationship between miR-20b-5p and SCNN1A. The result indicated that miR-20b-5p regulate immune or metabolic responses after SE infection in Shouguang chickens by directly targeting SCNN1A. CONCLUSIONS The findings here contribute to the further analysis of the mechanism of mRNA and miRNA defense against SE infection, and provide a theoretical foundation for the molecular disease-resistant breeding of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Lewen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Liying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Geng Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Guixian Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yuanmei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jingchao Yang
- Shandong Animal Husbandry General Station, Jinan, 250010, China
| | - Xianyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Vaccination against the Protozoan Parasite Histomonas meleagridis Primes the Activation of Toll-like Receptors in Turkeys and Chickens Determined by a Set of Newly Developed Multiplex RT-qPCRs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090960. [PMID: 34579197 PMCID: PMC8472887 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histomonosis in turkeys and chickens is caused by the extracellular parasite Histomonas meleagridis, but the outcome of the disease varies depending on the host species. So far, studies on the immune response against histomonosis focus mainly on different traits of the adaptive immune system. Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) leads to the interplay between cells of innate and adaptive immunity with consequences on B and T cell clonal expansion. Therefore, the present investigation focused on the interaction of virulent and/or attenuated histomonads with the innate immune system of turkeys and chickens at 4, 10, 21 days post inoculation. The expression of TLRs (TLR1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5, 6(Tu), 7, 13(Tu) and 21(Ch)) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β and IL6) were analysed in caecum and spleen samples by RT-qPCR. Most frequent significant changes in expression levels of TLRs were observed in the caecum following infection with virulent parasites, an effect noticed to a lower degree in tissue samples from birds vaccinated with attenuated parasites. TLR1B, 2B and 4 showed a continuous up-regulation in the caecum of both species during infection or vaccination, followed by challenge with virulent parasites. Vaccinated birds of both species showed a significant earlier change in TLR expression following challenge than birds kept non-vaccinated but challenged. Expression of TLRs and pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with severe inflammation of diseased birds in the local organ caecum. In the spleen, changes in TLRs and pro-inflammatory cytokines were less prominent and mainly observed in turkey samples. In conclusion, a detailed comparison of TLRs and pro-inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune system following inoculation with attenuated and/or virulent H. meleagridis of two avian host species provides an insight into regulative mechanisms of TLRs in the development of protection and limitation of the disease.
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Criado-Mesas L, Abdelli N, Noce A, Farré M, Pérez JF, Solà-Oriol D, Martin-Venegas R, Forouzandeh A, González-Solé F, Folch JM. Transversal gene expression panel to evaluate intestinal health in broiler chickens in different challenging conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6315. [PMID: 33737699 PMCID: PMC7973573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a high interest on gut health in poultry with special focus on consequences of the intestinal diseases, such as coccidiosis and C. perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis (NE). We developed a custom gene expression panel, which could provide a snapshot of gene expression variation under challenging conditions. Ileum gene expression studies were performed through high throughput reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A deep review on the bibliography was done and genes related to intestinal health were selected for barrier function, immune response, oxidation, digestive hormones, nutrient transport, and metabolism. The panel was firstly tested by using a nutritional/Clostridium perfringens model of intestinal barrier failure (induced using commercial reused litter and wheat-based diets without exogenous supplementation of enzymes) and the consistency of results was evaluated by another experiment under a coccidiosis challenge (orally gavaged with a commercial coccidiosis vaccine, 90× vaccine dose). Growth traits and intestinal morphological analysis were performed to check the gut barrier failure occurrence. Results of ileum gene expression showed a higher expression in genes involved in barrier function and nutrient transport in chickens raised in healthy conditions, while genes involved in immune response presented higher expression in C.perfringens-challenged birds. On the other hand, the Eimeria challenge also altered the expression of genes related to barrier function and metabolism, and increased the expression of genes related to immune response and oxidative stress. The panel developed in the current study gives us an overview of genes and pathways involved in broiler response to pathogen challenge. It also allows us to deep into the study of differences in gene expression pattern and magnitude of responses under either a coccidial vaccine or a NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Criado-Mesas
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - N Abdelli
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Noce
- Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Farré
