1
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Alam A, Ali M, Zainab, Latif A, Ur Rehman N, Jabbar Shah A, Amir Khan I, Ayaz M, Ur Rahman S, Al-Harrasi A, Ahmad M. Discovery of (S)-flurbiprofen-based novel azine derivatives as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-II inhibitors: Synthesis, in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, and their molecular docking. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106847. [PMID: 37722268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs currently used are associated with several adverse effects and found to be highly unsafe for long-term use. Currently, nineteen novel bis-Schiff base derivatives (1-19) of flurbiprofen have been designed, prepared and assessed for in-vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and in vivo acute toxicity evaluation. The structures of the acquired compounds were deduced through modern spectroscopic techniques including HR-ESI-MS, 13C-, and 1H NMR. Amongst the series, compounds 7, 9, and 10 attributed potent activities with 93.89, 92.50, and 90.47% decreased edema, respectively compared to flurbiprofen (90.01%), however, compounds 11 and 15 exhibited significant activity of 90.00% decrease. Out of them, fourteen compounds (1-6, 8, 12-14, and 16-19) displayed good activity in the range of 68.96-86.95%. In case of an analgesic study, all the derivatives significantly (p 0.001) increased the pain threshold time particularly compound 7 had the best analgesic effect (24 ± 2.08 s) in comparison with flurbiprofen (21.66 ± 2.02 s) using hot plate test. Similarly, in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, compound 7 determined a potent inhibitory effect (60.47 %) close to flurbiprofen (59.28%). All the synthesized derivatives were found safe up to the dose of 30 mg/kg, in acute toxicity study. On a molecular scale, the synthesized compounds were modeled through a ligand-based pharmacophore study and molecular docking to have insight into the different possible interactions leading to high inhibition levels against the COX-2 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, P.O. Box 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mumtaz Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, P.O. Box 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zainab
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Abdul Latif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, P.O. Box 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Abdul Jabbar Shah
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus-22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Amir Khan
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus-22060, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, P.O. Box 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, P.O. Box 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, P.O. Box 18800, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Zhang Y, Liu C, E. D, Jia W, Sun P, Li H, Yu G, Quan P, Liu M, Fang L. The enantioselective enhancing effect and mechanistic insights of chiral enhancers in transdermal drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100849. [PMID: 37915759 PMCID: PMC10616145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Overlook of chiral consideration in transdermal drug delivery increases administrated dose and risk of side effects, decreasing therapeutical effects. To improve the transdermal delivery efficiency of eutomer, this work focused on investigating the law and mechanism of enantioselective enhancing effects of chiral permeation enhancers on drug enantiomers. Chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and terpene permeation enhancers were selected as model drug and enhancers. The results indicated that the L-isomer of permeation enhancers increased the skin absorption of S-enantiomer of drug and D-isomer improve the permeation of R-enantiomer, in which the enhancement effect (ER) of L-menthol on S-enantiomer (ER = 3.23) was higher than that on R-enantiomer (ER = 1.49). According to the pharmacokinetics results, L-menthol tended to enhance the permeation of S-enantiomer better than R-enantiomer (2.56 fold), and showed excellent in vitro/in vivo correlations. The mechanism study showed that L-isomer of permeation enhancers improved the permeation of S-enantiomer by increasing the retention, but the D-isomer by improving partition for better permeation. Enantioselective mechanism indicated that the weaker chiral H-bond interaction between drug-chiral enhancers was caused by the enantiomeric conformation. Additionally, stronger chiral enhancers-skin interaction between L-isomer and S-conformation of ceramide produced better enhancing effects. In conclusion, enantioselective interaction of chiral drug-chiral enhancers and chiral enhancers-chiral skin played a critical role in transdermal drug delivery, rational utilization of which contributed to improving the uptake of eutomer and inhibiting distomers to decrease a half of dose and side effects, increasing transdermal therapeutical efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongxiao E.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenxuan Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guojing Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingzhe Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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Bakır E, Çal T, Aydın Dilsiz S, Canpınar H, Eken A, Ündeğer Bucurgat Ü. Assessment of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic potential of flurbiprofen in HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-11. [PMID: 33709623 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, the anticancer potential of flurbiprofen isn't fully understood. In this study, the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic effects of flurbiprofen were evaluated in human cervical and liver cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and it was observed that cytotoxicity increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Genotoxicity was determined using alkaline Comet assay. DNA damage increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Early apoptosis was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and it was found that apoptotic gene levels increased while antiapoptotic gene levels decreased. Late apoptosis and cell cycle analyzes were determined using flow cytometry. No evidence of late apoptosis was observed, and no significant arrest was found in the cell cycle. In conclusion, it seems that flurbiprofen has a cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic effects in both human cancer cell lines. Moreover, the findings indicate that flurbiprofen is effective at the gene level and induces apoptosis with an intracellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elçin Bakır
