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Hu Q, Xia X, Lian Z, Tian H, Li Z. Regulatory mechanism of LncRNAs in gonadal differentiation of hermaphroditic fish, Monopterus albus. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:74. [PMID: 37880697 PMCID: PMC10598917 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monopterus albus is a hermaphroditic fish with sex reversal from ovaries to testes via the ovotestes in the process of gonadal development, but the molecular mechanism of the sex reversal was unknown. METHODS We produced transcriptomes containing mRNAs and lncRNAs in the crucial stages of the gonad, including the ovary, ovotestis and testis. The expression of the crucial lncRNAs and their target genes was detected using qRT‒PCR and in situ hybridization. The methylation level and activity of the lncRNA promoter were analysed by applying bisulfite sequencing PCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays, respectively. RESULTS This effort revealed that gonadal development was a dynamic expression change. Regulatory networks of lncRNAs and their target genes were constructed through integrated analysis of lncRNA and mRNA data. The expression and DNA methylation of the lncRNAs MSTRG.38036 and MSTRG.12998 and their target genes Psmβ8 and Ptk2β were detected in developing gonads and sex reversal gonads. The results showed that lncRNAs and their target genes exhibited consistent expression profiles and that the DNA methylation levels were negatively regulated lncRNA expression. Furthermore, we found that Ptk2β probably regulates cyp19a1 expression via the Ptk2β/EGFR/STAT3 pathway to reprogram sex differentiation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel insight from lncRNA to explore the potential molecular mechanism by which DNA methylation regulates lncRNA expression to facilitate target gene transcription to reprogram sex differentiation in M. albus, which will also enrich the sex differentiation mechanism of teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Hu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wudayuan First Road 8, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Xueping Xia
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wudayuan First Road 8, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Zitong Lian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wudayuan First Road 8, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Haifeng Tian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wudayuan First Road 8, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wudayuan First Road 8, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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2
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Elbanna M, Chowdhury NN, Rhome R, Fishel ML. Clinical and Preclinical Outcomes of Combining Targeted Therapy With Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:749496. [PMID: 34733787 PMCID: PMC8558533 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.749496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, radiation medicine is currently focused on the precise delivery of highly conformal radiation treatments. However, the tremendous developments in targeted therapy are yet to fulfill their full promise and arguably have the potential to dramatically enhance the radiation therapeutic ratio. The increased ability to molecularly profile tumors both at diagnosis and at relapse and the co-incident progress in the field of radiogenomics could potentially pave the way for a more personalized approach to radiation treatment in contrast to the current ‘‘one size fits all’’ paradigm. Few clinical trials to date have shown an improved clinical outcome when combining targeted agents with radiation therapy, however, most have failed to show benefit, which is arguably due to limited preclinical data. Several key molecular pathways could theoretically enhance therapeutic effect of radiation when rationally targeted either by directly enhancing tumor cell kill or indirectly through the abscopal effect of radiation when combined with novel immunotherapies. The timing of combining molecular targeted therapy with radiation is also important to determine and could greatly affect the outcome depending on which pathway is being inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Elbanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nayela N Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ryan Rhome
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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3
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Mathen P, Rowe L, Mackey M, Smart D, Tofilon P, Camphausen K. Radiosensitizers in the temozolomide era for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Neurooncol Pract 2019; 7:268-276. [PMID: 32537176 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a challenging diagnosis with almost universally poor prognosis. Though the survival advantage of postoperative radiation (RT) is well established, around 90% of patients will fail in the RT field. The high likelihood of local failure suggests the efficacy of RT needs to be improved to improve clinical outcomes. Radiosensitizers are an established method of enhancing RT cell killing through the addition of a pharmaceutical agent. Though the majority of trials using radiosensitizers have historically been unsuccessful, there continues to be interest with a variety of approaches having been employed. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, and a number of other molecularly targeted agents have all been investigated as potential methods of radiosensitization in the temozolomide era. Outcomes have varied both in terms of toxicity and survival, but some agents such as valproic acid and bortezomib have demonstrated promising results. However, reporting of results in phase 2 trials in newly diagnosed GBM have been inconsistent, with no standard in reporting progression-free survival and toxicity. There is a pressing need for investigation of new agents; however, nearly all phase 3 trials of GBM patients of the past 25 years have demonstrated no improvement in outcomes. One proposed explanation for this is the selection of agents lacking sufficient preclinical data and/or based on poorly designed phase 2 trials. Radiosensitization may represent a viable strategy for improving GBM outcomes in newly diagnosed patients, and further investigation using agents with promising phase 2 data is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mathen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsay Rowe
