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Gagna CE, Yodice AN, D'Amico J, Elkoulily L, Gill SM, DeOcampo FG, Rabbani M, Kaur J, Shah A, Ahmad Z, Lambert MW, Clark Lambert W. Novel B-DNA dermatophyte assay for demonstration of canonical DNA in dermatophytes: Histopathologic characterization by artificial intelligence. Clin Dermatol 2024; 42:233-258. [PMID: 38185195 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
We describe a novel assay and artificial intelligence-driven histopathologic approach identifying dermatophytes in human skin tissue sections (ie, B-DNA dermatophyte assay) and demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of dermatophytes in tissue using immunohistochemistry to detect canonical right-handed double-stranded (ds) B-DNA. Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-ds-B-DNA monoclonal antibodies with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues to determine the presence of dermatophytes. The B-DNA assay resulted in a more accurate identification of dermatophytes, nuclear morphology, dimensions, and gene expression of dermatophytes (ie, optical density values) than periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grocott methenamine silver (GMS), or hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. The novel assay guided by artificial intelligence allowed for efficient identification of different types of dermatophytes (eg, hyphae, microconidia, macroconidia, and arthroconidia). Using the B-DNA dermatophyte assay as a clinical tool for diagnosing dermatophytes is an alternative to PAS, GMS, and H&E as a fast and inexpensive way to accurately detect dermatophytosis and reduce the number of false negatives. Our assay resulted in superior identification, sensitivity, life cycle stages, and morphology compared to H&E, PAS, and GMS stains. This method detects a specific structural marker (ie, ds-B-DNA), which can assist with diagnosis of dermatophytes. It represents a significant advantage over methods currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude E Gagna
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Anthony N Yodice
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Juliana D'Amico
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Lina Elkoulily
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Shaheryar M Gill
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Francis G DeOcampo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Maryam Rabbani
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Jai Kaur
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Aangi Shah
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Zainab Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Muriel W Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - W Clark Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Dermatology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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2
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Shamsizadeh F, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Shariat Nabavi M, Guillot J, Taghipour S, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. In vitro activities of 8 antifungal agents against geophilic dermatophyte isolates. Mycoses 2021; 65:255-262. [PMID: 34861084 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Nannizzia gypsea complex are globally the most common geophilic dermatophytes which cause infection in animals and human. Although the susceptibility patterns of anthropophilic or zoophilic dermatophyte species to antifungal agents are well documented, the effectiveness of such drugs against geophilic species have rarely been explored. OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of common and new antifungals against a set of environmental and clinical geophilic dermatophyte isolates. METHODS 108 soil and clinical geophilic isolates from two genera Nannizzia (N. fulva n = 59; N. gypsea n = 43) and Arthroderma (A. quadrifidum n = 4; A. gertleri n = 1; A. tuberculatum n = 1) were included in the study. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns of eight common and new antifungals against the isolates were determined according to broth microdilution method and by CLSI M38-A3 (3rd edition) protocol. RESULTS MIC values across all isolates from five species ranged as: luliconazole: 0.0002-0.002 µg/ml, terbinafine: 0.008-0.125 µg/ml, efinaconazole: 0.008-0.125 µg/ml, ciclopirox olamine: 0.03-0.5 µg/ml, itraconazole: 0.125-1 µg/ml, amorolfine hydrochloride: 0.125-4 µg/ml, griseofulvin: 0.25-2 µg/ml and tavaborole: 1-8 µg/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION Luliconazole, terbinafine and efinaconazole exhibited the highest in vitro efficacy, regardless of the dermatophyte species. Further surveillance studies are recommended to confirm the implication of such in vitro data for the clinical recovery rate of dermatophytosis with geophilic species following antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Shamsizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Shariat Nabavi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dynamic Research Group, UPEC, EnvA, USC Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Dermatology Parasitology Mycology Department, Oniris Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Simin Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Osman M, Kasir D, Rafei R, Kassem II, Ismail MB, El Omari K, Dabboussi F, Cazer C, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. Trends in the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in the Middle East and North Africa region. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:935-968. [PMID: 34766622 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis corresponds to a broad series of infections, mostly superficial, caused by a group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi called dermatophytes. These mycoses are currently considered to be a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here we compiled and discussed existing epidemiologic data on these infections in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on conventional diagnostic strategies and were published before the last taxonomic revision of dermatophytes. This has led to misidentifications, which might have resulted in the underestimation of the real burden of these infections in the MENA countries. Our analysis of the available literature highlights an urgent need for further studies based on reliable diagnostic tools and standard susceptibility testing methods for dermatophytosis, which represents a major challenge for these countries. This is crucial for guiding appropriate interventions and activating antifungal stewardship programs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dalal Kasir