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Tuğbagül Çal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevtap Aydın Dilsiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Canpınar
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ülkü Ündeğer Bucurgat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Dual Actions of Ketorolac in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081049. [PMID: 31344967 PMCID: PMC6721416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are cornerstones of ovarian cancer treatment, yet disease recurrence remains a significant clinical issue. Surgery can release cancer cells into the circulation, suppress anti-tumor immunity, and induce inflammatory responses that support the growth of residual disease. Intervention within the peri-operative window is an under-explored opportunity to mitigate these consequences of surgery and influence the course of metastatic disease to improve patient outcomes. One drug associated with improved survival in cancer patients is ketorolac. Ketorolac is a chiral molecule administered as a 1:1 racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers. The S-enantiomer is considered the active component for its FDA indication in pain management with selective activity against cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The R-enantiomer has a previously unrecognized activity as an inhibitor of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) and Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42) GTPases. Therefore, ketorolac differs from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by functioning as two distinct pharmacologic entities due to the independent actions of each enantiomer. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the benefits of ketorolac administration for ovarian cancer patients. We also discuss how simultaneous inhibition of these two distinct classes of targets, COX enzymes and Rac1/Cdc42, by S-ketorolac and R-ketorolac respectively, could each contribute to anti-cancer activity.
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Cui X, Ding Q, Shan RN, He CH, Wu KJ. Enantioseparation of flurbiprofen enantiomers using chiral ionic liquids by liquid-liquid extraction. Chirality 2019; 31:457-467. [PMID: 31062890 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flurbiprofen is a kind of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which has been widely used in clinic for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It has been reported that S-flurbiprofen shows good performance on clinic anti-inflammatory treatment, while R-enantiomer almost has no pharmacological activities. It has important practical values to obtain optically pure S-flurbiprofen. In this work, chiral ionic liquids, which have good structural designability and chiral recognize ability, were selected as the extraction selector by the assistance of quantum chemistry calculations. The distribution behaviors of flurbiprofen enantiomers were investigated in the extraction system, which was composed of organic solvent and aqueous phase containing chiral ionic liquid. The results show that maximum enantioselectivity up to 1.20 was attained at pH 2.0, 25°C using 1,2-dichloroethane as organic solvent, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole L-tryptophan ([Bmim][L-trp]) as chiral selector. The racemic flurbiprofen initial concentration was 0.2 mmol L-1 , and [Bmim][L-trp] concentration was 0.02 mol L-1 . Furthermore, the recycle of chiral ionic liquids has been achieved by reverse extraction process of the aqueous phase with chiral selector, which is significant for industrial application of chiral ionic liquids and scale-up of the extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Ni Shan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Chao-Hong He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Ke-Jun Wu
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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6
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Hachuła B. The nature of hydrogen-bonding interactions in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs revealed by polarized IR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 188:189-196. [PMID: 28711781 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of hydrogen-bonding interactions in the solid phase on the IR spectroscopic pattern of the νOH band of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was studied experimentally by IR spectroscopy with the use of polarized light at two temperatures (293K and 77K) and in isotopic dilution. The neat and deuterated crystals of (S)-naproxen ((S)-NPX), (R)-flurbiprofen ((R)-FBP), (RS)-flurbiprofen ((RS)-FBP) and (RS)-ketoprofen ((RS)-KTP) were obtained by melt crystallization between the two squeezed CaF2 plates. The vibrational spectra of selected α-aryl propionic acid derivatives (2APAs) reflected the characteristics of their hydrogen-bond networks, i.e., 2APAs were characterized by the chain ((S)-NPX, (R)-FBP) and by dimeric ((RS)-FBP, (RS)-KTP) arrangement of hydrogen bonds in the crystal lattice. Spectroscopic results showed that the interchain (through-space) exciton coupling, between two laterally-spaced hydrogen bonds, dominates in the crystals of four NSAIDs. The same exciton coupled hydrogen bonds were also responsible for the H/D isotopic recognition mechanism in the crystalline spectra of deuterated 2APAs. The presented spectral results may help to predict the hydrogen bond motifs in the crystalline NSAIDs, which structures are not yet known, based on their IR spectra of hydrogen bond in the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hachuła
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland.