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan Mackey
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - DeeDee Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Trejo-Solís C, Serrano-Garcia N, Escamilla-Ramírez Á, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Jimenez-Farfan D, Palencia G, Calvillo M, Alvarez-Lemus MA, Flores-Nájera A, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J. Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Chemotherapy in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123773. [PMID: 30486451 PMCID: PMC6320836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant and aggressive type of brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. This is due in part to the high resistance to apoptosis and moderate resistant to autophagic cell death in glioblastoma cells, and to the poor therapeutic response to conventional therapies. Autophagic cell death represents an alternative mechanism to overcome the resistance of glioblastoma to pro-apoptosis-related therapies. Nevertheless, apoptosis induction plays a major conceptual role in several experimental studies to develop novel therapies against brain tumors. In this review, we outline the different components of the apoptotic and autophagic pathways and explore the mechanisms of resistance to these cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Finally, we discuss drugs with clinical and preclinical use that interfere with the mechanisms of survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and cell death of malignant cells, favoring the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, or the inhibition of the latter leading to cell death, as well as their therapeutic potential in glioma, and examine new perspectives in this promising research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Norma Serrano-Garcia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Secretaria de Salud, C.P. 71256 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | | | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Minerva Calvillo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Mayra A Alvarez-Lemus
- División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, C.P. 86040 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Athenea Flores-Nájera
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Secretaria de Salud, 14000 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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5
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Alphandéry E. Glioblastoma Treatments: An Account of Recent Industrial Developments. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:879. [PMID: 30271342 PMCID: PMC6147115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The different drugs and medical devices, which are commercialized or under industrial development for glioblastoma treatment, are reviewed. Their different modes of action are analyzed with a distinction being made between the effects of radiation, the targeting of specific parts of glioma cells, and immunotherapy. Most of them are still at a too early stage of development to firmly conclude about their efficacy. Optune, which triggers antitumor activity by blocking the mitosis of glioma cells under the application of an alternating electric field, seems to be the only recently developed therapy with some efficacy reported on a large number of GBM patients. The need for early GBM diagnosis is emphasized since it could enable the treatment of GBM tumors of small sizes, possibly easier to eradicate than larger tumors. Ways to improve clinical protocols by strengthening preclinical studies using of a broader range of different animal and tumor models are also underlined. Issues related with efficient drug delivery and crossing of blood brain barrier are discussed. Finally societal and economic aspects are described with a presentation of the orphan drug status that can accelerate the development of GBM therapies, patents protecting various GBM treatments, the different actors tackling GBM disease, the cost of GBM treatments, GBM market figures, and a financial analysis of the different companies involved in the development of GBM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR 7590 CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris 06, Paris, France.,Nanobacterie SARL, Paris, France
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6
