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Provoost L. Cognitive Changes Associated with Aging and Physical Disease in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:101-119. [PMID: 37722947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Behavior changes may indicate primary physical disease or primary behavioral disorders in veterinary patients. It is imperative to recognize that secondary behavioral problems can develop due to medical causes. The incidence of systemic disease increases with age and behavior manifestations can be similar to those expected with cognitive dysfunction syndrome. In this article, we review basic concepts of cognition, aging, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome. Additionally, we provide information regarding factors that influence cognition, and the role medical conditions have on the behavior of aging pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Provoost
- Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Szriber SJ, Novaes LS, Santos NBD, Munhoz CD, Leite-Dellova DCA. Imbalance in the ratio between mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors and neurodegeneration in the dentate gyrus of aged dogs. Vet World 2022; 15:2543-2550. [PMID: 36590120 PMCID: PMC9798053 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2543-2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cortisol binds to mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) found in the hippocampus. The balanced expression of these receptors is essential to neuronal survival as MR and GR activations have antiapoptotic and proapoptotic effects, respectively. Given the aging changes in dogs' dentate gyrus (DG) and the possible involvement of cortisol receptors in this process, this study aimed to evaluate the expression of MR and GR and neuronal degeneration in this hippocampal region of aged dogs. Materials and Methods This study included cadaveric histologic hippocampus sections from six dogs aged 10 years and older (AG group) and 12 young/adult dogs aged up to 8 years (YAd group). Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry were performed to identify cells and investigate MR and GR expression, respectively. Furthermore, fluorescent labeling (fluoro-Jade B) was used to detect degenerating neurons. Results The AG group's polymorphic layer of the DG had a lower cell count (16%) and more degenerating neurons than the YAd group. In addition to these cellular changes, the AG group had lower MR immunoreactivity and MR-to-GR ratio. Furthermore, the lowest MR expression was associated with neuronal degeneration in the polymorphic layer of the DG of dogs. Conclusion An imbalance in the MR-to-GR ratio was observed in the polymorphic layer of the DG of aged dogs, along with lower MR expression and a greater number of degenerating neurons. These findings have clinical implications for understanding the decline in hippocampal memory formation associated with cognitive changes in aged dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Jaqueline Szriber
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, Brazil,Corresponding author: Shirley Jaqueline Szriber, e-mail: Co-authors: LSN: , NBDS: , CDM: , DCAL:
| | - Leonardo Santana Novaes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1524, Room 323, 05508-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Barreto Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1524, Room 323, 05508-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Professor Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1524, Room 323, 05508-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deise Carla Almeida Leite-Dellova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, 225, 13635-900, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Wingenfeld K, Otte C. Mineralocorticoid receptor function and cognition in health and disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 105:25-35. [PMID: 30243757 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone cortisol is released in response to stress and exerts its effects in the brain via two different receptors: the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). This review - dedicated to Dirk Hellhammer - focusses on the role of MR on cognitive and emotional function in healthy individuals and in stress-associated disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) or borderline personality disorder (BPD). Animal data and studies from healthy individuals converge such that MR play an important role in the appraisal of new situations and the following response selection. Decision-making and empathy are important determinants of this response selection and both are affected by MR function. Furthermore, MR are crucially involved in visuospatial navigation and memory in young and elderly healthy individuals whereas the exact physiological role of MR in verbal learning and verbal memory needs to be further characterized. In contrast to studies in healthy participants, age played a moderating role on the effects of MR stimulation on cognition in depressed patients. In young depressed patients, MR stimulation exerted beneficial effects on verbal memory and executive function, whereas in elderly depressed patients MR stimulation led to impaired verbal learning and visuospatial memory. Similar to healthy controls, BPD patients showed enhanced emotional empathy but not cognitive empathy after MR stimulation. Accordingly, this make MR an interesting target for potential pharmacological augmentation of psychotherapy in BPD. Given the important role MR play in cognitive and emotional function in health and disease, further studies should examine whether MR modulation can alleviate cognitive and emotional problems in patients with stress-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Wingenfeld