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7
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Gaßmeyer SK, Wetzig J, Mügge C, Assmann M, Enoki J, Hilterhaus L, Zuhse R, Miyamoto K, Liese A, Kourist R. Arylmalonate Decarboxylase-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Optically Pure Flurbiprofen. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmin Wetzig
- Chiracon GmbH; Im Biotechnologiepark 14943 Luckenwalde Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Miriam Assmann
- Institute for Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology TUHH; Denickestr. 15 21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - Junichi Enoki
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Lutz Hilterhaus
- Institute for Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology TUHH; Denickestr. 15 21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - Ralf Zuhse
- Chiracon GmbH; Im Biotechnologiepark 14943 Luckenwalde Germany
| | - Kenji Miyamoto
- Department for Biosciences and Bioinformatics; Keio University; 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute for Technical Biocatalysis; Hamburg University of Technology TUHH; Denickestr. 15 21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology; Ruhr-University Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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8
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Timocin T, Ila HB, Dordu T, Husunet MT, Tazehkand MN, Valipour E, Topaktas M. Assessment of in vitro genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of flurbiprofen on human cultured lymphocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 39:338-43. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1121276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taygun Timocin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey,
| | - Hasan Basri Ila
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey, and
| | - Tuba Dordu
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tahir Husunet
- Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey,
| | | | - Ebrahim Valipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Topaktas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey, and
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9
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Novel Activities of Select NSAID R-Enantiomers against Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142182. [PMID: 26558612 PMCID: PMC4641600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases (including Rac, Rho and Cdc42) collectively control cell proliferation, adhesion and migration and are of interest as functional therapeutic targets in numerous epithelial cancers. Based on high throughput screening of the Prestwick Chemical Library® and cheminformatics we identified the R-enantiomers of two approved drugs (naproxen and ketorolac) as inhibitors of Rac1 and Cdc42. The corresponding S-enantiomers are considered the active component in racemic drug formulations, acting as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with selective activity against cyclooxygenases. Here, we show that the S-enantiomers of naproxen and ketorolac are inactive against the GTPases. Additionally, more than twenty other NSAIDs lacked inhibitory action against the GTPases, establishing the selectivity of the two identified NSAIDs. R-naproxen was first identified as a lead compound and tested in parallel with its S-enantiomer and the non-chiral 6-methoxy-naphthalene acetic acid (active metabolite of nabumetone, another NSAID) as a structural series. Cheminformatics-based substructure analyses—using the rotationally constrained carboxylate in R-naproxen—led to identification of racemic [R/S] ketorolac as a suitable FDA-approved candidate. Cell based measurement of GTPase activity (in animal and human cell lines) demonstrated that the R-enantiomers specifically inhibit epidermal growth factor stimulated Rac1 and Cdc42 activation. The GTPase inhibitory effects of the R-enantiomers in cells largely mimic those of established Rac1 (NSC23766) and Cdc42 (CID2950007/ML141) specific inhibitors. Docking predicts that rotational constraints position the carboxylate moieties of the R-enantiomers to preferentially coordinate the magnesium ion, thereby destabilizing nucleotide binding to Rac1 and Cdc42. The S-enantiomers can be docked but are less favorably positioned in proximity to the magnesium. R-naproxen and R-ketorolac have potential for rapid translation and efficacy in the treatment of several epithelial cancer types on account of established human toxicity profiles and novel activities against Rho-family GTPases.