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Wu Z, Nakamura M, Krauss JK, Schwabe K, John N. Intracranial rat glioma model for tumor resection and local treatment. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 299:1-7. [PMID: 29425709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although tumor resection is among the most important prognostic factors, high grade gliomas regrow in most cases. Also, resection of glial tumors in eloquent brain regions is not or only partially possible. Despite these severe restraints, however, only a few in-vivo models have been established to investigate tumor recurrence and local treatment. Here we characterize the intracranial BT4Ca rat glioma as a model for these aspects. NEW METHOD BT4Ca cells were stereotaxically implanted into the frontal cortex of BDIX rats. Rats were than allocated to (1) a control group, which received no further treatment; (2) a catheter group, where a catheter was implanted for repeated microinjection of vehicle every 3rd day as catheter-control; (3) a resection group, where the tumor was microsurgically removed eight days after cell injection. Postoperatively, survival time, weight and general health condition were scored and the tumor size was histologically assessed. RESULTS Injection of BT4Ca cells induced fast-growing tumors with a mean survival time of 16 days in the control and catheter groups. Resection significantly prolonged survival time whereby the tumor regrew in all rats. Tumor size was similar between all groups. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) We here present a robust and reliable intracranial rat glioma model, which is suitable to simulate tumor recurrence after surgical resection and local treatment. Importantly, this model does not require advanced imaging or elaborate surgical techniques. CONCLUSIONS The intracranial BT4Ca glioma model appears to be a feasible tool to investigate tumor recurrence after resection and to test local treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine John
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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7
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Shiga Toxins as Multi-Functional Proteins: Induction of Host Cellular Stress Responses, Role in Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030077. [PMID: 26999205 PMCID: PMC4810222 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and select serotypes of Escherichia coli are primary virulence factors in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis progressing to potentially fatal systemic complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system abnormalities. Current therapeutic options to treat patients infected with toxin-producing bacteria are limited. The structures of Stxs, toxin-receptor binding, intracellular transport and the mode of action of the toxins have been well defined. However, in the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated that in addition to being potent protein synthesis inhibitors, Stxs are also multifunctional proteins capable of activating multiple cell stress signaling pathways, which may result in apoptosis, autophagy or activation of the innate immune response. Here, we briefly present the current understanding of Stx-activated signaling pathways and provide a concise review of therapeutic applications to target tumors by engineering the toxins.
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8
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Lee EQ, Kaley TJ, Duda DG, Schiff D, Lassman AB, Wong ET, Mikkelsen T, Purow BW, Muzikansky A, Ancukiewicz M, Huse JT, Ramkissoon S, Drappatz J, Norden AD, Beroukhim R, Weiss SE, Alexander BM, McCluskey CS, Gerard M, Smith KH, Jain RK, Batchelor TT, Ligon KL, Wen PY. A Multicenter, Phase II, Randomized, Noncomparative Clinical Trial of Radiation and Temozolomide with or without Vandetanib in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3610-8. [PMID: 25910950 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vandetanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of KDR (VEGFR2), EGFR, and RET, may enhance sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation. We conducted a randomized, noncomparative, phase II study of radiation (RT) and temozolomide with or without vandetanib in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We planned to randomize a total of 114 newly diagnosed GBM patients in a ratio of 2:1 to standard RT and temozolomide with (76 patients) or without (38 patients) vandetanib 100 mg daily. Patients with age ≥ 18 years, Karnofsky performance status (KPS) ≥ 60, and not on enzyme-inducing antiepileptics were eligible. Primary endpoint was median overall survival (OS) from the date of randomization. Secondary endpoints included median progression-free survival (PFS), 12-month PFS, and safety. Correlative studies included pharmacokinetics as well as tissue and serum biomarker analysis. RESULTS The study was terminated early for futility based on the results of an interim analysis. We enrolled 106 patients (36 in the RT/temozolomide arm and 70 in the vandetanib/RT/temozolomide arm). Median OS was 15.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 11.0-22.5 months] in the RT/temozolomide arm and 16.6 months (95% CI, 14.9-20.1 months) in the vandetanib/RT/temozolomide (log-rank P = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS The addition of vandetanib at a dose of 100 mg daily to standard chemoradiation in patients with newly diagnosed GBM or gliosarcoma was associated with potential pharmacodynamic biomarker changes and was reasonably well tolerated. However, the regimen did not significantly prolong OS compared with the parallel control arm, leading to early termination of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudocia Q Lee
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas J Kaley
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Dan G Duda
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Schiff
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Andrew B Lassman
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric T Wong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Alona Muzikansky
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jason T Huse
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shakti Ramkissoon
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan Drappatz
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Cancer Centers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D Norden