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Quality Control Center Laboratories, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture of Tripoli and North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Casey Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | | | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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Hainsworth S, Hubka V, Lawrie AC, Carter D, Vanniasinkam T, Grando D. Predominance of Trichophyton interdigitale Revealed in Podiatric Nail Dust Collections in Eastern Australia. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:175-185. [PMID: 31332646 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes is a significant medical and financial worldwide burden. Relatively scant research has been undertaken as to the predominant species and strains causing this condition in Australia, which is a unique isolated continent with diverse geographical, climatic and population regions. Four regions were selected in Eastern Australia: Far North Queensland, Rural Victoria, Melbourne Metropolitan and Tasmania. From each of these areas, communal nail dust bags from podiatric physicians' work were collected and analysed. A total of 32 dust bags were collected: 10 from Far North Queensland, 8 from Melbourne Metropolitan, 8 from Rural Victoria and 6 from Tasmania. Dermatophyte test medium was used to isolate dermatophytes from the dust, and the colonies were subcultured to Potato Dextrose Agar. Of the bags collected, in total 69% were positive for dermatophytes: 40% from Far North Queensland, 75% from Melbourne Metropolitan, 88% from Rural Victoria and 83% from Tasmania. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was used to identify and compare isolates. A total of 148 dermatophyte strains were identified. The predominant species isolated was Trichophyton interdigitale (125 isolates), which was found in all four regions. This species was further subdivided into four ITS genotypes: the first two were present in all regions, but the third was found only in the Melbourne Metropolitan area and the fourth only in Tasmania. Only one strain of Trichophyton rubrum was found and only in Rural Victoria. Eighteen isolates of Arthroderma quadrifidum were cultured from Rural Victoria and Tasmania and were further classified into three ITS genotypes. Some isolates rarely reported in clinical material were identified as Paraphyton cookei, Arthroderma tuberculatum and Arthroderma crocatum. A potentially new species of Arthroderma was also found in Melbourne Metropolitan. These findings reveal a unique dermatophyte fingerprint in toenails for Eastern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hainsworth
- School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora Campus), PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ann C Lawrie
- School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora Campus), PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Dee Carter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Thiru Vanniasinkam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Danilla Grando
- School of Science, RMIT University (Bundoora Campus), PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Borman AM, Szekely A, Fraser M, Lovegrove S, Johnson EM. A novel dermatophyte relative, Nannizzia perplicata sp. nov., isolated from a case of tinea corporis in the United Kingdom. Med Mycol 2019; 57:548-556. [PMID: 30329066 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel dermatophyte was isolated from skin scales of a female patient presenting with tinea corporis of the wrist and arm. Her principal risk factor was long-term corticosteroid use for underlying Lupus autoimmune syndrome. Microscopic examination of skin scales from lesions revealed hyphae consistent with dermatophyte infection, and a morphologically identical fungus grew in pure culture on all cultures of skin scales. Repeat isolation of the same organism from persistent lesions five months later confirmed the novel species as the causative agent. Microscopic examination revealed predominantly smooth, thin-walled macroconidia, with large numbers of unicellular aleuriospores of varied shapes and sizes. Since the isolate exhibited considerable microscopic pleomorphism, sharing morphological features consistent with several dermatophyte genera, it was subjected to multi-locus phylogenetic analyses employing a total of six different loci. Sequence analyses of all loci revealed that the isolate clustered with species within Nannizzia but diverged from all known members of the genus by 2 to 13% depending on locus analyzed. The isolate exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentrations for terbinafine in vitro, which might explain why the infection had failed to respond to two cycles of oral treatment with this antifungal agent. Interestingly, sequences in GenBank of an unnamed "Microsporum sp" isolated from leg skin of a patient in the Czech Republic showed greater than 99% identity across all of the loci analysed in common, indicating that this novel organism, which we describe here as Nannizzia perplicata sp. nov., is likely not restricted to the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Borman
- Public Health England UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol
| | - Adrien Szekely
- Public Health England UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol
| | - Mark Fraser
- Public Health England UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Bristol
| | - Simon Lovegrove
- West Suffolk NHS Foundation, Bury St Edmonds, United Kingdom