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Tohti M, Li J, Ma C, Li W, Lu Z, Hu Y. Expression of AGR2 in pituitary adenomas and its association with tumor aggressiveness. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2878-2882. [PMID: 26722256 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study the expression of anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) to determine its clinical significance in pituitary adenoma (PA), and to evaluate the potential effect of AGR2 on the diagnosis, therapy or prognosis of PA. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of AGR2 in 117 PA tissue samples. Western blotting was performed to confirm the expression profile of AGR2 in different subtypes of PAs. The data showed that in 117 different histological subtypes of PA, 51.3% exhibited AGR2-positive expression. Although AGR2 expression occurred more frequently in PAs secreting growth hormone (GH; 62.5%), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; 80.0%) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; 75.0%),the positive expression rate of AGR2 showed no statistically significant differences between PA subtypes (P>0.05). The association between AGR2 expression and clinical parameters was analyzed using a χ2 test, or Fisher's exact probability test when appropriate. The result showed that the aggressiveness of PA was significantly associated with AGR2 expression, and that in the majority of aggressive PAs, AGR2 was negative (P<0.001). In conclusion, the current study detected the expression of AGR2 in different subtypes of PAs for the first time. The data indicated that GH-, ACTH- and FSH-secreting PAs present marginally more frequently with AGR2 expression, howeverm the association was not significant (P>0.05). AGR2 may be a target for the study of PA aggressiveness, and a potential index for the diagnosis or prognosis of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatemin Tohti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China ; Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Junyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Wanchun Li
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yuebing Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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11
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Siódmiak T, Mangelings D, Heyden YV, Ziegler-Borowska M, Marszałł MP. High enantioselective Novozym 435-catalyzed esterification of (R,S)-flurbiprofen monitored with a chiral stationary phase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2769-85. [PMID: 25561056 PMCID: PMC4346682 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lipases form Candida rugosa and Candida antarctica were tested for their application in the enzymatic kinetic resolution of (R,S)-flurbiprofen by enantioselective esterification. Successful chromatographic separation with well-resolved peaks of (R)- and (S)-flurbiprofen and their esters was achieved in one run on chiral stationary phases by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study screening of enzymes was performed, and Novozym 435 was selected as an optimal catalyst for obtaining products with high enantiopurity. Additionally, the influence of organic solvents (dichloromethane, dichloroethane, dichloropropane, and methyl tert-butyl ether), primary alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol), reaction time, and temperature on the enantiomeric ratio and conversion was tested. The high values of enantiomeric ratio (E in the range of 51.3-90.5) of the esterification of (R,S)-flurbiprofen were obtained for all tested alcohols using Novozym 435, which have a great significance in the field of biotechnological synthesis of drugs. The optimal temperature range for the performed reactions was from 37 to 45 °C. As a result of the optimization, (R)-flurbiprofen methyl ester was obtained with a high optical purity, eep = 96.3 %, after 96 h of incubation. The enantiomeric ratio of the reaction was E = 90.5 and conversion was C = 35.7 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Siódmiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Dr. A. Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry and Photochemistry of Polymers, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Michał Piotr Marszałł
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Dr. A. Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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12
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Timocin T, Ila HB. Investigation of flurbiprofen genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in rat bone marrow cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:355-60. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.968933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Sikora A, Siódmiak T, Marszałł MP. Kinetic Resolution of Profens by EnantioselectiveEsterification Catalyzed byCandida antarcticaandCandida rugosaLipases. Chirality 2014; 26:663-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sikora
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Pharmacy; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Tomasz Siódmiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Pharmacy; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Michał Piotr Marszałł
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Pharmacy; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
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Bai JW, Wang Z, Gui SB, Zhang YZ. Loss of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase indicates a tumor suppressor role in pituitary adenomas. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:714-20. [PMID: 22580984 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) may function as a tumor suppressor that antagonizes the action of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) oncogene in several types of tumors. However, it is unknown if it has a role in the pituitary. Recently, our group found that 15-PGDH expression was low in prolactin (PRL) secreting adenomas (prolactinomas) and growth hormone (GH) secreting adenomas (GHomas) using fiber-optic BeadArray technology. In this study, we examined the relative expression of 15-PGDH and COX-2 mRNA in clinical specimens and examined the effects of 15-PGDH on GH3 rat pituitary tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis and hormone secretion. 15-PGDH expression was lower and COX-2 expression was higher in prolactinomas and GHomas compared with normal controls. Overexpressed 15-PGDH inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. It had a significant suppressive effect on mRNA levels and on the secretion of PRL and GH in GH3 cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation was accompanied by the decreased expression of cox-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). These data are suggestive of a previously unrecognized pathway in pituitary tumorigenesis, and this novel observation may shed light on therapeutic strategies for pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Bai
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, and Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
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