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Brian M Alexander
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mary Gerard
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katrina H Smith
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Kegelman TP, Hu B, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. In vivo modeling of malignant glioma: the road to effective therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:261-330. [PMID: 24889534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increased emphasis on developing new therapies for malignant gliomas, they remain among the most intractable tumors faced today as they demonstrate a remarkable ability to evade current treatment strategies. Numerous candidate treatments fail at late stages, often after showing promising preclinical results. This disconnect highlights the continued need for improved animal models of glioma, which can be used to both screen potential targets and authentically recapitulate the human condition. This review examines recent developments in the animal modeling of glioma, from more established rat models to intriguing new systems using Drosophila and zebrafish that set the stage for higher throughput studies of potentially useful targets. It also addresses the versatility of mouse modeling using newly developed techniques recreating human protocols and sophisticated genetically engineered approaches that aim to characterize the biology of gliomagenesis. The use of these and future models will elucidate both new targets and effective combination therapies that will impact on disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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10
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[The stem cell niche in glioblastoma: from fundamental aspects to targeted therapies]. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:24-33. [PMID: 25609493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of cancer stem cell (CSC) was established from models of leukemogenesis explaining tumor repopulation by the clonogenic properties of this specific population of tumoral cells. Among solid tumors, glioblastoma are currently the most documented models. Cancer stem cells reside in specific locations within tumors called niches. Anatomically, two complementary niches have been described in glioblastoma. The first one is a perivascular niche composed of vessels (endothelial cells, pericytes) and their microenvironment (integrins, interleukins) constitutive the nest of "normal" neural stem cells and cancer stem cells. The second one is a hypoxic niche found in regions with low oxygen tension such as the core of the tumor. In these niches, mutual interactions between CSC and their microenvironment involving the activation of multiple signaling pathways promote stemness maintenance and tumor propagation. The median overall survival of glioblastoma does not exceed 15 months despite an aggressive multimodal treatment, thus the therapeutic targeting of these niches, by systemic agents or radiotherapy, in order to inhibit the signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of the CSC niches, represents a major challenge. The combination of these two strategies appears promising and many clinical trials are underway.
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11
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Li XQ, Ouyang ZG, Zhang SH, Liu H, Shang Y, Li Y, Zhen YS. Synergy of enediyne antibiotic lidamycin and temozolomide in suppressing glioma growth with potentiated apoptosis induction. J Neurooncol 2014; 119:91-100. [PMID: 24842385 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present work evaluated the synergistic efficacy of an enediyne antibiotic lidamycin (LDM) plus temozolomide (TMZ) against glioma in vitro and in vivo. LDM plus TMZ inhibited the proliferations of rat glioma C6 cells and human glioma U87 cells more efficiently than the single usage of LDM or TMZ. In addition, LDM also potentiated the apoptosis inductions by TMZ in rat C6 cells and human U87 cells. Meanwhile, the results of TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assay for subcutaneous U87 tumor sections indicated an enhanced apoptosis induction in vivo by LDM plus TMZ, which confirmed the high potency of the combination for glioma therapy. As determined by Western blot, apoptosis signal pathways in C6 cells and U87 cells were markedly affected by the synergistic alteration of P53, bax, procaspase 3, and bcd-2 expression. In both subcutaneous U87 xenograft and C6 intracerebral orthotopic implant model, TMZ-induced glioma growth suppression was dramatically potentiated by LDM. As shown, the combination therapy efficiently reduced the tumor volumes and tumor weights of the human glioma U87 xenograft. Kaplan-Meier assay revealed that LDM plus TMZ dramatically prolonged the life span of C6 intracerebral tumor-bearing rats with decreased tumor size. This study indicates that the combination of LDM with TMZ might be a promising strategy for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
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12