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Vanam HP, Mohanram K, Reddy KSR, Rengasamy M, Rudramurthy SM. Naive tinea corporis et cruris in an Immunocompetent adult caused by a geophile Nannizzia gypsea susceptible to Terbinafine -Rarity in the current scenario of Dermatophytosis in India. Access Microbiol 2019; 1:e000022. [PMID: 32974531 PMCID: PMC7470300 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dermatophytosis caused by Nannizzia gypsea formerly Microsporum gypse um is rare in occurrence due to its geophilic adaptation and weak pathogenic potential in establishing infection in humans. The taxonomical status of N. gypsea has been controversial over the years and has now reached a concordance among mycologists. Innumerable reports of N. gypsea causing widespread infection in human immunodeficiency virus patients trails them as an important agent of consideration in an immunocompromised host. There have been sporadic reports of N. gypsea causing glabrous skin tinea and onychomycosis in healthy patients and the prevalence reports gravitate around 1-6.5 %. A variety of non-anthropophilic dermatophytes including novel species have now been implicated in causing dermatophytosis reflecting the era of crux changes in the epidemiology. Case report We present a case of chronic dermatophytosis in a 22-year-old healthy Indian with a history of contact with a dog and soil and other factors favouring dermatophytosis. Conventional and molecular sequencing established the isolate as N. gypsea. Antifungal susceptibility test revealed a higher MIC of griseofulvin and lower MIC to azoles and terbinafine. The patient had complete clinical resolution following administration of oral terbinafine. Conclusion Amidst the hyper-endemic-like scenario of tinea in India, this case report stands as a unique example of a patient infected with N. gypsea showing complete clinical resolution using terbinafine. Studies implicating N. gypsea in an immunocompetent host are rare and there is a need for more studies on geophilic dermatophytes causing tinea in the man for laying down effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Pankaj Vanam
- Mycology Division, Department of Microbiology, Bhaskar Medical College and General hospital, Bhaskar Nagar, Yenkapally, Moinabad, R.R. District, Telangana 500 075, India
| | - Kalyani Mohanram
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamilnadu 602 105, India
| | - K Siva Rami Reddy
- Dermatology, Department of DVL, Bhaskar Medical College and General hospital, Bhaskar Nagar, Yenkapally, Moinabad, R.R. District, Telangana 500 075, India
| | - Madhu Rengasamy
- Dermatology (Mycology), Madras Medical College, Chennai 600 003, India
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Gräser Y, Monod M, Bouchara JP, Dukik K, Nenoff P, Kargl A, Kupsch C, Zhan P, Packeu A, Chaturvedi V, de Hoog S. New insights in dermatophyte research. Med Mycol 2018. [PMID: 29538740 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophyte research has renewed interest because of changing human floras with changing socioeconomic conditions, and because of severe chronic infections in patients with congenital immune disorders. Main taxonomic traits at the generic level have changed considerably, and now fine-tuning at the species level with state-of-the-art technology has become urgent. Research on virulence factors focuses on secreted proteases now has support in genome data. It is speculated that most protease families are used for degrading hard keratin during nitrogen recycling in the environment, while others, such as Sub6 may have emerged as a result of ancestral gene duplication, and are likely to have specific roles during infection. Virulence may differ between mating partners of the same species and concepts of zoo- and anthropophily may require revision in some recently redefined species. Many of these questions benefit from international cooperation and exchange of materials. The aim of the ISHAM Working Group Dermatophytes aims to stimulate and coordinate international networking on these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Gräser
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Karolina Dukik
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Labor für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Mölbis, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Kupsch
- Nationales Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ping Zhan
- Jiangxi Dermatology Hospital and Jiangxi Dermatology Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Ann Packeu
- Mycologie & Aerobiologie Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Brito-Santos F, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Coelho RA, Sales A, Almeida-Paes R. Tinea Capitis by Microsporum audouinii: Case Reports and Review of Published Global Literature 2000-2016. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:1053-1060. [PMID: 28736794 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tinea capitis caused by Microsporum audouinii is reported herein from two Brazilian schoolchildren, which are brothers. Arthroconidia were evidenced on direct examination of scalp hair, and a fungus of the genus Microsporum was isolated from cultures of each patient. The isolated fungi were classified as M. audouinii by visualization of species-specific structures, including: pectinate hyphae, chlamydospores, and fusiform macroconidia, sterile growth with characteristic brown pigment in rice grains, and through DNA sequencing of the internal transcriber spacer region. Patients were refractory to ketoconazole, but the two cases had a satisfactory response to oral terbinafine. All M. audouinii infections described in this century were reviewed, and to our knowledge, this is the first literature description of this species from South America. Misidentification of M. audouinii with Microsporum canis can occur in this area, leading to erroneous data about the occurrence of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Brito-Santos
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Av. Brazil 4365 - Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rowena Alves Coelho
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Av. Brazil 4365 - Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Sales
- Souza Araujo Outpatient Clinics, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Mycology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Av. Brazil 4365 - Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Dermatophytes and Dermatophytoses: A Thematic Overview of State of the Art, and the Directions for Future Research and Developments. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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