- Department of Mathematics, Area of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J F Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Martin-Venegas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08291, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - A Forouzandeh
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F González-Solé
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J M Folch
- Plant and Animal Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Consortium, Bellaterra, Spain
- Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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Gimeno IM, Shaw WN, Turner A, Bremen J, Cortes AL, Faiz NM, Gonder E, Robbins K. Replication of Marek's disease vaccines in turkey embryos and their effect on TLR-3 and IFN-γ transcripts. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:1-7. [PMID: 33533643 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1882937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in its natural host is necessary before recombinant HVT (rHVT) can be used efficiently in turkey flocks. The objectives of this study were to evaluate when commercial turkey flocks get infected with wild type HVT, to study replication of HVT (conventional and recombinant rHVT-Newcastle disease, rHVT-ND) and other Marek's disease (MD) vaccines (SB-1 and CVI988) in turkey embryonic tissues, and to evaluate the expression of TLR-3 and IFN-γ in the lung and spleen of one-day-old turkeys after in ovo vaccination with MD vaccines. Our results demonstrated that commercial turkeys got exposed to wild type HVT within the first days of life; therefore, there is a potential of interaction between wild type HVT and rHVT when administered at day of age. On the other hand, all evaluated vaccines (especially HVT and rHVT-ND) replicated very well in turkey embryonic tissues. In ovo vaccination with HVT and CVI988 increased transcription of TLR-3 in the spleen of one-day-old turkeys. However, no effect on the transcription of TLR-3 or IFN-γ in the lungs and IFN-γ in the spleen in newly hatched turkeys was detected in the present study. Because of the limitations of evaluated genes, timepoints, and studied tissues, future studies are warranted to better understand the effect of MD vaccines on the turkey embryo immune responses.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Commercial turkey flocks get infected with wild type HVT within the first days of life.HVT and rHVT replicates readily in turkey embryonic tissues.SB-1 and CVI988 also replicate in turkey embryonic tissues, but at lower rates than HVT and rHVT.HVT and CVI988 increase transcription of TLR-3 in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Gimeno
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - W N Shaw
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A Turner
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - J Bremen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A L Cortes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - N M Faiz
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - E Gonder
- Butterball, LLC, Garner, NC, USA
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Avian Pattern Recognition Receptor Sensing and Signaling. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010014. [PMID: 32012730 PMCID: PMC7157566 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play a critical role in detecting and responding to several conserved patterns of microorganisms. As such, they play a major role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and anti-microbial defense. Fundamental knowledge pertaining to the discovery of PRR functions and their ligands continue to advance the understanding of immune system and disease resistance, which led to the rational design and/or application of various PRR ligands as vaccine adjuvants. In addition, the conserved nature of many PRRs throughout the animal kingdom has enabled the utilization of the comparative genomics approach in PRR identification and the study of evolution, structural features, and functions in many animal species including avian. In the present review, we focused on PRR sensing and signaling functions in the avian species, domestic chicken, mallard, and domestic goose. In addition to summarizing recent advances in the understanding of avian PRR functions, the present review utilized a comparative biology approach to identify additional PRRs, whose functions have been well studied in mammalians but await functional characterization in avian.
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Alyileili SR, El-Tarabily K, Ibrahim WH, Sulaiman M, Hussein AS. Effect of Trichoderma reesei Degraded Date Pits Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immunoglobulin Levels, and Intestinal Barrier Functions of Broiler Chickens. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2020; 11:168-181. [PMID: 31322081 DOI: 10.2174/2212798410666190716163009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a dominant fruit crop in most Arabian countries. Date pits, as a major byproduct which remained after consumption of date flesh, proved to be a valuable source of energy. OBJECTIVES The impact of degraded date pits (DDP) on growth performance, intestinal bacterial population, and expression profiles of intestinal genes in broilers was determined. Recent patents have been established on DDP from the European patent office (EP2586318B1), Hong Kong patent registry office (HK1184642) and by the United States patent and trademark office (US8968729B2 and US10265368B2). METHODS Solid-state degradation system (SSD) was used for the preparation of DDP using Trichoderma reesei. One-day-old Brazilian broiler chicks "Cobb 500" were randomly divided into six treatments with six replicates, which consisted of a normal diet containing only corn-soy (control), diet containing corn-soy + (20%, 50g/100Kg oxytetracycline), diet containing corn-soy + 10% (DDP), diet containing corn-soy + 0.2% mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), diet containing corn-soy + 0.1% mannose, and diet containing corn-soy + 0.2% mannose. RESULTS There were no significant differences in body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers among the treatments. The bacterial count was significantly decreased in 10% DDP diet-fed broilers, 0.2% MOS and antibiotic diet-fed broilers. Immunoglobulin levels in serum and intestinal contents and expression pattern of genes in jejunum were upregulated in 10% DDP and 0.2% MOS diet-fed broilers. CONCLUSION DDP can be used as an energy source for replacing part of corn, mannan oligosaccharide and also recommended as a potential alternative to antimicrobials in broilers diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Rashed Alyileili