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Li XQ, Ouyang ZG, Zhang SH, Liu H, Shang Y, Li Y, Zhen YS. Synergistic inhibition of angiogenesis and glioma cell-induced angiogenesis by the combination of temozolomide and enediyne antibiotic lidamycin. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:398-408. [PMID: 24424202 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.27626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Present work mainly evaluated the inhibitory effects of lidamycin (LDM), an enediyne antibiotic, on angiogenesis or glioma-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, especially its synergistic anti-angiogenesis with temozolomide (TMZ). LDM alone efficiently inhibited proliferations and induced apoptosis of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMEC). LDM also interrupted the tube formation of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMEC) and rat aortic ring spreading. The blockade of rBMEC invasion and C6 cell-induced rBMEC migration by LDM was associated with decrease of VEGF secretion in a co-culture system. TMZ dramatically potentiated the effects of LDM on anti-proliferation, apoptosis induction, and synergistically inhibited angiogenesis events. As determined by western blot and ELISA, the interaction of tumor cells and the rBMEC was markedly interrupted by LDM plus TMZ with synergistic regulations of VEGF induced angiogenesis signal pathway, tumor cell invasion/migration, and apoptosis signal pathway. Immunofluorohistochemistry of CD31 and VEGF showed that LDM plus TMZ resulted in synergistic decrease of microvessel density (MVD) and VEGF expression in human glioma U87 cell subcutaneous xenograft. This study indicates that the high efficacy of LDM and the synergistic effects of LDM plus TMZ against glioma are mediated, at least in part, by the potentiated anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qi Li
- College of Life Science & Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing, PR China; Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ouyang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Sheng-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Shang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
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13
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Dietrich J, Diamond EL, Kesari S. Glioma stem cell signaling: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:709-22. [DOI: 10.1586/era.09.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Scaringi C, Enrici RM, Minniti G. Combining molecular targeted agents with radiation therapy for malignant gliomas. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1079-95. [PMID: 23966794 PMCID: PMC3745290 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s48224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion in understanding the molecular biology that characterizes cancer cells has led to the rapid development of new agents to target important molecular pathways associated with aberrant activation or suppression of cellular signal transduction pathways involved in gliomagenesis, including epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, mammalian target of rapamycin, and integrins signaling pathways. The use of antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus, and integrin inhibitor cilengitide, in combination with radiation therapy, has been supported by encouraging preclinical data, resulting in a rapid translation into clinical trials. Currently, the majority of published clinical studies on the use of these agents in combination with radiation and cytotoxic therapies have shown only modest survival benefits at best. Tumor heterogeneity and genetic instability may, at least in part, explain the poor results observed with a single-target approach. Much remains to be learned regarding the optimal combination of targeted agents with conventional chemoradiation, including the use of multipathways-targeted therapies, the selection of patients who may benefit from combined treatments based on molecular biomarkers, and the verification of effective blockade of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scaringi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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15
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Prabhakaran J, Arango V, Majo VJ, Simpson NR, Kassir SA, Underwood MD, Polavarapu H, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Mann JJ, Kumar JSD. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of [18F](R)-FEPAQ: a potential PET ligand for VEGFR2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5104-7. [PMID: 22749281 PMCID: PMC4818572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of [(18)F](R)-N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-7-((1-(2-fluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-methoxyquinazolin-4-amine ((R)-[(18)F]FEPAQ or [(18)F]1), a potential imaging agent for the VEGFR2, using phosphor image autoradiography are described. Synthesis of 2, the desfluoroethyl precursor for (R)-FEPAQ was achieved from t-butyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (3) in five steps and in 50% yield. [(18)F]1 was synthesized by reaction of sodium salt of compound 2 with [(18)F]fluoroethyl tosylate in DMSO. The yield of [(18)F]1 was 20% (EOS based on [(18)F]F(-)) with >99% radiochemical purity and specific activity of 1-2 Ci/μmol (n=10). The total synthesis time was 75 min. The radiotracer selectively labeled VEGFR2 in slide-mounted sections of human brain and higher binding was found in surgically removed human glioblastoma sections as demonstrated by in vitro phosphor imager studies. These findings suggest [(18)F]1 may be a promising radiotracer for imaging VEGFR2 in brain using PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prabhakaran
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
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16