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Otte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Otte C, Wingenfeld K, Kuehl LK, Richter S, Regen F, Piber D, Hinkelmann K. Cognitive function in older adults with major depression: Effects of mineralocorticoid receptor stimulation. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 69:120-5. [PMID: 26343603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory and executive function are often impaired in older adults with major depression. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) are abundantly expressed in the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex, brain areas critical for memory and executive function. In both aging and depression, MR expression in the brain is reduced. Therefore, diminished MR function could contribute to impaired cognition in older adults with depression and might be a promising target for pharmacological intervention. Twenty-three older adults with major depression (mean age 61.6 yrs ± 8.1, n = 13 women) without medication and 24 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy participants received the MR-agonist fludrocortisone (0.4 mg) or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, within-subject cross-over design. We measured psychomotor speed, executive function, verbal learning and memory, and visuospatial memory. Compared to controls, depressed patients performed worse in psychomotor speed (group effect p = 0.01), executive function (group effect p < 0.01), verbal learning (group effect p = 0.02), and verbal memory (group effect p < 0.01) but not in visuospatial memory. There were no significant treatment effects. However, we found a group × treatment interaction in verbal learning (p = 0.04) and visuospatial memory (p = 0.02) indicating that depressed patients performed worse after fludrocortisone whereas controls performed better after fludrocortisone. Our data suggest that -in contrast to younger depressed patients-older adults with depression do not benefit from MR stimulation but deteriorate in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Otte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linn K Kuehl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Richter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Regen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Piber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Hinkelmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Hinkelmann K, Wingenfeld K, Kuehl LK, Fleischer J, Heuser I, Wiedemann K, Otte C. Stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor improves memory in young and elderly healthy individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:919-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1500 East Woodrow Wilson Drive, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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Munier M, Law F, Meduri G, Le Menuet D, Lombes M. Mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression facilitates differentiation and promotes survival of embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1330-40. [PMID: 22234470 PMCID: PMC3639543 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), highly expressed in the hippocampus, binds corticosteroid hormones and coordinately participates, with the glucocorticoid receptor, to the control of stress responses, memorization, and behavior. To investigate the impact of MR in neuronal survival, we generated murine embryonic stem (ES) cells that overexpress human MR (hMR) (P1-hMR) and are induced to differentiate into mature neurons. We showed that recombinant MR expression increased throughout differentiation and is 2-fold higher in P1-hMR ES-derived neurons compared with wild-type controls, whereas glucocorticoid receptor expression was unaffected. Although proliferation and early neuronal differentiation were comparable in P1-hMR and wild-type ES cells, MR overexpression was associated with higher late neuronal marker expression (microtubule-associated protein 2 and β-tubulin III). This was accompanied by a shift towards neuron survival with an increased ratio of anti- vs. proapoptotic molecules and 50% decreased caspase 3 activity. Knocking down MR overexpression by small interfering RNA drastically reversed neuroprotective effects with reduced Bcl(2)/Bax ratio and decreased microtubule-associated protein 2 expression. P1-hMR neurons were protected against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through reduced caspase 3 activation and drastically increased Bcl(2)/Bax ratio and β-tubulin III expression. We demonstrated the involvement of MR in neuronal differentiation and survival and identify MR as an important neuroprotective mediator opening potential pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Munier
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
| | - Fredéric Law
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
| | - Géri Meduri
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
- Service de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital BicêtreUniversité Paris XI - Paris Sud78, rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre,FR
| | - Damien Le Menuet
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
| | - Marc Lombes
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris XI - Paris SudFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
- Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la reproduction
Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)Hôpital Bicêtre78, rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre,FR
- * Correspondence should be addressed to: Marc Lombes
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Yi SS, Hwang IK, Chun MS, Kim YN, Kim IY, Lee IS, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Glucocorticoid receptor changes associate with age in the paraventricular nucleus of type II diabetic rat model. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:851-8. [PMID: 18758953 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is associated with the dysregulation of a number of systems within the body. In the present study, we investigated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the paraventricular nuclei of 4-, 12-, 20- and 30-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa, ZDF) and in Zucker lean control (fa/+ or +/+, ZLC) rats, because the progressive induction of diabetes is detectable in this model after 7 weeks of age and chronic diabetic conditions are maintained after 12 weeks of age. GR immunoreactivity was detected in parvocellular paraventricular nuclei and this and GR protein levels were exponentially increased according to the ages. In particular, GR immunoreactivities and protein levels were markedly more increased in 30-week-old ZDF rats than in age-matched ZLC group and in younger ZDF group. The present study suggests that GR immunoreactivity and its protein level is associated with a degenerative phenotype in the hypothalamus of from 12-weeks old in the ZDF rat type II diabetes model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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