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wissam Hachem Ibrahim
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohsin Sulaiman
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Soliman Hussein
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Liu C, Jiang L, Liu L, Sun L, Zhao W, Chen Y, Qi T, Han Z, Shao Y, Liu S, Ma D. Induction of Avian β-Defensin 2 Is Possibly Mediated by the p38 MAPK Signal Pathway in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts After Newcastle Disease Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:751. [PMID: 29725321 PMCID: PMC5916956 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate whether avian β-defensins (AvBDs) could be induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, and to investigate the potential signaling pathway of AvBD2 induction in response to NDV infection as well. First, mRNA expression of AvBDs (1–14) was evaluated in the chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) infected with NDV strain F48E9 at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi), respectively. The results demonstrated a significant induction of AvBD2 in CEFs elicited by the NDV strain. Then, we expressed and purified the AvBD2 proteins in both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Of the two recombinant AvBD2 proteins, only the protein expressed in eukaryotic cells showed directly antiviral activity against NDV strain F48E9 in vitro. Ligands of toll-like receptors (TLRs) were chosen as alternatives to NDV to further study signaling pathway of AvBD2 induction here, due to insufficient upregulation of AvBD2 expression elicited by NDV. We found that the mRNA expression of AvBD2 was highly upregulated by Pam3CSK4, FLA-ST, and ODN-M362. Then, four inhibitors of signaling pathway, including inhibitors of JNK, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB, were used in this study. Of the four inhibitors, only inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway significantly reduced AvBD2 expression after stimulation with Pam3CSK4, FLA-ST and ODN-M362, respectively. Taken together, these results revealed that AvBD2 play a pivotal role in host innate immunity response to NDV infection. The mRNA expression of AvBD2 might be regulated in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqiu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tianming Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Bi Y, Xu L, Qiu L, Wang S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Chang G, Chen G. Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Inhibits the Immune Response Acting on Lymphocytes from Peripheral Blood of Chicken. Front Physiol 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29410628 PMCID: PMC5787092 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) causes the atrophy of immune organs and immuno-suppression. The pathogenic mechanisms of REV are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to use RNA sequencing to analyse the effect of REV on immunity and cell proliferation in chicken lymphocytes from peripheral blood in vitro. Overall, 2977 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were examined from cells between infected with REV or no; 56 DEGs related to cell proliferation and 130 DEGs related to immunity were identified. MTT, Q-PCR, and FCM indicated that REV reduced the number of lymphocytes by inhibiting the transition of S/G1 phase through FOXO and p53 pathways. Similarly, REV infection would destroy the immune defense of lymphocytes through MAPK-AP1 via Toll-like receptor-, NOD-like receptor-, and salmonella infection pathways to reduce the secretion of IL8 and IL18. In addition, the reduction of lymphocytes also might be responsible for the lower levels of IL8 and IL18, and the rescue of lymphocytes would been activated still through FOXO and p53 pathways. Moreover, the immune response for REV in lymphocytes would activate by up-regulating the expression of NOD1, MYD88, and AP1 through Toll-like receptor-/NOD-like receptor/salmonella-MAPK-AP1 pathways. These results indicate that REV could affect lymphocytes from peripheral blood by inhibit the cell proliferation and the immune system. It also was revealed that NOD1, MYD88, and AP1 were the key genes to activate the immune response through Toll-like receptor-/NOD-like receptor/salmonella-MAPK-AP1 pathways. These findings establish the groundwork and provide new clues for deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying REV infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Bi