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Minocha M, Khurana V, Qin B, Pal D, Mitra AK. Co-administration strategy to enhance brain accumulation of vandetanib by modulating P-glycoprotein (P-gp/Abcb1) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1/Abcg2) mediated efflux with m-TOR inhibitors. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:306-14. [PMID: 22633931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the interaction of vandetanib with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp1) in vitro and in vivo (ii) to study the modulation of P-gp and BCRP mediated efflux of vandetanib with specific transport inhibitors and m-TOR inhibitors, everolimus and temsirolimus. Cellular accumulation and bi-directional transport studies in MDCKII cell monolayers were conducted to delineate the role of efflux transporters on disposition of vandetanib. Brain distribution studies were conducted in male FVB wild-type mice with vandetanib administered intravenously either alone or in the presence of specific inhibitors and m-TOR inhibitors. In vitro studies suggested that vandetanib is a high affinity substrate of Bcrp1 but is not transported by P-gp. Interestingly, in vivo brain distribution studies in FVB wild type mice indicated that vandetanib penetration into the brain is restricted by both Bcrp1 and P-gp mediated active efflux at the blood brain barrier (BBB). Co-administration of elacridar, a dual P-gp/BCRP inhibitor increased the brain to plasma concentration ratio of vandetanib upto 5 fold. Of the two m-TOR pathway inhibitors examined; everolimus showed potent effect on modulating vandetanib brain penetration whereas no significant affect on vandetanib brain uptake was observed following temsirolimus co-administration. This finding could be clinically relevant as everolimus can provide synergistic pharmacological effect in addition to primary role of vandetanib efflux modulation at BBB for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Minocha
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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17
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Fields EC, Damek D, Gaspar LE, Liu AK, Kavanagh BD, Waziri A, Lillehei K, Chen C. Phase I Dose Escalation Trial of Vandetanib With Fractionated Radiosurgery in Patients With Recurrent Malignant Gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Glioblastomas are among the most vascular tumors due to the expression of a variety of proangiogenic factors. New drug regimens are being developed to target angiogenesis in an attempt to arrest tumor growth. In particular, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway has been a prime drug target. Preliminary results with anti-VEGF agents have been promising with prolonged progression-free survival reported. In addition, the antipermeability effects of anti-VEGF agents have important consequences for tumor imaging and for patient quality of life by decreasing corticosteroid dependence. Unfortunately, the response to anti-VEGF therapy is transient, and the majority of patients eventually relapsed, so more work is needed to understand the mechanisms of tumor escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Gerstner
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wachsberger PR, Lawrence RY, Liu Y, Xia X, Andersen B, Dicker AP. Cediranib enhances control of wild type EGFR and EGFRvIII-expressing gliomas through potentiating temozolomide, but not through radiosensitization: implications for the clinic. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:181-90. [PMID: 21516367 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) frequently overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (wtEGFR) or its mutant, EGFRvIII, contributing to chemo- and radioresistance. The current standard of care is surgery followed by radiation therapy with concurrent temozolomide (TMZ) followed by adjuvant TMZ. New treatment strategies for GBM include blockade of EGFR signaling and angiogenesis. Cediranib is a highly potent receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits all three VEGF receptors. This study investigated the radiosensitizing potential of cediranib in combination with TMZ in U87 GBM xenografts expressing wtEGFR or EGFRvIII. U87 GBM cells stably transfected with either wtEGFR or EGFRvIII were injected into the hind limbs of nude mice. Cediranib was dosed at 3 mg/kg daily five times a week orally for 2 weeks. TMZ was dosed at 10 mg/kg once only on day 0. Radiotherapy (RT) consisted of 3 fractions of 5 Gy (days 0-2). Cediranib did not radiosensitize either tumor type; however, cediranib did enhance the effectiveness of TMZ in both transfectants. Our results suggest that combining cediranib with temozolomide in the clinic will lead to improved tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis R Wachsberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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20
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Arko L, Katsyv I, Park GE, Luan WP, Park JK. Experimental approaches for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:1-36. [PMID: 20546782 PMCID: PMC2939300 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, which include glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas, are the most common primary tumors of the brain. Over the past 30 years, the standard treatment for these tumors has evolved to include maximal safe surgical resection, radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy. While the median survival of patients with glioblastomas has improved from 6 months to 14.6 months, these tumors continue to be lethal for the vast majority of patients. There has, however, been recent substantial progress in our mechanistic understanding of tumor development and growth. The translation of these genetic, epigenetic and biochemical findings into therapies that have been tested in clinical trials is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Arko