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Qiu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Department of Poultry Genetics and Breeding, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Hu Y, Chen WW, Liu HX, Shan YJ, Zhu CH, Li HF, Zou JM. Genetic differences in ChTLR15 gene polymorphism and expression involved in Salmonella enterica natural and artificial infection respectively, of Chinese native chicken breeds, with a focus on sexual dimorphism. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:13-25. [PMID: 26488442 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1110849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chicken Toll-like receptor 15 (ChTLR15) has been shown to participate in immune activation in response to various pathogens and in the innate defence against infection. Two genetically distinct Chinese breeds of chicken (Qinyuan Partridge and Baier breeds) were used to study the correlation between ChTLR15 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the natural infection status of salmonella in hens, and also to examine genetic and sex-specific effects on ChTLR15 mRNA expression in heterophils and spleen during acute infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) from 1 to 10 days after experimental infection. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (G168A, C726T and A1166G) in a single exon of ChTLR15 were identified in the two breeds, but only C726T showed a significant association with salmonella infection. Compared with layer-type Baier chicks, meat-type Qingyuan chicks showed a higher tolerance for capture stress and (SE) infection, as measured, respectively, by the modified body weight of chicks in the control group and in the infection group. Meanwhile, ChTLR15 down-regulation in heterophils and up-regulation in spleen were involved in the response to pathogenic SE colonization during the acute infection period. These significant genetic effects in females led to greater differences in both innate and adaptive immune responses than those exhibited in males. These results suggest that genetics, time and gender play important roles in the modulation of ChTLR15 mRNA level elicited by the SE-mediated immune response differentially in the two genetically distinct breeds, with a focus on sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Institute of Poultry Science of Jiangsu Province , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225003 , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , P.R. China
| | - W W Chen
- c Luoyang Pu-like Bio-engineering Co., Ltd , Luoyang , Henan 471000 , P.R. China
| | - H X Liu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Institute of Poultry Science of Jiangsu Province , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225003 , P.R. China
| | - Y J Shan
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Institute of Poultry Science of Jiangsu Province , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225003 , P.R. China
| | - C H Zhu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Institute of Poultry Science of Jiangsu Province , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225003 , P.R. China
| | - H F Li
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Institute of Poultry Science of Jiangsu Province , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225003 , P.R. China
| | - J M Zou
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetics & Breeding , Institute of Poultry Science of Jiangsu Province , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225003 , P.R. China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , P.R. China
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11
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Zhang A, Xu J, Lai H, Huang W, Fang N, Chen R. Age-related changes and distribution of T cell markers (CD3 and CD4) and toll-like receptors(TLR2, TLR3,TLR4 and TLR7) in the duck lymphoid organs. Immunobiology 2017; 222:857-864. [PMID: 28356195 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes and Toll-like receptors have been confirmed to have correlation with the ability to resistance to pathogenic challenges and play an important role in duck immune system. However, the information of ontogeny of T lymphocytes and Toll-like receptors is scarcely in duck. Therefore, to address these questions, we report the development and distribution of CD3 and CD4 by immunocytochemistry and the age-related mRNA level of duck T cell markers (CD3 and CD4) and Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7) by real time quantitative PCR in duck lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen). Results indicated that CD3 and CD4 positive cells can be observed in all test organs and partly change in an age-related way. CD4 positive T cell of duck spleen mainly distributed in periarterial lymphatic sheaths and red pulp, not in white pulp. Both of CD3 and CD4 were experienced significant increased wave twice in duck lymphoid organs and T cell dependent cellular immunity of duck may well established until 5 weeks old. The mRNA expression levels of duck TLRs were age and organ dependent, and duck TLR3 and TLR7 were significantly lower abundance in the spleen but higher in thymus and bursa of Fabricius, respectively. This study provide the essential knowledge of the ontogeny of T cells and Toll-like receptors in duck, which may shed lights on the T-cell mediate immunity and innate immunity in duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University,483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biologics, Guangdong, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Hanzhang Lai
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biologics, Guangdong, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Wenke Huang
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biologics, Guangdong, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Niran Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University,483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University,483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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12
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Zhang M, Song K, Li C, Chen Z, Ding C, Liu G. Molecular cloning of Peking duck Toll-like receptor 3 (duTLR3) gene and its responses to reovirus infection. Virol J 2015; 12:207. [PMID: 26634454 PMCID: PMC4668636 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Among the TLRs, TLR3 is involved in the recognition of double-stranded RNA. This study was designed to explore the relationship between duTLR3 and duck reovirus (DRV) infection. Methods In this study, we cloned and performed a molecular characterization of the complete sequence of Peking duck TLR3 (duTLR3). The expression level of duTLR3 was also determined, along with the relative levels of Mx and IFN-α mRNA after DRV infection. Results The duTLR3 gene is 2776-bp long and encodes an 895-amino-acid-long protein. Sequence analysis of the product revealed the complete transcript of Peking duck TLR3, including the 88-bp 5′UTR, the 2688-bp coding sequence (ORF), and the 76-bp 3′UTR and poly(A) tail. DuTLR3 was found to share a high amino acid sequence similarity with TLR3 from Jing ding duck (99.6 %), Muscovy duck (97.1 %) and chicken (86.3 %). Additionally, the tissue distribution of duTLR3 suggested that it was abundantly expressed in various tissues, especially in the trachea, esophagus and pancreatic gland. Duck reovirus (DRV) infection resulted in high mRNA expression levels of duTLR3 in the spleen, liver, lung and brain. Conclusion These results suggest that duTLR3 may play an important role in anti-viral defense mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0434-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaotao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Kaijie Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Chuanfeng Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongyan Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Cheng Y, Wang H, Yan Y, Ding C, Sun J. Two myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) isoforms identified in ducks. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:144-154. [PMID: 26004012 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 is an adaptor protein involved in the interleukin-1 receptor-induced and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In this study, we identified two isoforms of MyD88 gene, designated DuMyD88-X1 and DuMyD88-X2, from duck cells. Both variants were determined to have a death domain at the N-terminal and a Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domain at the C-terminal; however, the TIR domain of DuMyD88-X2 was incomplete and was 81 amino acids shorter than DuMyD88-X1. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR revealed broad expression of both MyD88s. During Newcastle disease virus (NDV) challenge experiments, expression of the two genes increased significantly, with DuMyD88-X1 having a larger amplitude and longer duration. Overexpression of DuMyD88-X1 and DuMyD88-X2 induced the activation of NF-κB and IL-6 in vitro, suggesting that DuMyD88-X1 and DuMyD88-X2 may be important in the innate immune response. The results verify the existence of a MyD88-dependent signaling pathway in ducks and contribute to understanding the potential role of MyD88s in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jianhe Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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14
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Vinkler M, Bainová H, Bryjová A, Tomášek O, Albrecht T, Bryja J. Characterisation of Toll-like receptors 4, 5 and 7 and their genetic variation in the grey partridge. Genetica 2015; 143:101-12. [PMID: 25626717 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-015-9819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a cornerstone of vertebrate innate immunity. In this study, we identified orthologues of TLR4, TLR5 and TLR7 (representing both bacterial- and viral-sensing TLRs) in the grey partridge (Perdix perdix), a European Galliform game bird species. The phylogeny of all three TLR genes follows the known phylogeny of Galloanserae birds, placing grey partridge TLRs (PePeTLRs) in close proximity to their turkey and pheasant orthologues. The predicted proteins encoded by the PePeTLR genes were 843, 862-863 and 1,047 amino acids long, respectively, and clearly showed all TLR structural features. To verify functionality in these genes we mapped their tissue-expression profiles, revealing generally high PePeTLR4 and PePeTLR5 expression in the thymus and absence of PePeTLR4 and PePeTLR7 expression in the brain. Using 454 next-generation sequencing, we then assessed genetic variation within these genes for a wild grey partridge population in the Czech Republic, EU. We identified 11 nucleotide substitutions in PePeTLR4, eight in PePeTLR5 and six in PePeTLR7, resulting in four, four and three amino acid replacements, respectively. Given their locations and chemical features, most of these non-synonymous substitutions probably have a minor functional impact. As the intraspecific genetic variation of the three TLR genes was low, we assume that either negative selection or a bottleneck may have reduced TLR population variability in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic, EU,
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15
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Kapczynski DR, Jiang HJ, Kogut MH. Characterization of cytokine expression induced by avian influenza virus infection with real-time RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1161:217-33. [PMID: 24899432 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0758-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of how birds react to infection from avian influenza virus is critical to understanding disease pathogenesis and host response. The use of real-time (R) RT-PCR to measure innate immunity, including cytokine and interferon gene expression, has become a standard technique employed by avian immunologists interested in examining these responses. This technique utilizes nucleotide primers and fluorescent reporter molecules to measure amplification of the gene of interest. The use of RRT-PCR negates the need for northern blot analysis or DNA sequencing. It is simple, specific and sensitive for the gene of interest. However, it is dependent on knowing the target sequence prior to testing so that the optimal primers can be designed. The recent publication of genomic sequences of Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, and Anas platyrhynchos species makes it possible to measure cytokine expression in chicken, turkey, and duck species, respectively. Although these tests do not measure functionally expressed protein, the lack of antibodies to identify and quantify avian cytokines from different avian species makes this technique critical to any characterization of innate immune responses through cytokine and interferon activation or repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA,