- Surgical and Molecular Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Yiin JJ, Hu B, Schornack PA, Sengar RS, Liu KW, Feng H, Lieberman FS, Chiou SH, Sarkaria JN, Wiener EC, Ma HI, Cheng SY. ZD6474, a multitargeted inhibitor for receptor tyrosine kinases, suppresses growth of gliomas expressing an epidermal growth factor receptor mutant, EGFRvIII, in the brain. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:929-41. [PMID: 20371720 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) vIII is a mutated EGFR that is frequently overexpressed in glioblastomas and implicated in response to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we investigate the effect of ZD6474 (ZACTIMA, vandetanib), a dual inhibitor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and EGFR on growth and angiogenesis of gliomas expressing EGFRvIII. We used two glioma xenograft models, U87MG cells overexpressing EGFRvIII and short-term cultured primary glioma GBM8 cells with EGFRvIII. ZD6474 inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis and induced cell apoptosis in various brain gliomas. Moreover, significant inhibition of EGFRvIII-expressing U87MG and GBM8 gliomas was observed compared with their controls. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis using the apparent diffusion coefficient and three-dimensional T2*weighed measurements validated ZD6474 inhibition on tumor growth and angiogenesis in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM8 gliomas. Mechanistically, ZD6474 shows better inhibition of cell growth and survival of U87MG/EGFRvIII, GBM6, and GBM8 cells that express EGFRvIII than U87MG or GBM14 cells that have nondetectable EGFRvIII through attenuation of activated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Akt, and Bcl-X(L) expression. Albeit in lesser extent, ZD6474 also displays suppressions of U87MG/EGFR and GBM12 cells that overexpress wild-type EGFR. Additionally, ZD6474 inhibits activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in both types of cells, and expression of a constitutively active phosphoinositide 3-kinases partially rescued ZD6474 inhibition in U87MG/EGFRvIII cells. Taken together, these data show that ZD6474 significantly inhibited growth and angiogenesis of gliomas expressing EGFRvIII by specifically blocking EGFRvIII-activated signaling mediators, suggesting a potential application of ZD6474 in treatments for glioblastomas that overexpress EGFRvIII. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 929-41. (c)2010 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jean Yiin
- University of Pittsburgh, Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, HCCLB, 2.19, 5117 Centre Avenue; Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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22
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Drappatz J, Norden AD, Wong ET, Doherty LM, Lafrankie DC, Ciampa A, Kesari S, Sceppa C, Gerard M, Phan P, Schiff D, Batchelor TT, Ligon KL, Young G, Muzikansky A, Weiss SE, Wen PY. Phase I study of vandetanib with radiotherapy and temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:85-90. [PMID: 20137866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing evidence has suggested that angiogenesis inhibition might potentiate the effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). In addition, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition might be of therapeutic benefit, because the epidermal growth factor receptor is upregulated in GBM and contributes to radiation resistance. We conducted a Phase I study of vandetanib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor, in patients with newly diagnosed GBM combined with RT and temozolomide (TMZ). METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 13 GBM patients were treated with vandetanib, radiotherapy, and concurrent and adjuvant TMZ, using a standard "3 + 3" dose escalation. The maximal tolerated dose was defined as the dose with <1 of 6 dose-limiting toxicities during the first 12 weeks of therapy. The eligible patients were adults with newly diagnosed GBM, Karnofsky performance status of >or=60, normal organ function, who were not taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. RESULTS Of the 13 patients, 6 were treated with vandetanib at a dose of 200mg daily. Of the 6 patients, 3 developed dose-limiting toxicities within the first 12 weeks, including gastrointestinal hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia in 1 patient, neutropenia in 1 patient, and diverticulitis with gastrointestinal perforation in 1 patient. The other 7 patients were treated with 100 mg daily, with no dose-limiting toxicities observed, establishing this dose as the maximal tolerated dose combined with TMZ and RT. CONCLUSION Vandetanib can be safely combined with RT and TMZ in GBM patients. A Phase II study in which patients are randomized to vandetanib 100 mg daily with RT and TMZ or RT and TMZ alone is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Drappatz
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gadji M, Crous AMT, Fortin D, Krcek J, Torchia M, Mai S, Drouin R, Klonisch T. EGF receptor inhibitors in the treatment of glioblastoma multiform: Old clinical allies and newly emerging therapeutic concepts. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wachsberger P, Burd R, Ryan A, Daskalakis C, Dicker AP. Combination of Vandetanib, Radiotherapy, and Irinotecan in the LoVo Human Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 75:854-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Mercer RW, Tyler MA, Ulasov IV, Lesniak MS. Targeted therapies for malignant glioma: progress and potential. BioDrugs 2009; 23:25-35. [PMID: 19344189 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200923010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas represent one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer. Recent advances in the understanding of the deregulated molecular pathways of gliomas have brought about targeted therapies that have the ability to increase therapeutic efficacy in tumors while decreasing toxicity. Multi-targeted kinase inhibitors, novel monoclonal antibodies, and new vaccines have been developed. Standard treatments and current development of new therapies for malignant gliomas are reviewed, focusing specifically on growth factors and their receptors (e.g. epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor), as well as the intracellular effector molecules that are downstream of these growth factors (e.g. Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, and protein kinase C). The efficacies of other novel targeted inhibitors such as deacetylase inhibitors and heat shock protein 90 inhibitors in the treatment of gliomas are also discussed, as well as new combination therapies. In order for new agents to increase treatment efficacy, new targets need to be developed, drug delivery efficiency needs to be improved, and new biomarkers need to be discovered. All of these goals can be accomplished with time through innovative experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald W Mercer
- University of Chicago Brain Tumor Center, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Gerstner ER, Sorensen AG, Jain RK, Batchelor TT. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for malignant glioma. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2009; 9:254-62. [PMID: 19348715 PMCID: PMC4790123 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-009-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are among the most vascular tumors because they oversecrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent stimulator of angiogenesis. Consequently, new drug regimens are being developed to target the VEGF signaling pathway in an attempt to halt tumor growth. Antibodies that bind VEGF, decoy molecules that sequester VEGF, and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors that block receptor activation are being tested. Preliminary results with these agents have been promising, with prolonged progression-free survival reported. The antipermeability effects of anti-VEGF agents have important consequences for tumor imaging and for patient quality of life by decreasing corticosteroid dependence. However, because most patients eventually relapse, more work is needed to understand mechanisms of disease escape, including vascular co-option of native brain blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Gerstner
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Yawkey 9E, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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27
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Barth RF, Kaur B. Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas. J Neurooncol 2009; 94:299-312. [PMID: 19381449 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we will describe eight commonly used rat brain tumor models and their application for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. The C6, 9L and T9 gliomas were induced by repeated injections of methylnitrosourea (MNU) to adult rats. The C6 glioma has been used extensively for a variety of studies, but since it arose in an outbred Wistar rat, it is not syngeneic to any inbred strain, and its potential to evoke an alloimmune response is a serious limitation. The 9L gliosarcoma has been used widely and has provided important information relating to brain tumor biology and therapy. The T9 glioma, although not generally recognized, was and probably still is the same as the 9L. Both of these tumors arose in Fischer rats and can be immunogenic in syngeneic hosts, a fact that must be taken into consideration when used in therapy studies, especially if survival is the endpoint. The RG2 and F98 gliomas were both chemically induced by administering ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to pregnant rats, the progeny of which developed brain tumors that subsequently were propagated in vitro and cloned. They are either weakly or non-immunogenic and have an invasive pattern of growth and uniform lethality, which make them particularly attractive models to test new therapeutic modalities. The CNS-1 glioma was induced by administering MNU to a Lewis rat. It has an infiltrative pattern of growth and is weakly immunogenic, which should make it useful in experimental neuro-oncology. Finally, the BT4C glioma was induced by administering ENU to a BD IX rat, following which brain cells were propagated in vitro until a tumorigenic clone was isolated. This tumor has been used for a variety of studies to evaluate new therapeutic modalities. The Avian Sarcoma Virus (ASV) induced tumors, and a continuous cell line derived from one of them designated RT-2, have been useful for studies in which de novo tumor induction is an important requirement. These tumors also are immunogenic and this limits their usefulness for therapy studies. It is essential to recognize the limitations of each of the models that have been described, and depending upon the nature of the study to be conducted, it is important that the appropriate model be selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf F Barth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 165 Hamilton Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Miletic H, Niclou SP, Johansson M, Bjerkvig R. Anti-VEGF therapies for malignant glioma: treatment effects and escape mechanisms. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:455-68. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220902806444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Henriksson R, Bergström P, Johansson M, Sandström M. Enigma of a rapid introduction of antiangiogenic therapy with bevacizumab in glioblastoma: a new era in the treatment of malignant brain tumours? Acta Oncol 2009; 48:6-8. [PMID: 18932097 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802468112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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