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16
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Magor KE, Miranzo Navarro D, Barber MRW, Petkau K, Fleming-Canepa X, Blyth GAD, Blaine AH. Defense genes missing from the flight division. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:377-88. [PMID: 23624185 PMCID: PMC7172724 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Birds have a smaller repertoire of immune genes than mammals. In our efforts to study antiviral responses to influenza in avian hosts, we have noted key genes that appear to be missing. As a result, we speculate that birds have impaired detection of viruses and intracellular pathogens. Birds are missing TLR8, a detector for single-stranded RNA. Chickens also lack RIG-I, the intracellular detector for single-stranded viral RNA. Riplet, an activator for RIG-I, is also missing in chickens. IRF3, the nuclear activator of interferon-beta in the RIG-I pathway is missing in birds. Downstream of interferon (IFN) signaling, some of the antiviral effectors are missing, including ISG15, and ISG54 and ISG56 (IFITs). Birds have only three antibody isotypes and IgD is missing. Ducks, but not chickens, make an unusual truncated IgY antibody that is missing the Fc fragment. Chickens have an expanded family of LILR leukocyte receptor genes, called CHIR genes, with hundreds of members, including several that encode IgY Fc receptors. Intriguingly, LILR homologues appear to be missing in ducks, including these IgY Fc receptors. The truncated IgY in ducks, and the duplicated IgY receptor genes in chickens may both have resulted from selective pressure by a pathogen on IgY FcR interactions. Birds have a minimal MHC, and the TAP transport and presentation of peptides on MHC class I is constrained, limiting function. Perhaps removing some constraint, ducks appear to lack tapasin, a chaperone involved in loading peptides on MHC class I. Finally, the absence of lymphotoxin-alpha and beta may account for the observed lack of lymph nodes in birds. As illustrated by these examples, the picture that emerges is some impairment of immune response to viruses in birds, either a cause or consequence of the host-pathogen arms race and long evolutionary relationship of birds and RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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17
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Keestra AM, de Zoete MR, Bouwman LI, Vaezirad MM, van Putten JPM. Unique features of chicken Toll-like receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:316-323. [PMID: 23628643 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that have a key role in immune homeostasis and the defense against infections. The research explosion that followed the discovery of TLRs more than a decade ago has boosted fundamental knowledge on the function of the immune system and the resistance against disease, providing a rational for clinical modulation of the immune response. In addition, the conserved nature of the ancient TLR system throughout the animal kingdom has enabled a comparative biology approach to understand the evolution, structural architecture, and function of TLRs. In the present review we focus on TLR biology in the avian species, and, especially, on the unique functional properties of the chicken TLR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marijke Keestra
- Department of Infectious Disease & Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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18
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Chen S, Cheng A, Wang M. Innate sensing of viruses by pattern recognition receptors in birds. Vet Res 2013; 44:82. [PMID: 24016341 PMCID: PMC3848724 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to mammals, several viral-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRR) have been identified in birds including Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR). Avian TLR are slightly different from their mammalian counterparts, including the pseudogene TLR8, the absence of TLR9, and the presence of TLR1La, TLR1Lb, TLR15, and TLR21. Avian TLR3 and TLR7 are involved in RNA virus recognition, especially highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), while TLR15 and TLR21 are potential sensors that recognize both RNA viruses and bacteria. However, the agonist of TLR15 is still unknown. Interestingly, chickens, unlike ducks, geese and finches, lack RIG-I, however they do express melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) which functionally compensates for the absence of RIG-I. Duck RIG-I is the cytosolic recognition element for HPAIV recognition, while chicken cells sense HPAIV through MDA5. However, the contributions of MDA5 and RIG-I to IFN-β induction upon HPAIV infection is different, and this may contribute to the chicken’s susceptibility to highly pathogenic influenza. It is noteworthy that the interactions between avian DNA viruses and PRR have not yet been reported. Furthermore, the role for avian Nod-like receptors (NLR) in viral immunity is largely unknown. In this review, recent advances in the field of viral recognition by different types of PRR in birds are summarized. In particular, the tissue and cellular distribution of avian PRR, the recognition and activation of PRR by viruses, and the subsequent expression of innate antiviral genes such as type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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